2025 Issue №2

Causation is one of the fundamental conditions of existence. The cause-and-effect rela­tionships between elements of reality, which possess universal significance, are reflected dif­ferently across linguocultures and manifest at various levels of language. A comparative ana­lysis of the grammatical features of causative expression in structurally diverse languages — Kabardian, or East-Circassian, Russian, and English — has revealed differences in com­mu­ni­cative behavior shaped by the cultural backgrounds of speakers. English causative con­struc­tions, whose cultural elaboration constitutes a distinctive typological feature of the lan­guage, emphasize the autonomy and freedom of the causer. In the Kabardian linguoculture, unlike in Russian and English, permissive or imperative meanings of causation are deter­mined by con­text. For native speakers of Russian and Kabardian, a direct imperative is not perceived as less polite compared to permissive causative constructions, as is often the case in English-speaking cultures. In today’s integrated world, intercultural adaptation represents a central and defin­ing challenge. Decoding ethnocultural differences in the formation of causa­tive constructions across diverse linguistic systems contributes to a deeper understanding of the unique mental frameworks of speakers and fosters more effective intercultural communi­cation.

The aim of this study is to describe the changes that occurred in the graphic system of the German language during the Old High German, Middle High German, and Early New High German periods, as well as to identify current trends in German orthographic writing. The key research methods employed include a comparative analysis of the script found in German written monuments and the method of graphematic analysis. The empirical material compris­es written records from the three historical periods of the German language, including the Vaterunser (The Lord’s Prayer). The conducted graphic analysis of German written monu­ments using the Vaterunser as an example revealed changes in the graphic system of the German language across these developmental stages. The presented material may be helpful in lecture courses and practical classes on the history of the German language and theoretical phonetics.

This study explores the pragmatic potential of linguistic means used to explicate the call-to-action strategy in English-language environmental discourse. The position of environmen­tal discourse within the broader discursive space is defined, and a brief overview of relevant studies is provided, with a focus on its substantive linguistic characteristics. Based on an analysis of articles published in the English-language edition of The Ecologist, the study iden­tifies the textual realization of the call-to-action strategy through a combination of means reflecting both objective and subjective modality. Verbs in the imperative and subjunctive moods are identified as primary markers of objective modality. The main indicators of subjec­tive modality include modal vocabulary, represented by specific verbs, particles, words, and phrases. The presence of additional linguistic devices in the analyzed texts is also noted, con­tributing to the enhancement of the linguo-pragmatic potential of English-language media-based environmental discourse.

The study examines the description of the artistic color space constructed with lexemes containing the root ryzh- (“reddish-brown” or “ginger”), which differ in their grammatical characteristics, in Russian poetry of the first third of the 20th century. It is revealed that color designations with the meaning ryzhiy were predominantly used by poets in 1916, with the most frequent usage observed in the poetry of E. Bagritsky, I. Selvinsky, V. Mayakovsky, Sasha Chyorny, and M. Tsvetaeva. Uneven frequency of use is identified among the various grammatical forms of lexemes with the ryzh- root in the poetry of this period. The study demonstrates that the diversity of these color terms supplies the poetic language with gram­matically varied means that contribute to realizing the author’s artistic vision. A structural-morphological classification of ryzhiy color nominations is proposed, taking into account the number of stems. The research draws upon a rich body of poetic material from the first third of the 20th century, illustrating five linguistic groups of color terms containing the ryzh- root morpheme: simple single-stemmed nominations represented by different parts of speech; com­pound adjectival forms; syntactic constructions; comparative constructions; and figurative-semantic units composed of several linguistic elements. The findings may be of interest to literary scholars researching the works of Russian poets of the Silver Age and may also be applicable in the practice of lexicography.