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... analyses the circumstances of the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty between Lithuania and Soviet Russia on July 12, 1920 and focuses on the international response to it. The author pays special attention to the question of the character of Lithuania’s neutrality in the Soviet-Polish war in August-September 1920. 1. Документы внешней политики СССР. М., 1958. Т. 2. 2. Laurinavičius Č. Ar buvo “Slaptas protokolas” prie 1920 m. liepos 12 d. taikos sutarties ...

The originality of Kant’s answer to the question of the Enlightenment in a 1784 article consisted not in addressing the words of Horace, but in linking it to the revised legal notion of immaturity, which is now interpreted from the philosophical and theological perspective and has become one of key philosophical notions. However, Kant’s view is fraught with certain complications: firstly, it is dominated by negative characteristics; secondly, unlimited use of one’s understanding can lead to logical...

... self-presentation and self-iden­tification, questions are used in situations that encourage a person to reflect on their place in so­ciety and their own rank feelings. The very fact of using the rhetorical questions "Who am I? What am I?" excludes a neutral attitude of the individual to the situation that has become the reason for understanding their "I". Being a tool of self-knowledge, the analyzed questions are an indicator of a person's fixation on their own social and personal identity ...

The paper deals with images of Bavarian space based on the travelogue “Travel letters from England, Germany and France” by Nikolay Gretch from the imagological and semiotic points of view. The representation of the metropolitan and provincial imagery of Bavaria is analyzed. Its liminality, fixed in Gretch’s text, is revealed, i. e. intermediate position between North and South. A connection is established between the analyzed loci and such spatial types as the spaces of demi-natural idyll, historical...

... the Baltic region, the influence of NATO and the United States on them in the conditions of the emerging polycentric world order. The main risks and threats to Russian regional security at the present time are identified, and measures to localize and neutralize them are proposed. The development of the international situation in the Baltic Sea in the medium term is predicted, and the possible consequences of the military escalation of the alliance in the region for the security of the Kaliningrad ...

This article examines the pragmatic meaning of the slang lexeme chuvak [dude], primar­ily when used as an address. The study aims to identify the components of this pragmatic meaning that contributed to the resurgence of the lexical unit in the 21st century after a peri­od of usage decline and oblivion. Currently, the word chuvak is an integral part of youth vernacular. The pragmatics of the word chuvak was analysed by methods of corpus analysis and questionnaire survey. It was concluded that...

... verb stress variety, and stated the ambiguity of their dictionary fixation. The authors consider the traditional opposition of feminine gender verb forms to the other gender verb forms as a stable trend. The authors also denote a new opposition of the neutral gender verbs, marked as acceptable younger norm, with the type of accent paradigm a/c 2, 3. Wide variatian is also observed in short passive participles, free stress participle­forms are also common. A complex and variable system of free stress ...

... the notion of ‘seme-symbol’. The author reconstructions the semantic structure of motivating nouns and determines the role of different elements in the semantic structure of the verb. It is stressed that context contributes to the actualization or neutralization of particular semes, which leads to redistribution of elements in the semantic structure of the verb. The formation of novel meaning occurs through the actualization of the most relevant feature of the motivating noun in the semantic structure ...

... rituals aim at ensuring control over certain factors, which are important to maintain security, integrity and ability to achieve a meaningful purpose of life. Other important aims of security rituals in educational environment are ensuring stability, neutralizing factors that may negatively affect it as well as increasing students’ self-esteem. 1. Благодырь Е. М. Формирование представлений о безопасном поведении человека как предмете ...

... level of regular practice and the legislation. The situational crime prevention was chosen as the optimal theo­retical framework for practical and legislative measures that affect the crime situation. The purpose of situational crime prevention is to neutralize or re­duce the external factors which let the criminal commit crimes more easily and introduce some barriers to it (ensuring protection, limiting the availabil­ity of funds and tools) or reduce the benefits from the criminal act (identifica­tion ...

The uniqueness of a territorial socio-economic system lies in the specific features of spatial networking of economic entities that form clusters of excellence and ensure the competitiveness of the entire system. Identifying the key elements of territorial capital is a global challenge faced by modern regional policy. I analyse the background for, and limits to, the development of a spatially targeted regional development policy. Lithuania’s so-called valleys – integrated centres for research and...

... and the Conservative Party. Journals and memoirs of Edward Henry, lord Stanley 1849—1869 / ed. by J. Vincent. N. Y., 1978. 8. Imlach A. G. Britain and Switzerland 1845—1860. A Study of Anglo-Swiss relations during some critical years for Swiss neutrality. L., 1966. Sergeev V. Neuchâtel, Prussian-Swiss relations, peace mediation of European countries, English diplomacy 119-124

The agricultural land dynamics is one of the central issues of land use in Europe and Russia. Each historical period is characterized by its own model of agricultural land use. The analysis of its dynamics in the North-West of Rus­sia and the Baltic countries was based on the following parameters: the area of cultivated agricultural land and the rate of change, the grain yield and its dy­namics. Database analysis from 1848—52 until 2015—18 allowed to identify the stages of the agricultural land management...

This article focuses on the main trends of changing in the morphological properties of urban soils. It was established that urbiquasisoils of a predominant sandy-loam grain-size composition and neutral medium reaction prevail in the Kaliningrad soil mantle. Soddy-podzol, soddy-gley, and brown forest (cambisols) soils are found in some parks and suburban territories. 1. Аветисьянц Э. Л., Паракшин Ю. П. Ландшафтно-экологическое ...

... exploration delves into several key factors that give rise to poly­onyms: 1) linguosociocultural factors: these factors play a pivotal role in shaping subsystems of names, encompassing both official and unof­ficial, widely used and niche terms, as well as neutral and connotatively charged expressions. 2) linguogeocultural factors: they contribute to the differentiation of objects based on culturally significant oppositions such as ‘near-far’, ‘left-right’, and subsequently transmit binary characteristics ...

... sbor­nik statei po lingvistike, semiotike i poetike pamyati A. N. Zhurinskogo [Symbol. A Di­gest of Articles in Linguistics, Semiotics and Poetics in memory of A. N. Zhurinsky]. Moscow, pp. 148—155 (in Russ.). Polivanova, A. K. and Keidan, A., 2023. Neutralization. In: I.M Kobozeva et al., eds. «Vpered i vverkh po lestnitse zvuchashchei»: sbornik statei k 80-letiyu Ol'gi Fedorovny Krivnovoi [Forward and Upward the Sounding Stairs. A Digest of Articles to the 80 th anniversary of O. F. Krivnova]....

The modern popularity of the Kantian definition of enlightenment often leads to a distorted notion that his understanding of enlightenment was dominant already during his lifetime, expressing the quintessence of all-European Enlightenment. This turns our attention away from entire layers of philosophical thought, since the Kantian definition of enlightenment in the late eighteenth century was neither the only one nor the preeminent one. The study of alternatives represented in the German philosophy...

... capable of producing a much strong­er effect, which can be discerned in rhythm and punctuation, in the absence of rhyme to in­duce an implicit rhymed word, in “elaborately monotonous” language, in textual opposi­tion of synonyms, in expressly neutral and unemotional final phrases to evoke a train of emo­tive or intellectual reactions. The authors also suggest a functional approach to the notion of “poetic device”, which gives the translator more freedom in selecting expressive means with­out ...

... 1906, the reader was presented with a counter-narrative: Les frères Karamazov by Bienstock and Torquet. However, their retrans­lation, too, was an abbreviated version of the source narrative. Moreover, a micro-textual analysis shows that they largely neutralized the original couleur locale and use of multilin­gualism, which the first translators in the context of the Russian literary hype, had repro­duced to a considerably larger extent. In conclusion, the extraordinary success of the first French ...

The paper presents a statistical study of the use of variant forms of Russian personal names. It is shown that Russian names can be divided into two classes: names with full and short forms contrast with names that only have one neutrally used form. For names that have a distinct short form, the frequencies of full and short forms can relate to each other in differ­ent ways. This depends on various factors, such as the length of the full name and the gender of its owner: for ...

... Erklärung gegen die Besetzung philosophischer Lehrstühle mit Vertretern der experimentellen Psychologie. Logos. Internationale Zeitschrift für Philosophie der Kultur, IV, S. 114-116. Banks, E., 2014. The Realistic Empiricism of Mach, James, and Russell. Neutral Monism Reconceived. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Beiser, F. C., 2014. The Genesis of Neo-Kantianism, 1796–1880. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Benjamin, W., 1940. Über den Begriff der Geschichte. In: R. Tiedemann, H. Schweppenhäuser,...

... Weber, M., 2004. Politics as a Vocation. In: M. Weber. The Vocation Lectures. Edited by D. Owen, T. B. Strong, translated by R. Livingstone. Indianopolis & Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, pp. 32-94. Weber, M., 1949. The Meaning of “Ethical Neutrality” in Sociology and Economics. In: M. Weber. The Methodology of the Social Sciences. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, pp. 1-49. Wieland, C. M., 1916. Grundlegung der Christlichen Religion. Von Herrn Wieland seinen Schülern diktiert. In: ...

Zusammen mit dem Protagonisten des Romans von Ralf Ellison „Invisible Man“ akzeptiert der Autor des Beitrags das Problem der Demütigung der menschlichen Persönlichkeit mittels des „Hindurchschauens“, des „looking through“. Der Autor hebt die Frage hervor, „was zur Wahrnehmung, zum "Erkennen" einer Person hinzutreten muss, um daraus einen Akt der Anerkennung zu machen“. Mit diesem Ziel wird die Bedeutung der (Un-)Sichtbarkeit im direkten und indirekten Sinne eingeführt, sowie Ergebnisse...

... (Abbildtheorie) of Heinrich Rickert, the main representative of the Baden Neo-Kantianism School. The author analyses the key arguments put forward by Rickert against the understanding of cognition as a reflection of reality. Rickert’s standpoint is neutral. He criticises the transcendental theory of reflection, but does not reject the idea of reflection as a model of cognition and acknowledges the immanent theory of reflection as relatively justified. The article also addresses the standpoint of ...

... Nijhoff. 18. Gabriel, M. 2014, Der Neue Realismus, Frankfurt am Mein, Suhrkamp. 19. Drummond J. J. 2003, The Structure of Intentionality, In: The new Husserl: a critical reader, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, pp. 65—92. 20. Gabriel, M. 2016, Neutraler Realismus: Jahrbuch-Kontroversen 2, Freiburg, Alber Karl. 21. Rang, B. 1977, Repräsentation und Selbstgegebenheit: Die Aporie der Phänomenologie der Wahrnehmung in den Frühschriften Husserls. In: Phänomenologische Forschungen, Vol. 1, pp....

... from the criticism of systemic knowledge in general and metaphysics in particular. In the argument between the advocates of the Leibniz-Wolff geometric philosophy and their opponents — enlighteners-eclecticists and pietists, Tetens manages to take a neutral position conducting a synthesis of the British observingphilosophy, French ‘reasoning philosophy’, and the Leibniz-Wolff ‘geometric philosophy’. Tetens attempts to show the limitedness of common understanding and the supremacyof scientific ...

... Riga. 37. Vilkelis, G. 2006, Lietuvos ir Lenkijos santykiai Tautų Sąjungoje, Vilnius. 38. Mankevich, M. A., 2009, Narushila li Litva nejtralitet v sovetsko-pol'skoj vojne? Dokumenty i materialy o pol'sko-litovskih peregovorah 1920 g. [Violated the neutrality of whether Lithuania in the Soviet-Polish war? Documents and materials of the Polish-Lithuanian negotiations in 1920], Baltijskie issledovanija. Vostochnaja Prussija i Kaliningradskaja oblast' v XX veke [Baltic Studies. East Prussia and the ...

... no. 5 (176). 20. Zubok, V. 1996, The Soviet Union and European integration from Stalin to Gorbachev, Journal of European integration history, Vol. 2, no. 1, p. 85. Chernyshev Yevgeny 10.5922/2079-8555-2011-4-13 100-108 integration, federation, neutrality, Central Europe, Scandinavia