Reputation and status in Denmark’s strategic culture
... the guiding foreign policy documents. The analysis highlighted and confirmed the ‘super Atlanticism’ tendencies in Denmark’s contemporary strategic culture, revealing its close ties with the Danish perception of the US as the safeguard for the liberal world order and associated multilateral institutions. Denmark’s value-driven militarised foreign political activism in the post-Cold War era is thus not only pragmatic but also ideological as it seeks to promote liberal values, democracy and ...
Trade Liberalisation and its Impact on Regional Development: Theoretical and Experimental Studies
... Trade and economic growth: A re-examination of the empirical evidence, HWWI Research, available at:
https://www.ifw-kiel.de/konfer/staff-seminar/paper/2012/Koeniger.pdf
(accessed 02.02.2016).
6. Castilho, M., Menéndez, M., Sztulman, A. 2012, Trade Liberalization, Inequality, and Poverty in Brazilian States, World Development, Vol. 40, no. 4, p. 821—835.
7. Chiquiar, D. 2008, Globalization, regional wage differentials and the Stolper — Samuelson theorem: evidence from Mexico, Journal of International ...
Models for countering the segregation of ethnoreligious immigrant areas in Denmark and Sweden
... governmental approaches to address the segregation of immigrant areas vary between Denmark and Sweden. Denmark has adopted a stringent immigration policy promoting cultural assimilation of immigrants from non-Western countries, whilst Sweden follows a liberal approach advocating cultural and ethnic diversity within society. The evolution of immigration and integration initiatives in Denmark and Sweden has been reconstructed through the analysis of official documents and critical examination of political ...
Arguments against Redistributive Justice based on Kant’s Doctrine of Private Right
According to Kant, “right in a state of nature is called private right” (MS, AA VI, S. 242). It is my claim that there is no room for a right to enforce the offer of benefits in the private right. Firstly, I will show how the concept of an innate right to freedom provides no conceptual foundation for a right to enforcement of alleged duties of cooperation. Since my argument is much more conceptual than hermeneutical, Isaiah Berlin’s analysis of negative liberty in “Two Concepts of Liberty”...
The liberal concept of freedom in the conservative teachings of K. N. Leontyev and L. A. Tikhomirov
This article considers the reception of the liberal concept of freedom in Russian conservatism as exemplified by K. N. Leontyev and L. A. Tikhomirov. Reasoning in the framework of Russian philosophical organicism, each philosopher insists on his own approach to analysing social phenomena. It is ...
The two-party tendency in Poland’s political system: manifestations, causes and prospects
... [15, p. 56] and fully supported the country’s accession to NATO and the EU. Under Prime Minister Leszek Miller (2001—2004), Lewica became indistinguishable from right-wing parties as regards socio-economic policy. As Roman Savenkov notes, the liberal economic policy pursued by the left-wing forces in the first half of the 2000s ‘led to a shift away from the values of social democracy and the loss of ideological identity” [16, p. 179].
The main beneficiaries were the two parties that could ...
Kant and the Problem of Optimism: The Origin of the Debate
Kant scholars have rarely addressed the notion of optimism as it was interpreted by the Königsbergian philosopher in the mid-18th century. The notion originates from Leibniz’s Theodicy and from debates over whether the actual world is the best of all possible worlds. The first of a two-part series, this article studies the historical context in which appeared Kant’s 1759 lecture advertisement leaflet entitled An Attempt at Some Reflections on Optimism. The study describes the requirements...
Rationality in liberal philosophical theories
This article suggests that rationality has to be treated as one of the basic categories of liberal philosophy. Together with freedom and equality, rationality lies at the anthropological core of liberalism, which makes it stand out among other political theories. The development of the main models of rationality relied upon by various liberal ...
Kantian ethos in J. Rawls’s political philosophy
... Fairness: A Restatement. Cambridge, 2001.
8. Rawls J. Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory // The Journal of Philosophy. 1980. № 9. P. 515—572.
9. Rawls J. Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy. Cambridge, 2000.
10. Rawls J. Political Liberalism. New York, 1993.
11. Rawls J. Themes in Kant’s Moral Philosophy // Collected Papers. 1989. P. 140—159.
12. Rawls J. A Theory of Justice: Revised Edition. Cambridge, 1999.
13. Sandel M. Liberalism and the Limits of Justice: Second Edition....
The creation of a common EU energy market: a quiet revolution with far-reaching consequences
... recent actions taken by the European Commission and the Court of Justice of the EU against its member states and energy monopolists who directly or indirectly breach the rules of competition in the energy sector. The authors come to the conclusion that liberalization of the European energy sector will eventually have serious theoretical and practical consequences for the EU, as well as third countries, including Russia.
1. Braun, J. 2011, EU Energy Policy under the Treaty of Lisbon Rules: Between ...
The January uprising in the worldview of the Warsaw positivists
... letters, and memoirs of representatives of Warsaw positivism and concludes that the suppression of the uprising in 1863-1864 contributed significantly to the formation of the ideology of this philosophical movement. Positivists openly condemned the Polish liberation movement, believing that armed conflicts would lead to the disappearance of the Polish nation. Despite this, they held great respect for the participants of the January Uprising, simultaneously realizing the futility of armed methods in the ...
The Notion of Free Will in Sergey Hessen’s Conception of Culture
... kulturphilosophische Essays. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, pp. 42-59.
Hessen, S. I., 1924. The Collapse of Utopianism. Sovremennye zapiski / Annales Contemporaines, 19, pp. 277-295. (In Russ.)
Hessen, S. I., 1924—1927. The Problem of Legal Socialism (Evolution of Liberalism). Sovremennye zapiski / Annales contemporaines, 22, pp. 257-293; 23, pp. 313-342; 27, pp. 382-430; 28, pp. 299-345; 29, pp. 308-342; 30, pp. 380-409; 31, pp. 328-358. (In Russ.)
Hessen, S. I., 1932. The Idea of Social Right. Sovremennye zapiski ...
Islamic Diffusion in the Baltics: The Fruit of European Multiculturalism
... Comission, 174 pp.
16. Jacobsen, B. A. 2016, Hvor mange muslimer bor der i Danmark? Kristeligt Dagblad, available at:
https://www.religion.dk/religionsanalysen/hvor-mangeindvandrer-lever-i-danmark
(accessed 01.04.2017).
17. Kukathas, Ch. 2003, The Liberal Archipelago: a theory of diversity and Liberal vision, Oxford Scholarship Online, available at:
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/019925754X.001.0001/acprof-9780199257546
(accessed 11.04.2017). DOI: 10.1093/019925754X.001.0001
18....
The philosophical and legal content of Sergey Hessen’s concept of personality
... morality and interpreted law as an insufficient but necessary prerequisite for harmonizing relations in a society. Hessen developed an original understanding of the ideal of state organisation — a democratic state that incorporates the principles of liberalism and socialism.
1. Gessen, S. I., 2010a, Moe zhizneopisanie [My biography], in: Gessen S. I. Izbrannoe [Selected works], Moscow, p. 772—827.
2. Gessen, S. I., 2010b, Pravovoe gosudarstvo i socialism [Legal state and socialism], in: Gessen ...
The criminological and psychological profile of persons sentenced to restriction of freedom
This article is devoted to the investigation of forensic and psychological features of persons sentenced to restriction of liberty on the basis of a psychological and sociological analysis of persons sentenced to restriction of freedom registered at penal institutions of the Kaliningrad region. An analysis of the results of the study suggest that, during the sentence period, those sentenced to restriction of freedom either do not reject the commonly accepted norms, values, and behavior patterns or...
The “illegal” branch of the Russian national patriotic opposition in the USSR: the case of the All-Russian Social-Christian Union for the Liberation of the People
This article is devoted to the activities of the Russian patriotic anti-Soviet organization All-Russian Social-Christian Union for the Liberation of the People, which operated in the Soviet Union in the 1960s. The author examines the ideological basis, program, composition, and structure of the Union and describes the role of the organization in Russian national-patriotic opposition ...
Current Problems of Ensuring Personal Liberty and Immunity in the Russian Federation in the Light of Decisions of the European court of Human Rights
The article analyses the acute problems of the observance of rights to personal liberty and immunity, provided by the Article 5 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the light of the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights in respect of the Russian Federation.
1.
Конвенция
о защите прав человека и основных свобод от 4.11.1950 г. // Собрание законодательства Российской...
Kant between liberalism and conservatism
Kant has a reputation of one of the chief proponents of political liberalism. However, some of his important ideas can qualify as conservative. Their consequences are reaching far enough to sug¬gest a reevaluation of Kant as an unconditional liberal. Kant's generally liberal understanding of aims and values of a political ...
Three Russian Baltic regions in the context of confrontation between Russia and the West
This study examines the features, limitations and development prospects of three Russian territories bordering the Baltic Sea — St. Petersburg, and the Leningrad, and Kaliningrad region — amid the sharply heightened confrontation between Russia and the West, which has affected the Baltic region. The time frame spanning from 2014 to 2023 was chosen for the study. This period encompasses the sanctions imposed by Western countries and their associations, primarily the EU, in response to the return...
Information and propaganda strategies in German non-state media discourse during the COVID-19 pandemic
... working ‘filters’, three non-state media representing business and civil society were selected for the study. Die Tageszeitung is an employee-run cooperative that describes itself as an independent media outlet and has New Leftist views. Die Zeit is a liberal newspaper, part of the major publishing house Zeit-Verlag Gerd Bucerius GmbH & Co. KG (owned by the Holzbrink family) with branches in the USA and Great Britain. Süddeutsche Zeitung is part of Southwest German Media Holding GmbH; its goal is ...
Societal security in the Baltic Sea Region: the Russian perspective
... consistency of meaning inherent to one particular document of discourse per se but rather assumes that such data articulates some elements of discourse or maybe appears as a crossing point of several discourses.
This study is also based on the so-called liberal intergovernmental approach (LIGA), or liberal intergovernmentalism. Based on the mix of various neoliberal theories by Putnam, Ruggie and Keohane it was designed as a coherent theory by Andrew Moravcsik [6]. Among other things, the LIGA aims at ...
Dismantling monuments as the core of the post-2014 ‘decommunisation’ in Ukraine and Poland
... dismantling the remaining memorials to Soviet soldiers-liberators, Ukraine is committed to transforming ‘decommunisation’ into full-scale ‘derussification’. At the same time, the process of ‘re-Sovietisation/Sovietisation’ has been launched in the liberated territories of Ukraine. It consists in restoring previously destroyed monuments or installing new ones.
1. Filippova, E. I. 2011,
History and memory in the epoch of dominating identities: an interview with Pierre Nora, historian and member ...
Why Kant’s “Ethical State” Might Prove Instrumental in Challenging Current Social Pathologies
... world is increasingly impacted by a corrosion of social bonds and aggressive habits expressed, for instance, in hate speech in the social media. Significantly, such phenomena have not been prevented from evolving within the framework of constitutional liberal states. In search of an appropriate mode of challenging the current social pathologies, we should examine Kant’s claim that, alongside the “juridico-civil (political) state”, an “ethico-civil state”, uniting human beings “under laws ...
Georges Gurvitch and Sergey Hessen on the Possibility of Forming Social Unity
... Zeitschrift für Philosophie der Kultur, 2(1), pp. 92-113.
Hessen, S., 1915. Die Philosophie der Strafe. Logos. Internationale Zeitschrift für Philosophie der Kultur, 5(2), pp. 173-218.
Hessen, S. I., 1924-1927. The Problem of Legal Socialism (Evolution of Liberalism). Sovremennye zapiski / Annales contemporaines, 22, pp. 257-293; 23, pp. 313-342; 27, pp. 382-430; 28, pp. 299-345; 29, pp. 308-342; 30, pp. 380-409; 31, pp. 328-358. (In Rus.)
Hessen, S. I., 1932. The Idea of Social Right. Sovremennye zapiski ...
Kant and the Crusians in the Debate on Optimism
n this article, which completes a two-part series on the problem of optimism in Kant’s works, I explore in detail the arguments advanced by the Crusians A. F. Reinhard and D. Weymann against the actual world as the best of all possible worlds and in favour of the actual world as one of the good worlds, Kant’s counterarguments put forward in the mid-1750s drafts and in An Attempt at Some Reflections on Optimism (1759), and further polemical attacks on this topic against Kant by D. Weymann in his...
Affection of Law: Fichte on the Place and Boundaries of Pure Ethics of the Imperative
In his popular 1806 lectures on religion Fichte considered five possible worldviews in the second of which, “the standpoint of legality”, one can readily recognise the ethics of law of the Stoical and Kantian type. Fichte stresses that in his youth he himself shared this worldview. However, he hastens to adduce a series of original arguments to show that this position is essentially incapable of delivering a pure and higher moral doctrine. I examine the substance of these critical arguments in...
The rhetoric and logic of the representations of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1878 in Russian public discourse
... Petersburg (in Russ.).
Dragomanov, M. P., 1876. Turki vnutrennie i vneshnie: Pis'mo k izdatelyu “Novogo vremeni” [Turks internal and external: Letter to the publisher of “New Time”]. Genève: Bale; Lyon: H. Georg (in Russ.).
Kitaev, V. A., 2004. Liberal'naya mysl' v Rossii (1860—1880 gg.) [Liberal Thought in Russia (1860—1880)]. Saratov (in Russ.).
Konstantinov, A., 1979. Izbrannoe [Favorites]. Moscow (in Russ.). Kozhina, E. F., 1969. Romanticheskaya bitva: Ocherki frantsuzskoi romanticheskoi ...
Some aspects of John Rawls’s first principle of justice
... spravedlivosti Djona Roulsa) [Justice as contract (critical analysis of the John Rawls’ theory of justice)], in: Problemy politicheskoi filosofii [Issues of political philosophy]. Moscow. S. 69—85.
2. Kuzmina, A. B. 1998, Ideya spravedlivosti v liberal’noi tradicii [Idea of justice in liberal tradition]. Moscow.
3. Rawls, J. 2006, Spravedlivost’ kak chestnost’ [Justice as fairness] // Logos [Logos]. No. 1 (52). S. 35—60.
4. Rawls, J. 2009, Teoriya spravedlivosti [A theory of justice]....
Studies into the history of Russian Neo-Kantianism in Poland
... state of law and socialism. Trans. S. Mazurek]. Warsaw.
54. Kojkol J. 2001 (a), Kultura i wychowanie w filozoficznej wizji edukacji Sergiusza Hessena [Culture and education in Sergey Hessen’ philosophical vision of education] // Czlowiek i kultury. Liber amicorum. Studia poswiecone profesorowi Miroslawowi Nowaczykowi / pod red. Z. Stachowskiego [Man and cultures. Liber amicorum. Studies dedicated to Professor Miroslaw Nowaczyk / ed. Z. Stachowski]. Warsaw — Tyczyn, p. 85—98.
55. Kojkol J. 2001 ...
The anarchist philosophy of Alexei Borovoy (on the history of Russian Bergsonianism)
The anarchist philosophy of Alexey Borovoy was developed under the influence of Henri Bergson’s intuition concept. Borovoy brought together the ideas proposed by Bergson, Bakunin, and Sorel. He combined the theory of anarchism and the practice of revolutionary syndicalism. Bergson’s ideas of liberty, creativity, irrationalism, and personalism underlie Borovoy’s anarchist philosophy.
1.
Арефьев М.
А., Давыденкова А.
Г., Гарявин А.
Н.
Михаил...
Pardon committees as central institutions of the civil society
This article considers the issues of improving the efficacy of pardon committees in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The author puts forward proposals concerning the improvement of the criminal and penal legislations and emphasises the need for the restoration of certain institutions of the civil society that successfully functioned as early as the Soviet period.
1.
Порядок
издания актов об амнистии и помиловании» // Виртуальный...
On the humanization of university sports education
This article considers the content of concepts liberalisation of education, education content pertaining to humanities, humanisation of physical education, humanities, and cognition in humanities.
1.
Вербицкая Л.
Гуманитарное образование в современной России // Высшее образование в России. 1996. №
1. С. 79—84.
2.
Визитей Н.
Н.
Физическая культура личности (Проблемы...
Bogdan Kistiakovy’s Project of “State of the Future” as Synthesis of the Ideas of Liberalism and Socialism
This article is devoted to the correlation between liberal and socialist ideas in the social and philosophical conception of the prominent methodologist of social sciences and a Neo-Kantian legal theorist Bogdan Kistyakovsky. The author stresses the uncertainty of both the definition of liberalism and ...
“Kant’s theory of politics” in “existential liberalism” of Gerhardt
This article focuses on the interpretation of Immanuel Kant’s political views in V. Gerhardt’s “existential liberalism”. The author considers the basic elements of the “theory of politics” presented in this interpretation, emphasises the components of interpretation per se and additional reception, and offers a critical analysis of certain conclusion ...
The interpretation of the ideas of I. Kant’s treatise Perpetual Peace in the modern liberal democratic peace theory
... framework of their concept, the analysis shows that the democratic peace theory misinterprets many ideas of Kant.
1. Babst D. Elective Goverments — A Force for Peace // The Wisconsian Sociologist.1964. Vol. 3, № 1. Р. 9—14.
2. Doyle M. W. Kant, Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairs // Philosophy and Public Affairs. 1983. I, II (12). Р. 205—235, 323—353.
3. Geis A., Müller H., Wagner W. (Hg.) Schattenseiten des Demokratischen Friedens.Zur Kritik einer Theorie liberaler Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik....
The principle of sufficient reason in German philosophy of the Enlight-enment
In the 18th century, a philosophical dispute over the Principle of sufficient reason arose in Germany. Despite the fact that this Principe was explicitly formulated by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz only at the end of the 17th century, a major dispute about it was triggered by Christian Wolff who had considerable influence on the German philosophy of Enlightenment. In German Metaphysic, he presented the “strong” definition of the principle and its proof. As a result, freedom was restricted, because...
Local Border Traffic as a Form of Visa Liberalisation and Territorial Development
This article addresses the issue of visa liberalisation between Russia and the European Union, which constitutes a key aspect of the parties’ diplomatic cooperation. This work sets out to identify the main results of Russia/EU cooperation. The authors have conducted a brief historical analysis of this area of relations. The visa “regionalisation” is considered in the context of identifying the key actors of the EU — Russia negotiations: the Kaliningrad region, Germany, Poland, and Lithuania...
The demonization of the Red Army as a trend in Western historiography
... and attempts at demonising the image of the Red Army in the modern Western historiography. It is concluded that the key factor behind this approach is the aspiration to misrepresent the role of the USSR in the destruction of Hitler’s Germany and the liberation of Europe from the Nazi slavery, which results in the thesis that the entry of the Red Army was not an act of liberation but rather the beginning of a new occupation, which was even worse that the Nazi one.
1. Амброз С. День «Д»....
The Boundaries of Ecological Ethics: Kant’s Philosophy in Dialog with the “End of Human Exclusiveness” Thesis
The developers of ecological ethics claim that the rationale of anthropocentrism is false. Its main message is that natural complexes and resources exist to be useful to the human being who sees them only from the perspective of using them and does not take into account their intrinsic value. Kant’s anthropocentric teaching argues that the instrumental attitude to nature has its limits. These limits are hard to determine because the anthropocentrists claim that the human being is above nature....
The Accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: Geopolitical implications for Russia’s position in the Baltic Sea region
The article examines Sweden’s and Finland’s motives for ending their long-time non-aligned policies and joining NATO after Russia had launched a special military operation in Ukraine in February 2022. The two countries’ decision is shown to be in the interest of the United States, which has always sought to fill the geopolitical vacuum reigning after the collapse of the opposing Soviet bloc and the Soviet Union itself. Finland and Sweden were the missing links for Washington and NATO in the...
Economic development of Russia’s north-western regions and migration to the St. Petersburg agglomeration
...
Agglomeration effects are not always positive — high population densities in developing countries cause environmental degradation, problems with health care and education [7]. For developed countries, mathematical simulations have demonstrated that liberalization of commerce causes the least efficient entrepreneurs to concentrate in agglomerations. This explains the growth of poor neighborhoods in agglomerations in developed countries [8].
A more favourable development trend is observed in the Nordic ...
Historical policy and memorial culture of modern Romanian society
... transformation of memorial culture; 2) the spectrum of memorial practices of Romanian intellectuals, as agents of historical memory politics and shapers of various versions of memorial culture, varies from historical revisionism to attempts to form a liberal memorial canon; 3) the memorial practices of the contemporary intellectual community are interconnected with the development of civil and ethnic nationalist discourse; 4) the participation of intellectuals in memory politics actualizes the ...
Modern trends in paradiplomacy: a case of Russian-Finnish regional cooperation
... aligned with their research interests.
As noted by Hudolej, Novikova, and Lanko, the contribution of Finnish colleagues to the programme encompasses the advancement of theoretical underpinnings of pragmatism in international relations, critique of the liberal world theory, and the evolution of the gender-oriented approach [35]. This assertion finds support in the learning materials designed by Tampere University. For instance, the suggested reading list for the International Relations course in Tampere ...
Artificial Intelligence: a catalyst for entrepreneurship education in the Baltics
... for student entrepreneurship, it is imperative to weigh the strengths and weaknesses of the entrepreneurial potential concept in light of the pervasive influence of global mobility in the modern world.
Literature review. To shift the economy from a liberal to a socially-oriented model and strive for maximum employment, both the EU countries and Russia require a strong foundation of entrepreneurial activity, particularly among the youth. Science, along with the societal demand for its accomplishments ...
The language of muteness: examining the work of Gazdanov and Salkazanova in Paris
The article examines the principles and methods of constructing discourse that emerges through a unique combination of socio-cultural and linguistic factors in the context of a European metropolis. Participants involved are representatives of the first and second wave of Russian emigration: Gaito (Georgy Ivanovich) Gazdanov, a prominent writer of the Russian diaspora, and Fatima Salkazanova, an aspiring journalist who crossed paths with Gazdanov in the 1960s in Paris while working in the Russian...
Kant and the New Enlightenment: On the Balance between Duty and Utilitarian Ends
...
Zilber, A. S., 2020. Inadvisable Concession: Kant’s Critique of the Political Philosophy of Christian Garve. Kantian Journal, 39(1), pp. 58-76.
http://dx.doi:10.5922/
0207-6918-2020-1-3.
Zilber, A. S., Lugovoy, S. V., 2021. I. Kant’s Conservative Liberalism from the Standpoint of E. Burke’s Liberal Conservatism. The Philosophy Journal, 14(3), pp. 50-64.
http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2021-14-3-50-64
. (In Rus.)
egoism, sociability, balance, the Club of Rome, publicity, provisionality,...
Angiolini vs Kant: Philosophical Endeavour at the Polotsk Jesuit Academy
The movement for the revival of the Scholastic tradition (Neo-Scholasticism) was a reaction to devastating criticism by the representatives of Enlightenment which led to the destruction of traditional metaphysics and of epistemological optimism, the two pillars of European religious philosophy. Reception of Kantian ideas in Neo-Scholasticism varied from total rejection to its use in renewing the philosophical foundation of religious philosophy. In this regard the legacy of the Polotsk Jesuit Academy...
The sea factor in the federal regulation of Russia’s spatial development: post-Soviet experience and current priorities
... trends at the time: maritime policy was gaining momentum, whilst the regional policy was relegated to the background: only major FTPs for the development of regions and the Kaliningrad SEZ remained in place. The reason was probably the then dominance of liberal approaches to regulation of the economy. It was assumed that a favourable macroeconomic situation would solve regional problems without any additional support from the state. The maritime policy sought to create such a situation and, what is more ...
Geoeconomic risks faced by the Russian Baltic region amid a deteriorating geopolitical situation
... series, № 314, p. 1—8.
13. Vihma, A. 2018, Geoeconomics Defined and Redefined, Geopolitics, vol. 23, № 1, p. 47—49.
14. Wigell, M. 2016, Conceptualizing regional powers’ geoeconomics strategies: neo-imperialism, neo-mercantilism, hegemony and liberal institutionalism, Asia Europe Journal, № 14, p. 135—151. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-015-0442-x
.
15. Lachininskii, S. S. 2013, Experience on the typology of geoeconomic risks, Geography and Natural Resources, vol. 34, № 2, p. 111—117....
On the development of a western worldview in the context of the journal “Vestnik Evropy” in the correspondence between Alexey Veselovsky and Alexander Pypin
... important record of Alexey Veselovsky's autobiography and the whole epoch of the end of the 19th — the early 20th century.
Shubina V.A.
epistolary heritage, journalism, Alexey N. Veselovsky, Alexander N. Pypin, Herald of Europe, Westernism, liberalism
58-67