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... development of biosphere processes. On the basis of the biogeochemical approach to the biosphere evolution, the authors could identify the principal stages of its development from the ancient times to the modern epoch and refute the postulate of Leibniz (‘nature makes no leaps’). 1. Vernadskij, V. I. 1926. Biosfera. Leningrad. 2. Demidenko, Je. S. 2006. Formirovanie metaobwestva i postbiosfernoj zemnoj zhizni. Moskow. 3. Zhirmunskij, A. V., Kuz'min, V. I. 1990. Kriticheskie urovni v razvitii prirodnyh ...

... Rus.) Rickert, H., 1908. Filosofiya istorii [Philosophy of History]. With the author’s preface to the Russian edition; translated by S. I. Hessen. St. Petersburg: D. E. Zhukovsky. (In Rus.) Rickert, H., 1911. Nauki o prirode i nauki o kul’ture [Natural Sciences and Cultural Sciences]. Translated by S. I. Hessen. St. Petersburg: Obrazovanie. Solovyov, V., 2015. Justification of the Moral Good: Moral Philosophy. Edited and translated by T. Nemeth. Cham, Heidelberg etc.: Springer. Stepun, F. A....

The key thesis of natural teleology is that the products of nature should be judged by the goal of their existence or they should be explained as if such a goal existed. The prevailing view in the literature is that there are two main stages in the development of teleology ...

... iambic tetrame­ter, specifically highlights the unusual method he employs—the explanation of a poetic fact through historically documented and socially significant events. Poetics, more than any other branch of literary studies, maintains its hermetic nature, which presupposes the explanation of literary data through literary circumstances. The situation in which literature finds itself having to defend its autonomy from other sciences is reminiscent of the position once faced by sociology and linguistics,...

... analysis and comparative analysis were employed. The results of the study indicate that relations between Russia and the Central Asian countries are currently characterized by two main trends: cooperation and conflict. Most conflicts are functional in nature and are subject to political resolution. The conclusions of the study suggest that the relationship between Russia and the Central Asian countries contributes to the development of a polycentric world. Researchers focusing on this region should ...

... — future dialogic axis in urban practices, using the example of graffiti and inscriptions in Gdansk and Kaliningrad. The authors describe the urban space as an object of research, give a definition of the urban inscription, characterize the semiotic nature of the latter, consider ter­minology problems relating to the category of intertextuality, and broadly interpret the inter­texteme as a tool in the ‘past — present — future’ dialogical space in the urban narrative. The study relies on ...

... Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Dahl, R., 1956. A Preface to Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Dahl, R., 1982. Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy: Autonomy and Control. New Haven: Yale University Press. Dewey, J., 1988. Human Nature and Conduct. In: J. Dewey, 1988. The Middle Works, Volume 14. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press Frege, G., 1968. Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik. Оriginal text and parallel translation by J. L. Austin. Oxford: Blackwell, 1968....

Kant’s natural philosophy in the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science is heavily influenced by Newton’s Principia. However, a closer look makes it clear that Kant’s project has also been influenced by other thinkers. One of these thinkers is Leonard ...

... Dreams of Metaphysics. In: I. Kant, 1992. Theoretical philosophy, 1755-1770. Translated and edited by D. Walford, R. Meerbote. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 302-359. Kant, I., 1992b. Inquiry Concerning the Distinctness of the Principles of Natural Theology and Morality. In: I. Kant, 1992. Theoretical philosophy, 1755-1770. Translated and edited by D. Walford, R. Meerbote. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 243-286. Kant, I., 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated and edited by ...

Carruthers, P., 2017. Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness. In: S. Schneider and M. Velmans, eds. 2017. The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Hoboken. N. J.: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 288-297. Home, H., 2005. Essays on Principles of Morality and Natural Religion. Natural Law and Enlightenment Classics. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. Hume, D., 1960. A Treatise of Human Nature. Reprinted from the original edition in 3 volumes and edited, with an Analytical Index, by L. A. Selby-Bigge. Oxford: Clarendon ...

The brief letter exchange between Hamann and Kant, in which they discussed a physics textbook for children, is the main purpose of this text. It unravels an urgent question about the nature of consciousness and its role in the structure of the physical world. 1. Аристотель. Сочинения: в 4 т. М., 1978. 2. Вергилий. Буколики. Георгики. Энеида. Гораций. Оды. Эподы. ...

... von Chr. F. Krausen, Leipzig. Crusius, Chr. A., 1753, Entwurf der nothwendigen Vernunft­Wahrheiten, wiefern sie zu den zufälligen entgegen gesetzet werden, Leipzig. Crusius, Chr. A. 1767, Anweisung vernünftig zu leben, Darinnen nach Erklärung der Natur des menschlichen Willens die natürlichen Pflichten und allgemeinen Klugheitslehren im richtigen Zusammenhange vorgetragen werden, Leipzig. Festner, C. 1892, Chr. Aug. Crusius als Metaphysiker, Halle. Finster, R. 1982, Spontaneität, Freiheit und ...

... Justifying their actions with empirical observations, politicians violate legal rules. Thus, they are subject to the same propensities that they find so frightening in the population. The philosopher, although agreeing with the grim opinion of human nature, tries to dissuade politicians and instil moderate optimism in them. The article collates and systemises politicians’ and lawyers’ ideas of humans, the world, and politics. According to Kant’s philosophy of law, the model of an ideal society ...

... Gottsched (1700—1766). The authors examine the problem of the ontological argument in the context of the current civilizational crisis of consciousness, which arose against the background of the 20th century crisis of objectivist methodology of modern natural sciences. Such a methodology is incapable of solving the problem of an accurate description of the reality, in particular, as regards the ontological status of a wave function. This poses a serious ontological challenge to the entire scientific ...

... the modern standard axiomatic architecture of mathematical theories does not take into account the object-based character of mathematical knowledge, which was stressed after Kant by Cassirer, complicates the application of new mathematical theories in natural sciences and technology. In particular, this can explain why modern physical string theory is empirically unverifiable; it can be adjusted to accommodate a wide range of possible outcomes of observations and experiments. At the same time, there ...

... Linguistic Philosophy and a Study in Ideology. With an Introduction by Bertrand Russell. L. : Gollanz, 1959. 8. Goodman, 1951: Goodman N. The Structure of Appearance. Cambridge (Mass.) : Harvard University Press, 1951. 9. Moore, 1905: Moore G. E. The Nature and Reality of Objects of Perception. Reprinted in: Moore G. E. Logical Studies. L. : Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1922. 10. Moore, 1954—1955: Moore G. E. Wittgenstein’s Lectures in 1930—33. 1—3 // Mind. 1954—1955. Vols. 63 & 64. Reprinted ...

... 1975. 7. Gellner E. Words and Things, A Critical Account of Linguistic Philosophy and a Study in Ideology. With an Introduction by Bertrand Russell. L., 1959. 8. Goodman N. The Structure of Appearance. Cambridge (Mass.) , 1951. 9. Moore G. E. The Nature and Reality of Objects of Perception. Reprinted in Moore G. E. Logical Studies. L., 1922. 10. Moore G. E. Wittgenstein’s Lectures in 1930—33. I-III // Mind. 1954—1955. Vols. 63, 64. Reprinted in Moore G. E. Philosophical Papers. L., 1959....

Prejudice is one of the most problematic procedural institutions. It substantiates the inviolability of the facts established by a judicial act that has entered into legal force. At the same time, the issue of the intersectoral nature of prejudice is relatively new for domestic science and requires close research, taking into account the specifics of various branches of legal proceedings. This issue is of particular importance in criminal proceedings, where the verdict can be ...

The article focuses on different approaches to the definition of the legal state nature that has existed over time. The research is aimed at identifying the modern frames of the legal state that functions as a necessary counterbalance to the state monopoly on power and governance. The cope of research methodology is very wide, including ...

The article deals with the methods of defining Divine Omnipotence introduced by medieval philosophers. The author presents the historical background of the development of the notion of absolute and ordered power of God in medieval natural theology. 1.  Ансельм Кентерберийский. Сочинения. М., 1995. 2.  Коплстон Ф.   Ч. История средневековой философии. М., 1997. 3.  Дамиани Петр. О божественном ...

... 1848—52 until 2015—18 allowed to identify the stages of the agricultural land management dynamics. The stages of ex­pansion and contraction, intensification and transition to extensive agricul­tural production are caused by combined influence of natural, socio-economic and political factors. The periods of decline in agricultural land use coincided with years of economic and political crises. The onset of periods of recovery matches a change in state policy, general economic growth and a rise ...

... In:Feistel R., Nausch G., Wasmund N. (Ed.). State and evolution of the Baltic Sea 1952—2005. Hoboken, N. J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, pp. 5—44. 3. Ducrotoy, J. P, Elliott, M. 2008. The science and management of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea: Natural history, present threats and future challenges. Mar Pollut Bull. Vol. 57, pp. 8—21. 4. Pawlak, J. 1980. Land-based inputs of some major pollutants to the Baltic Sea. Ambio Special issue on the Baltic, pp. 163—167. 5. Herrmann, J. 1998. Levels ...

The relevance of the study stems from the need to reduce interregional disparities, as stipulated in strategic planning documents. The article examines the provision of federal highways for key settlement centers in the Northwestern Federal District in the context of forming a sustainable socio-economic system. The methodological framework relies on the comparative geographical method and methods of geoinformation analysis, including the construction of buffer zones. The analysis reveals significant...

... the dilogy: Patap Chapurin, Makar Maslyannikov, and Danilo Snezhkov. The research is based on a comparative analysis of literary texts, epistolary materials, and documentary evidence. The study concludes that Chapurin’s character has a polygenetic nature, combining traits of several real individuals with the author’s creative design. P. I. Melnikov-Pechersky, N. A. Nekrasov, Old Belief, Old Believers, literary prototype, merchants, Bugrovs, L. S. Maslennikov 41-52 10.5922/vestnikpsy-2026-1-4

... themes of the articles were identified for each of the main categories. Conclusions were drawn regarding the intentional attitudes of the authors of the analyzed texts, highlighting the primary role of calls and motivation for readers to engage in active nature conservation. The study also assessed the feasibility of applying content analysis methods within linguo-pragmatic research. discourse theory, discourse typology, media ecological discourse, content analysis, content analysis categories ...

... underlying anthroponymic transformation. The findings demonstrate that a substantial pro­portion of Votic and Ingrian personal name forms derive not from canonical Christian names, but from their Russian dialectal variants, highlighting the complex nature of interlingual contact. Differences in the operation of adaptation mechanisms between Votic and Ingrian are shown to stem from the specific phonological and morphological structures of each language. Particular attention is devoted to processes ...

... examples, that reflection on signs relates to two distinct mental operations: the exchange of sign messages between subjects (com­mu­nication), and the interpretation of signs and sign systems that lack a subjective sender and originate either in natural objects or in the impersonal domain of “culture”. This duality of the object of analysis gives rise to persistent terminological difficulties, which surface in Aris­totle’s treatment of the relationship between sign and symbol, in Charles ...

... уточнена, and the degree of kinship with the poet is established. The authors of the study are guided by the principles of historicism and scholarly objectivity. The historical and biographical method, based on the analysis of documents of a personal nature, made it possible to reconstruct the life history of V. M. Lermontov against the background of Soviet reality. The main sources include docu­ments from his personal (pension) file, including an application addressed to the editor-in-chief of the ...

... substantive correspondence of 1923 between Kusling, Chief Inspector of the dams of the Memel Delta, R. I. Detlefsen, Conservator of His­torical and Cultural Monuments of East Prussia, and W. Sch?nichen, Director of the State Commission for the Protection of Natural Monuments in Prussia, is published. The corre­spondence discusses the need to protect an untouched area of wilderness in the north-west of East Prussia, which received the unofficial name “Staldzen Switzerland.” The content of the letters,...

... science fiction began to form: in M. Shelley’s novel “Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus”, the motives of the supernatural are rationalized through the use of scientific and technical issues. The goal of the presented research is detecting the nature, methods and specif­ics of the transformations of the Gothic plot that led to the formation of the science fiction genre. It is achieved by the use of comparative, historical-genetic, hermeneutic, mythopoetic methods. Gothic literature reacted ...

Currently, there is a growing need for a more precise theoretical justification and the def­inition of a methodology for studying geographical disciplines to optimize the interaction be­tween society and nature, ensuring environmental safety. The specificity of modern education requires the implementation of a new, practice-oriented approach. A historical perspective on the development of scientific research and the training of specialists in the field ...

... processing, and trade. Three fundamental levels of classification criteria for raw amber are identified: (a) weight or size, (b) stone structure (monolithic versus layered, presence or absence of cracks and impurities), and (c) decorative properties (natural shape, color range, and transparency). Additionally, the presence of animal and plant inclusions in amber, which hold both scientific and commercial value, is considered separately. The article concludes that the most advanced system of commercial ...

... object” between the spheres of the private and the public, the accessible and the qualitative, the unique and the reproducible. Through the “practice of translation” I demonstrate the failure of ontologies of conscious experience proposed by both naturalism and anti-naturalism, and propose an “intersectional theory” as an alternative theory of conscious experience that affirms, on the one hand, the uniqueness of the individual’s epistemic position and, on the other hand, its reproducibility ...

... historical-philosophical reconstruction of Strakhov’s reception of Kant’s philosophy is the Russian thinker’s home library catalogue, his correspondence and his own philosophical works. Among Strakhov’s interlocutors were not only philosophers and natural scientists, but also writers, including Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy and Afanasy Fet, who in many ways determined the cultural and intellectual horizon of the epoch. The many years of correspondence with the last two writers went a long way ...

... two projects in detail.) My plan is as follows. First, I discuss four main areas of pure vs. impure philosophy: (i) ‘pure logic’ vs. ‘applied logic’; (ii) ‘rational psychology’ vs. ‘empirical psychology’; (iii) ‘pure metaphysics of nature’ vs. ‘physics’ and (iv) ‘pure morality’ or a ‘metaphysics of morals’ vs. ‘moral anthropology’, ‘practical anthropology’ or ‘applied moral philosophy’. Based on this, I identify four key differences between pure and impure ...

... Athens: Ohio University Press. Schelling, F. W. J., 1994. On the History of Modern Philosophy. Edited and translated by A. Bowie. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schelling, F. W. J., 2018. Statement on the True Relationship of the Philosophy of Nature to the Revised Fichtean Doctrine: An Elucidation of the Former, 1806. Translated with an introduction and notes by D.E. Snow. Albany: State University of New York Press. Slovar, 1847. Slovar tserkovno-slavyanskogo i russkogo yazyka. sostavlennyy ...