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n this article, which completes a two-part series on the problem of optimism in Kant’s works, I explore in detail the arguments advanced by the Crusians A. F. Reinhard and D. Weymann against the actual world as the best of all possible worlds and in favour of the actual world as one of the good worlds, Kant’s counterarguments put forward in the mid-1750s drafts and in An Attempt at Some Reflections on Optimism (1759), and further polemical attacks on this topic against Kant by D. Weymann in his works...

Heiko Puls’ work Sittliches Bewusstsein und Kategorischer Imperativ in Kants Grundlegung: Ein Kommentar zum dritten Abschnitt, presents an attempt to show that, in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant’s argumentation for the objective value of the categorical imperative is almost based upon the same principle as the one presented in the second Critique. More precisely, Puls claims that, like in the Critique of Practical Reason, the Groundwork operates with some kind of fact of reason-theory...

My article is devoted to one of the main concepts of early modern natural law, i. e. the concept of obligation. Starting with Pufendorf's concept of obligation, it will be demonstrated that the natural law is grounded on the will of God. In contrast, the concept of obligation in Christian Wolff's Philosophia practica universalis has no need to found the validity of obligation of natural law in God's will. Instead he developed a concept which was based on the idea of a free self-binding moral subject...

This essay concerns an unusual note of Kant’s that has been available in Hamburg since the 1920s but otherwise neglected in the Kant literature. This small 8 x 6.3 cm sheet belonged to the manuscript collector Oskar Ulex (1852—1934), who appears to have bought it from a dealer in France. Writing covers both sides of the sheet, with moral theology discussed on one side, and the cosmological proof on the other. A transcription and description of the sheet is provided, followedby a “Question & Answer”...

This article considers the events and ideas that served as a background to the creation of the essay Towards Perpetual Peace, as well as the earliest reviews of it. The author pays special attention to the objections voiced by Kant’s student Friedrich Gentz who turned from the advocate of his teacher’s ideas into his opponent. The conclusion offers an attempt to envisage the philosophers’ reactions to the current state of international politics. 1. Bahner W. Der Friedensgedanke in der Literatur...

Studying tourism branding as a process of communication requires a thorough analysis of both naming and descriptive texts available through information resources. A well-thought-out strategic platform attracts the target audience and ensures the smooth functioning of ...

The study of territory branding as a part of communicative process requires the detailed analysis of advertising and PR-texts placed on accessible Web-portals. The current study presents a linguistic analysis of means of the territory management optimizing and of defining the ...

Place marketing and regional branding play an important role in contemporary global interactions. This research attempts to study the urban spatial linguosemiotic potential influencing city brands from the crosscultural viewpoint. The author aims to determine ways of how Russian ...

The article analyzes verb collocations of the semantic field “Memory” with the component ‘Vergangenheit’, which are commonly used in German media; it describes structural, semantic and syntagmatic characteristics of the verb collocations. The source of the research data is newspaper texts corpus DWDS. The keyword "Vergangenheit" (past) can be characterized by a high syntagmatic potential that indicates the importance of the denoted concept for memory processes comprehension. The author...

... литературы. Западноевропейский и американский романтизм : учеб. пособие для вузов. М., 2007. 14. Bredsdorff E. Hans Christian Andersen: the story of his life and work 1805—75. Phaidon, 1975. 15. Brandes G. Andersen som Eventyrdigter // Samlede Skrifter. Danmark. Andet Bind. Nordisk Forlag. Kjøbenhavn-Kristiania, 1919.

The purpose of this article is to describe pragmatic characteristics of complex sentences with relative clauses in the German media discourse. The author selects the following pragmatic schemes of hypotaxis structures of the studied type: specification, problematization, irony, simplification, complication, prevention and argument. The single-model and double-model types are identified as pragmatical types of complex sentences with relative clauses. 1. Любимова А. А. Языковые аспекты воздействия...

... Отношение к здоровью индивида и общества. М., 2006. 5. Atkin С. Effects of televised alcohol messages on teenage drinking patterns // Journal of Adolescent Health Care. 1990. № 11. P. 10—24. 6. Chapman S., Fitzgerald B. Brand preference and advertising recall in adolescence smokers: Some implications for health promotion // American Journal of Public Health. 1982. № 72. P. 491—494. 7. USAID. AIDSTAR-One. URL: http://www.aidstar-one.com/sites/default/files/ZA_SoulCity....

This article provides a general characterization of the pragmatic focusing, determines the role of the theme of the scientific text and its influence on the distribution of certain foci through its structure. As an illustration for the indicated statements, it proposes the linguistic analysis of the original German sources. 1. Богданова О.   А. Цвето- и светообозначения как одна из форм прагматиче­ского фокусирования в структуре художественного текста: дис. ... канд. филол. наук. СПб., 1999. 2...

The article examines the basic verbal attributes of the communicators’ dialogic speech, using the responses received at the oral Russian language examinations at Russian-speaking schools of Lithuania for the period of 2005—2010 as an example. A structure of the dialogue during the exam is suggested. 1.  Айзерман Л.   С . Уроки литературы как диалог // Литература в школе. 1990. №   4. С. 38—47. 2.  Бахтин М.   М. Эстетика словесного творчества. М., 1986. 3.  Володин Н.   В . Афферентный...

The radical changes in the environment of contemporary organisations call for an analysis of their strategic potential. On the basis of resource approach and its most advanced versions - dynamic capabilities and core competence concept – this article analyses the key element of potential – managerial skills. 1.        Андреева Т.   Е., Чайка В.   А. К дискуссии о сущности динамических способ­но­стей // Вестник СПбГУ. Сер. Менеджмент. 2006. Вып. 4. С. 163—174. 2.        Барни Дж. Б. Может...

Physical activity is a factor of healthy lifestyle development. This article focuses on the physical activity of primary school students of the city of Krasnoyarsk. The authors discuss various reasons for leading an active (sports classes, yard games) or a passive (resting at the computer or a game console, watching TV) lifestyle among Krasnoyarsk primary school students in view of social family background and the parents' example of sports activities. The lifestyle criteria presented can be helpful...

Studies published as early as the 19th century, prewar guidebooks, postcards, books of model projects, and archive materials serve as the sources of information about the architectural and urban development of the resort of Cranz. The collection of cadastral plans and maps of 1844—1943 settlements held in the Secret Archive of Prussian heritage in Berlin remains virtually unstudied. A project used in the construction of the wooden music pavilion in the park Plantage in Cranz was found in a textbook...

... adoption timing of a loyalty program among business customers: the role of marketing and social influence// Paradigm Shifts and Interactions. European Marketing Academy 43rd Annual Conference, Valencia, 2014. 20. Wansink B. Developing a Cost-effective Brand Loyalty Program// Journal of Advertising Research. 2003. No. 43 (September).

This article considers the literary career of the famous East Prussian poet Simon Dach in connection with the history of Koenigsberg University. With the support of the ruling house of the Electorate of Branderburg and Prussia, Dach managed to obtain the position of a professor of poetry at the university, with which both his work and life are closely connected. One of Dach’s university works is the poetic composition “Prussiarchus” dedicated to the centenary of Albertina (1644). This work is a poetical-allegorical...

... безопасности Российской Федерации до 2020   года, утверждена Указом Президента Российской Федерации от 12 мая 2009 го­да, №   537. 6.  Anderson M. Place Branding and Place Promotion Efforts in the Baltic Sea Re­gion: A Situation Analysis. Draft released in May 2010, final version to be published in October 2010. 7.  Anholt S. Presentation at the 8 th Summit of the Baltic Development Forum. Helsinki,...

This article analyses the methodological framework of research on strategic potential of organizations in dynamic global environment. The author examines the factors responsible for sustainable competitive advantages of an organization and considers the role of intangible assets, predominantly, such unique assets as organizational and administrative skills, in the structure of potential. The article describes the features of formation of potential of learning organizations. 1.  Баззел Р., Гейл...

The article focuses on the results of a sociological survey of the city resi­dents the main purpose of which is to identify the features of the geographical image of their city. The authors attempt at answering the question whether the comprehensive image of urban geospace coincides with the urban devel­opment tasks stated by the urban planners, city government and architects. The methodology designed by the authors determines the interview as a pri­mary tool for collecting research material. The...

This article follows the dynamics of the hydrothermal climate indicators in the Kaliningrad region over a 30-year period. The authors examine the variability of plants indicating phonological events in the regions. Changes in the blossom period of such plants in spring 2012 are compared to the data of 1893 (based on Der Frühlingseinzug report by the Prussian botanical society, 1893). Finally, conclusions are made regarding the impact of climate change on the seasonal development of plants. 1. Баринова...

This article discusses the role of pollination by honeybees as an ecosystem service in the structure of agricultural production. Forest, marsh, and mea-dow communities are considered as basic conditions for pollination in the eco-systems of the Kaliningrad region. A classification of the area for beekeeping is conducted according to the productive capacity of plant communities. The 1991—2004 interannual dynamics of providing ecosystem services by the agricultural geosystem was analysed in the case...

This article studies the process of transformation of the Swedish political party system in the 1980s. The study aims to develop a typology of the Swedish political party system before and after the transformation processes commenced. The article identifies the key prerequisites for such transformation: the crisis of social democracy and an increase in the nationalist attitudes in the society caused by the negative repercussions of the system of integration of migrants into the society based on the...

This article considers the structure of research system in Germany. It describes the federal and state levels of research management. The Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) bears primary responsibility for science and technology policy at the federal level. At the state level, this responsible is shared by the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Economy. The author emphasizes the role of the National Academy of Sciences “Leopoldina”, whose principal objective is to...

Innovative activity is carried out at three levels — those of the state, region and a company or a university. This article considers the level of development of knowledge-based economy in Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland at each of the three levels, as well as descripes the spatial differentiation of innovative activity within the Baltic region. The analysis is done on the basis of national and international research, as well as statistical data on the intensity...

After the German reunification the agricultural development of eastern territories seemed to have picked up its pace. Yet the main problems those territories are facing today hatched already in the mid-1990s. In our study we address the problems and challenges that hinder sustainable development of East German rural areas. We analyse agricultural statistics and describe the structure of agricultural enterprises, land-use, and other critical dimensions of agriculture. We discuss pros and cons of modern...

... 109—124. 3. Braudel, F. 2008, Grammatika civilizacij [Grammar civilizations],Мoscow. 4. Hegel, G. W. F. 1993, Filosofija istorii [Philosophy of History], Moscow. 5. Goncharov, V. E. 2010, Ideologicheskij brending «Edinoj Rossii» [Ideological branding of "United Russia"], POLITEKS = Politicheskaja ekspertiza [Political Expertise Journal], Vol. 6, no. 1, p. 68—82, available at: http://www.politex.info/content/view/683/30/ (accessed 01 June 2010). 6. Gryzlov, B. V. 2001, Politicheskie ...

This paper contains test results revealing norm and stress reactions of various life-form plants: trees — Betula pendula Roth, Tilia platyphyllos Scop., Pinus sylvetris L; water-plant -Galium palustre L.; grass — Solidago Canadensis; cereal — Secale cereal L. Collection and processing of the material was made in the area of Berlin/Brandenburg, Germany. Clark sensor-based method made it possible to determine the amount and rate of the oxygen evolution by plants in the dark and light phase. Under the...

... сообще­стве / под ред. В. С. Ягья. СПб., 2005. 11. Ягья В.   С. Назовем мир именем нашего моря // Невское время. 2002. 15 февр. 12. Anholt S. Government Advisor on Nation Branding and Public Diplomacy , UK . Presentation at the 8 th Summit of the Baltic Development Forum. Helsinki , October 31, 2006 . 13. Baltic Metropolis Network. URL: http://www. baltmet. org/ (07.04.2009) 14. Boucher Richard A. URL: http://www....