2025 Issue №1

The article presents a comparative analysis of the policy documents of two contemporary communist parties in Russia — the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) and the Communists of Russia. The study aims to identify the fundamental ideological differences between these political actors in their understanding of the theoretical foundations and practical tasks of the communist movement at the present stage. The methodological basis of the research consists of a comparative analysis of the parties’ programs, employing problem-chronological, systemic, and structural-functional approaches. The analysis reveals significant divergences between the CPRF and the Communists of Russia in their interpretations of the historical experience of socialism in the USSR, the causes of the crisis and collapse of the Soviet state, the nature of contemporary Russian society, as well as the driving forces, methods, and stages of socialist transformation. It is established that while the CPRF leans toward a more moderate and gradual strategy of socialist transformation within the framework of a mixed economy and parliamentary democracy, the Communists of Russia consistently advocate for a radical course based on proletarian revolution and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat. The study concludes that there exist objective ideological, theoretical, and political differences within the Russian communist movement, reflecting a real differentiation among communist forces, despite the clear dominance of the CPRF as the leading left-wing party.

Restrictive measures (sanctions) against third countries currently represent one of the most important instruments of the European Union’s foreign policy. By imposing sanctions, the EU responds to global challenges and events that contradict the Union’s political and humanitarian objectives and values, thereby seeking to promote peace, democracy, respect for international law and human rights, as well as to resolve ongoing and prevent emerging conflicts and crises in the international arena. This article presents the results of a politico-legal analysis of key regulatory documents that constitute the normative foundation of the EU’s current sanctions policy. The aim of the research is to identify the main legal, political, and value-based characteristics and features of the mechanisms regulating the application of the EU’s own restrictive measures. The study traces some shifts in emphasis within the EU’s political agenda throughout the formation and evolution of the practice of imposing unified restrictive measures against third countries as part of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). A general overview is provided of the EU’s restrictive measures, their specificities, and patterns of application.

The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) plays a significant role in shaping a new global order based on the principles of innovative development, transregionalism, integration, and international cooperation. In the context of global regionalization and intensifying international competition, the EAEU represents a unique model of economic integration that unites countries with diverse internal systems in pursuit of common strategic goals—both economic and political. Unlike traditional models of economic integration, such as the European Union, the EAEU seeks effective engagement with a broad range of countries and regional organizations, enabling it to operate successfully under current global conditions and to discover new opportunities for economic growth and enhanced competitiveness on the international stage. This article examines the principles and mechanisms of transregionalism within the EAEU, as well as examples of its regional advancement in the international economic community and cooperation with other countries and regions through the free trade area (FTA) mechanism. Particular attention is given to the role of “soft power” as an important instrument of the EAEU’s international policy, contributing to the strengthening of its strategic position, improving the economic situation across the EAEU space, and expanding opportunities for successful economic and socio-political cooperation.