2025 Issue №3

One of the promising approaches for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the use of biopeptides derived from proteomics data. The effect of an enzymatic hy­drolysate of cow colostrum, containing ten peptides, on the development of type 2 diabetes was studied in male Wistar rats. Three groups of Wistar rats, each consisting of seven ani­mals, were formed for the experiments: Group 1 — intact controls; T2D was induced in rats of Groups 2 and 3. Rats in Group 3 additionally received an intragastric administration of the trypsin hydrolysate of cow colostrum alongside their standard diet. In Wistar rats with in­duced T2D, the trypsin hydrolysate of cow colostrum demonstrated antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effects. Blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels decreased in T2D rats re­ceiving the trypsin hydrolysate compared to untreated T2D rats. Administration of the tryp­sin hydrolysate to Group 3 rats reduced body weight loss relative to Group 2 and was accom­panied by less pronounced hyperglycemia. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase activity decreased, while the levels of reduced glutathione and lipoprotein fractions were nor­malized.

Heavy metals cadmium and lead are among the widely distributed pollutants in the envi­ronment due to the activities of the industrial, livestock, and agricultural sectors. These heavy metals can cause serious physiological and biochemical disturbances in vertebrates and inver­tebrates, which makes bioindication and the assessment of heavy metal toxicity using specific protein markers highly relevant. For insects, as the most widespread group of invertebrates in ecosystems, contamination with traces of heavy metals primarily leads to elimination. There­fore, the heightened sensitivity of insects to pollution levels is considered in laboratory tests for evaluating heavy metal toxicity. Among the existing species, Galleria mellonella was se­lected for toxicity assessment. The evaluation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) toxicity sug­gested the presence of specific protein markers of toxicity, namely proteins with molecular weights of 25 and 70 kDa.

The influence of a microbial consortium of lactic acid bacteria — Lactobacillus casei, Lac­tobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis — and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the yield and quality of winter wheat of the Nador variety was studied. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the microorganism suspension on the morphometric pa­rameters of wheat seedlings in an aqueous culture, and the content of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the microbial culture fluid was measured. The lactic acid bacteria — yeast consorti­um exhibited higher biological activity compared to monocultures. The optimal concentration for stimulating wheat growth was found to be a 1.0 % solution of the consortium. The plant growth—promoting ability of the lactic acid bacteria and yeast is attributed to their capacity to synthesize phytohormones. Field experiments demonstrated that the microbial consortium increased grain yield, protein content, microelements (Zn, Fe), and nutrients (N, P, K) in wheat grains. A comparative analysis of the efficacy of the bioproduct “Baikal EM-1” and the microbial consortium showed that treatment with the consortium led to greater accumulation of macroelements in the grains, higher yield, increased protein content, and protein output. The studied consortium demonstrated higher effectiveness than the bioproduct “Baikal EM-1” and can be recommended for implementation in agriculture as an environmentally safe mi­cro­bial preparation, serving as an alternative to chemical agents.