The notion of necessity in the German philosophy of the¬ Enlighten¬ment
Necessity is a key philosophical notion, which is used in different disciplines from logic to ontology. In the German philosophy of the Enlightenment, this concept was centralto the work of many thinkers. For them, necessity is related not only to logic ...
Lexical explicators of the modality of necessity in the Old and New Testament (the Synodal translation into Russian)
In this article, I explore one of the elements of situational modality, namely, the microfield of the modality of necessity. I consider the use of lexical modifiers of the modality of necessity in the Old and New Testament. The aims of this study are to identify similarities and differences in the use of lexemes explicating the microfield in the biblical texts and ...
Population replacement in Latvia: current state and prospects
This article analyses fertility rate trends in Latvia over a medium-term period of 53 years, from 1970 to 2022, aiming to predict the immediate prospects for population replacement. The novelty of this interdisciplinary research, which encompasses demography, mathematics, economics and sociology, lies in applying mathematical analysis to the study of socio-demographic processes, which has not been attempted before by Latvian or international researchers. Moreover, this study is the first to draw...
Spatial and structural patterns in the distribution of R&D, innovation and production activities in Russia
A modern innovative economy relies on the continual integration of knowledge and technologies into production, monitoring, and management processes. Therefore, territorial proximity and sectoral complementarity of the activities of scientific, technological and industrial organisations are crucial factors in fostering innovation. This article aims to assess the relationship between a region’s economic and scientific specialisation and the level of its innovative development. The object of the study...
Confiscation Estonian style: legal and political aspects of potential seizure of Russian assets in EU countries
... consequences of forced seizure of Russian assets
The principle of sovereign immunity and other complexities of international law are not the sole obstacles to the use of Russian assets. It is quite evident that interested states may attempt to justify the necessity of seizing Russian sovereign assets by the exceptional nature of the conflict in Ukraine, acting within the framework of collective self-defence, etc. Recently, there has been a notable expansion in the variety and scope of unilateral economic ...
The Accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: Geopolitical implications for Russia’s position in the Baltic Sea region
... leadership after the United States and NATO had rejected the draft agreements on mutual security treaties handed over to them in late 2021. If the Russian campaign in Ukraine had not begun, domestic discussions in Stockholm and Helsinki regarding the necessity to join NATO would probably have continued indefinitely, and these countries themselves would have continued to be drawn into joint military activity with the Alliance, especially by intensifying joint military exercises with it. Now that Russia ...
The Visegrad Group and the Baltic Assembly: coalitions within the EU as seen through Russian foreign policy
Today Russia has difficulty doing business-as-usual with EU states. It seems that the countries of the Visegrad Group (V4) and the Baltic Assembly/Baltic Council of Ministers (BA/BСM) have contributed substantially to this state of affairs. Overall, the tensions between Russia and the EU are building up – another tendency that did not arise on the Russian initiative. This article aims to address the question of whether Russia should establish direct relations with the V4 and the BA/BCM as tools to...
The two-party tendency in Poland’s political system: manifestations, causes and prospects
The article analyses the Polish political system and the increasing role of two political parties in it. This tendency has been observed in Poland for more than 15 years. We can draw a conclusion that two-and-a-half-party system has formed in Poland. Using Duverger’s phrasing, there is a “two-party tendency” in the functioning of the Polish model. The study analyses the facts that firm up this conclusion: not only the distribution of seats in the Sejm (the main criterion) but also many other quantitative...
The functioning of nuclear explicators of the modal meaning of necessity in the novel "Resurrection" by Leo Tolstoy and its translation in Polish
This article deals with the nuclear explicators of the necessity micro-field — a micro-field of the situational modality – in the original and the Polish translation of L. N. Tolstoy’s novel "Resurrection". The authors establish the functional-semantic hierarchy of corresponding modal modifiers ...
The communication of persons: Kant’s theory of marriage law held captive by pagan anthropology
... vision of family law can be overcome. The personalist philosophy of family retains the fruitful contents of Kant's matrimonial law theory: the notion that the matrimonial union is necessary “due to the law of humanity”, and not due to mere natural necessity; the notion of matrimonial acquisition as one accomplished neither factually, nor contractually, but “according to a law”, as a consequence of an obligation to enter a family unity. And yet, just as in Kant’s theory of law there is no ...
Exclavity of the Kaliningrad region: experience of explication
The article explores the concept of exclavity using the Kaliningrad region as an example. The authors analyse the concept of exclavity, identify its key attributes and the degree of their relevance, describe indicators of exclavity as well as factors influencing it. The main attributes of the Kaliningrad region’s exclavity are geographical separation and remoteness. The authors distinguish two types of exclavity, absolute (attributive) and relative (functional), identify strategies for overcoming...
Sanctions risks and regional development: Russian case
Economic sanctions and countersanctions are expanding worldwide, posing spatially heterogeneous threats to most countries. The study aims to develop and test a methodology for assessing regional exposure to sanctions risks using Russian data. The share of foreign trade with the countries that introduced restrictions can be used to evaluate the exposure to new trade barriers. In several cases, this share exceeded 50 %, necessitating a rapid reorientation of product flows in Nenets, Khanty-Mansiysk...
Priorities for the development of manufacturing industries in the Kaliningrad region
The Kaliningrad region is a socio-economically developed area with a steadily increasing population. Its economy is predominantly influenced by manufacturing industries, whose growth is supported by the region’s strategic geographic position on the Baltic coast and the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) regime. However, the region’s exclave status, which makes it reliant on external factors, hinders its development. Any change in these external factors could necessitate a restructuring of manufacturing...
Efficiency analysis of seaports in Russia’s Baltic basin: performance evaluation
This research presents a comprehensive analysis of the performance efficiency of Russia’s Baltic seaports, taking into account various economic indicators and addressing investment planning and management issues. Special attention is given to the sustainable development goals and objectives of the seaports, considering their significance in transport and logistics systems. The primary objective of this work is to develop a system approach for conducting multi-criteria studies on seaport performance...
France’s strategy in the Baltic region: military and political aspects
This article examines the current military-political strategy of France in the Baltic region. This area has not traditionally been among the main priorities of French diplomacy. However, under President Emmanuel Macron, France pays closer attention to the Baltic Sea due to the growing tension between Russia and the West. According to France’s key strategic documents, the government assesses the present-day situation mainly in a negative way, considering Russian actions as the main reason for the...
The sea factor in the federal regulation of Russia’s spatial development: post-Soviet experience and current priorities
Current geoeconomic and geopolitical transformations project on Russian society and its spatial organisation, highlighting the problems of spatial socioeconomic development and its governmental regulation. This article examines the theoretical and applied aspects of the incorporation into the national regional policy of the sea factor, understood as a combination of location and resources, which is determined by a country’s jurisdiction over coasts and waters, its maritime activities and coastalisation...
The concept of extreme necessity in the crime qualified by Article 199.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
In this article, the author examines the actual issue of applying provisions of an extreme necessity to actions containing signs of a crime under Article 199.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on such a circumstance that excludes the criminality of the act. The author analyses a variety of views on the problem under consideration....
Steven Makin’s ontological argument: The concept of necessary exis¬ten¬ce of God
This article deals with one of the most elegant and non-standard versions of the modal onto-logical argument for God’s existence, which was proposed by the analytic philosopher Stephen Makin in 1988. He managed to avoid the famous criticism of Kant concerning the impossibility of acknowledging the predicate ‘to exist’ as real. Makin’s argument is not based on proving the presence of necessarily exemplified concepts rather than the necessary existing object. He argues that there is at least one (and...
The modal microfield of necessity in official and business documents in the Russian and Polish languages
Official and business documents published in modern Russian and Polish periodicals serves as the material for analyzing the expression plane of necessity microfield. The authors identify its central and peripheral components, as well as common properties and intralinguistic features in the set of expressive means of the given microfield.
1. Ваулина С. С. Языковая модальность ...
The features of the expression of the modal meaning of necessity in Russian and Lithuanian newspapers
This article presents a functional-semantic analysis of one of situational modality meanings — the meaning of necessity — as implemented in Russian and Lithuanian newspaper texts. The authors identify the functions of Russian modal explicators and their Lithuanian equivalents.
1.
Бессарабова Г.
А
. Соотношение системно-языкового ...
Kant on evil in the human nature
This article focuses on the analysis of the problem of evil in Kant’s works. The author attempts at reconstructing the key stages of Kant’s logic of ethics and, on this basis, reconstructs his idea of evil. Of special importance is the analysis and criticism of the anthropology-focused study of the sources of good and evil in the work Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. The author sees the key to understanding Kant’s approach to the problem of evil in the differentiation of the levels...
On the logical inconsistency of Kant’s critique of the cosmological argument
The paper shows that the Kantian critique of cosmological argument does not take into account the existential presuppositions of Aristotelian syllogistic, so it is logically untenable. The basic idea of Kant is that the cosmological proof does not rely on the empirical premise (i.e. the existence of the world). Instead, it resorts covertly to the ontological proof. This is the second stage of the proof, when fr om the notion of a necessary being (ens necessarium) they move to the concept of a most...
Evangelical Lutheran church of Denmark: socio-economic and territorial-organisational aspects
The study exemplifies the use of an institutional-territorial approach for a comprehensive description of a national denominational landscape. The article aims to provide such an account by analysing relevant official data and performing statistical processing using computational tools. The focus is on the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark and its administrative-territorial structures. The study places emphasis on the financial aspect, one seldom discussed in academic discourse. The denominational...
Non-translation and translation in Heidegger, Losev, and Ortega y Gasset
The article examines the ideas of Heidegger, Losev, and Ortega y Gasset regarding the possibility and necessity of translating philosophical texts. The concept of non-translation is an acknowledgment of the impossibility of adequately reproducing a philosophical text in another language while preserving its integrity. Particularly interesting for comparison ...
Migration distances in Russia: a demographic profile of migrants
The distance of migration is closely linked to life course events, which are, in turn, marked by age. It serves as a criterion for distinguishing migration from other forms of spatial mobility. This paper aims to calculate the average distance of domestic migrations in Russia between 2011 and 2020, considering various migrant profiles such as sex, age, and type of residential registration. The Euclidean distance between 130,000 geocoded Russian settlements was computed to estimate migration distances...
Geopolitical Security of Russia: Remarks on the Problem Statement
This paper summarizes the results of the seminar “Geopolitical Security of Russia: Remarks on the Problem Statement”, held on August 26, 2022, at the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad. During the seminar, the Institute of Geopolitical and Regional Studies of the university announced an initiative to devise a system of monitoring the geopolitical (regional) security of Russia. The debate centred around the development of a conceptual framework and a geopolitical security model as...
Territorial structure of inbound and domestic tourism in the Baltic States
This paper examines the transformation of the territorial structure of tourism in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The spatial and temporal organisation of tourism in these countries has undergone significant changes since they became independent and joined the EU. These changes have affected the geography of tourist flows and destinations of interest. This study aims to define the geographical and economic peculiarities of the development of tourism in the Baltic States and to identify the central...
Tactical and psychological problems of maintaining public prosecution in jury trial
... identifies common strategies the defense can illegally influence jurors and emphasizes the importance for the state prosecutor to consider the confessional and national characteristics of the region where the case is being considered. It also looks into the necessity to develop a unified approach to delimitation of illegal and acceptable influence on jurors. The article considers the challenges of overcoming psychological influence of the attorney for the defense on the jury; the influence of certain emotions ...
Internet diffusion and interregional digital divide in Russia: trends, factors, and the influence of the pandemic
The demand for digital technologies has been growing due to a shift in the technological and economic paradigm. The need for online services has increased since the beginning of the COVID pandemic. There are significant disparities between Russian regions in the digital technology accessibility and the development of computer skills. In 2020, the Internet diffused rapidly in most regions, although previously, there had been a slowdown. As markets got saturated with digital services, the digital divide...
Semio-poiesis: on the birth of the semiosphere from the biosphere
... 309—327.
Markoš, A., 2014. Biosphere as Semiosphere: Variations on Lotman.
Sign Systems Studies
, 42 (4), pp. 487—98.
Maturana, H. R., Varela, F. J., 1980.
Autopoiesis and cognition
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Monod, J., 1971.
Chance and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology
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Nöth, W., 2006. Yuri Lotman on metaphors and culture as self-referential semiospheres.
Semiotica
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https://doi.org/10.1515/SEM.2006.065
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Nöth, W....
Reengineering the process of the development of educational and methodological documentation
The article considers the necessity for using the methodology of reengineering for development educational and methodological documentation. The terms «reengineering» and «business process» are defined, as well as the model of reengineering of business processes, its aims ...
Text-forming function of modal explicators of necessity in Leo Tolstoy’s “Anna Karenina”
... author investigates the usage pattern of the predicative necessary for the main characters in various plot situations. The interrelation of the artistic image and the representation of individual reality perception by explicators of the modal meaning of necessity is revealed.
Nikitina A.A.
modality, modality of necessity, modality of the literary text, Leo Tolstoy, “Anna Karenina”, linguistic world view
33-40
Operational thinking in the structure of the diagnostic thinking of a modern teacher-psychologist
Diagnostic thinking is a vital professional component of many occupations, in particular, of a teacher-psychologist. The purpose of the study was to identify the place and role of various mental operations in the structure of diagnostic search carried out by a teacher-psychologist. The article explores cognitive operations used by a teacher-psychologist within the framework of a diagnostic algorithm. These operations are differentiated for various stages of diagnosis; their priorities are established...
Vernunft und Glaube. Zu Kants Deduktion der Gnadenlehre
Kant’s deduction of the Christian doctrine of justification, respectively the doctrine of grace, leads to the question in what sense philosophy can deal with God’s grace without falsely replacing it with its own arguments. Kant’s answer (a) is that the imputation of evil without attempt to justify it by means of one’s own resources requires thinking of God as the external judge in the internal court of justice, respectively as one’s conscience. This reference to God implies that one makes oneself...
The Functional and the Instrumental in Market Definition: a Laboratory for Natural Experiments in the Baltics
Reforms of natural monopolies need clear delineations between the industries where market mechanisms contribute to social welfare and those where the costs of a transition to a market economy outweigh the benefits. In this article, we emphasise the difficulty of finding the optimum modes of governance within industries as a whole. Using the tools of the transaction cost economics, we show that, alongside the problem of market boundaries and the resultant position and behaviour of a company — an object...
Design and Calculation of a Scalable Infocommunication Network for a Shopping Center
Paper is devoted to the development of model project of scalable infocommunication infrastructure for shopping centers using the example of the «Z-FORT» shopping center. The analysis of the selected object, the calculation of the required throughput, the preparation of technical requirements. A search was also made for the necessary technical solutions and a review of the necessary network technologies. The cited material allowed us to develop a model project for scalable infocommunication infrastructure...
Introducing Sectoral Models into Regional Management: An Assessment of Regulatory Impacts on the Economy
Regardless of the geography of regions, management at the regional level, both in Russia and the Baltic Sea countries, faces many challenges. Hence, it is necessary to search for new effective economic management tools, since traditional approaches and modeling practices at the regional level are not suitable for either analysing various types of impact on regional economy (production, market (product), sector, region), or assessment of their consequences and identification of the necessary measures...
Key factors of the spatial organisation of small businesses
This article describes the conditions, resources, and prerequisites necessary for the efficient functioning of small businesses. Based on the theoretical propositions and practical results of productive forces distribution, the authors identify groups of factors of spatial organization of small businesses: national and supranational level, regional level, location, and the entrepreneur. A sequential analysis of the main factors of the small business deployment showed that taking into account all...
The features of implementation of the modal meaning of obligation in S. Yesenin’s axiological world view
On the basis of S. Yesenin’s poetry, the authors consider the text function of linguistic units expressing the modal meaning of necessity. The article offers their functional and semantic hierarchy and describes their role in analysing the poet’s axiological world view.
Список сокращений
МАС — Словарь русского языка: в 4 т....
The thinking of nature and the nature of thinking — Cohen on Spinoza
... philosophy of Spinoza saw Cohen ontological metaphysics, which is based on the erro-neous principle of identity. It cancels the possibility of the ethics as prevents the existence of nature distinguished from being of obligation, and over which dominates the necessity of natural laws. This distinction and the union of logic and ethics for Cohen is equally necessary and complemen¬tary. This fundamental principle of critical idealism overcomes Spinoza's pantheism, the reducing ethics to logic and devastating ...