The Accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: Geopolitical implications for Russia’s position in the Baltic Sea region
The article examines Sweden’s and Finland’s motives for ending their long-time non-aligned policies and joining NATO after Russia had launched a special military operation in Ukraine in February 2022. The two countries’ decision is shown to be in the interest of the ...
The Swedish institute’s scholarship policy as a soft power instrument
... was erratic during the study period. A comprehensive analysis of the Institute’s efforts was carried out to describe the relationship between nation branding, soft power and education. The focus was on the principles and practices behind promoting Sweden’s image in an international educational setting, the evolution of the Institute’s scholarship policy and the effect of soft power and nation branding on a grantee’s academic track. Interactions between the SI and grantees during and after ...
Models for countering the segregation of ethnoreligious immigrant areas in Denmark and Sweden
The article explores the immigration and integration strategies of Denmark and Sweden while assessing their efficacy. The two countries, sharing historical, cultural, social and economic similarities, face a common challenge: the formation of ethnoreligious enclaves primarily inhabited by individuals with a Muslim background. Due ...
Labour migrants from the Middle East Arab countries in Sweden: a paradigm shift
Middle East Arab diasporas, primarily the Iraqi and Syrian ones, are playing an increasing role in the economy and demography of Sweden. This study aims to describe the formation of economically active diasporas in Sweden over the past three decades. There has been a paradigm shift in the immigration and business activity of people from the Middle East Arab countries in Sweden....
A typology of the Baltic region states according to excellence in science and technology
... Baltic region are no exception despite their strong economic ties and developed industries. A significant element of any manufacturing system is its scientific and technological subsystem, which is described in this article for ten countries (Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia), based on an analysis of a clustered set of national characteristics: R&D financing and staffing in the scientific and technological subsystem. A total of ten indicators,...
Refugees from Syria and Iraq in Sweden: resettlement during the migration crisis
... deconcentration of Iraqis and Syrians led to the convergence between the settlement structure typical of immigrants and the Swedes, whilst concentration resulted in divergence accompanied by the emergence of close-knit immigrant communities on the outskirts of Sweden’s largest cities. The formation of such communities, seen as vulnerable by the national authorities and marked by a high crime rate, impedes the integration of Syrian and Iraqi immigrants into Swedish society.
1. Potemkina, O. Yu. 2019,...
Changes in the structure and geography of tourist flows during the COVID-19 pandemic
... individual countries and regions. In the Baltic region, the structure and geography of tourist flows altered during the pandemic.
In this study, the term ‘Baltic region’ is used predominantly in its narrow sense [1] to refer collectively to Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Germany’s five states (Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg and Berlin) and Poland’s five northern voivodeships participating in the building of transboundary tourist and ...
Three Russian Baltic regions in the context of confrontation between Russia and the West
... construction of the “Nord Stream-2” gas pipeline, these countries did not advocate for additional sanctions against Russia beyond those imposed by the EU.
3. Most anti-Russian countries: Poland, the Baltic States (including Lithuania and Latvia), and Sweden emerged as the most anti-Russian nations in the Baltic region. Not only did they endorse common sanctions, but they also independently imposed additional measures against Russia.
From February 23, 2022, to June 23, 2023, the EU imposed 11 packages ...
Environmental aspect of the current Arctic Strategy of Sweden
The article considers the environmental aspect of the current Arctic Strategy of Sweden. Despite the general predominant environmental vector, objective results of the Swedish Arctic Strategy remain quite frugal. As the leading environmental European power, Sweden was not able to present a comprehensive environmental part of its Arctic ...
The Denominational Space of Modern Sweden: Christianity
This article considers spatial and temporal diffusion of Christian values in Sweden and examines the features of the country’s confessional space. The work aims to identify historical and geographical characteristics of the formation of Sweden’s Christian space and of its current transformation. Another objective is to introduce ...
Geography of inbound tourism and transboundary tourism-and-recreation region-building in Sweden
Sweden’s tourism industry stands out for its large contribution to the development of the national economy. The vast size of the country makes it possible to trace differences in incoming tourist flows from neighbouring countries. This circumstance ...
A ‘Secret alliance’ or ‘Freedom from any alliances’? NATO accession debate in Sweden and Finland, 1991—2016
The authors analyze the policy of NATO towards Sweden and Finland, the neutral states of Northern Europe, in 1991—2016. The authors emphasize that Finland and Sweden have always been of high strategic importance for NATO and the EU defence policy. The authors investigate the main areas of cooperation ...
Territorial differences in the innovative development of Sweden, Finland, and the North-western federal district of the Russian Federation
This article considers the innovative component of the economies of Sweden, Finland, and the Noreth-western federal district (NWFD) of the Russian Federation. The authors present the results of a comparative analysis of research and technological potential of the regions and their administrativeterritorial units in terms ...
The economy of Russian Baltic regions: development level and dynamics, structure and international trade partners
The article explores the challenges encountered during the formation of the Baltic macro-region comprising Russia and eight EU countries (Germany, Poland, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) in the context of the ongoing geopolitical and geo-economic changes. The article aims to assess the dynamics, level, structure and pace of economic development of three Russian regions located on ...
Impact of external migration on changes in the Swedish religious landscape
For most of its history, Sweden has been a country dominated by the Lutheran Church, having the status of the official state religion. Starting in mid-to-late 20th century, mass immigration to Europe had a considerable impact on the confessional structure of Sweden’s population....
The Swedish model of spatial planning: Functions, problems, and solutions
... are shown as different types of plans: Regional plan, Municipal comprehensive plan, Detailed development plan, Special area regulations and Property regulation plan. Particular attention is paid to the influence on the planning process of the entry of Sweden to the European Union. The problems associated with spatial planning are made evident and solutions are proposed. Swedish experience may be interesting to the urban and regional planners.
1. Чистобаев А. И., Красовская О....
Reputation and status in Denmark’s strategic culture
... to the Nordic states’ attempts to gain membership in the forum and thus expand their influence in world politics. The same motivation for raising the status and building a reputation of a reliable and never-failing ally was spelt out in 2014, when Sweden stated its commitment to a ‘feminist’ foreign policy, and in 2003, when Denmark took part in the invasion of Iraq [2]. It has been mentioned in the literature that the modest position of the Nordic states in the international hierarchy prompts ...
Kant als Mystiker? Zur These von Carl Arnold Wilmans’ dissertatio philosophica
Carl Arnold Wilmans received his degree of doctor in philosophy in Halle in 1797 for a bold thesis. He claimed a latent similarity between Kant’s enlightened philosophy of religion and the pure mysticism of some so-called separatists — and sent his work to Kant. The fact that and how the latter reacted to it, makes the matter all the more interesting. Could Kant have been a secret mystic? The following study attempts to give a differentiated presentation of Kant’s intellectual relationship...
Geopolitical regionalisation of the Baltic area: the essence and historical dynamics
..., Kaliningrad and Novgorod regions, parts of Karelia and small parts of the Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and Tver regions meet this criterion. The region includes the entire territories of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, almost all of Poland, large parts of Sweden and Finland, over half of Denmark and almost half of Belarus, north-east Germany, small sections of Norway, Ukraine, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia (see the map scheme in [16, p. 10]). The Baltic University programme placed the Baltic region ...
Expansionism in Poland’s strategic culture: historical retrospective and variations
... of Poland’s neighbouring states would at some point become its military adversaries, be it the smaller countries (Hungary, the Crimean Khanate, the Principality of Moldavia, Denmark) or great regional powers (the Ottoman Empire, the Russian state, Sweden, the Teutonic Order/Prussia).
These conflicts did not always end in victory. Throughout its history, Poland has twice lost its statehood (in the 12th-13th centuries<3> and 1795—1918), thrice been occupied (during the Swedish Deluge of 1555—1560,...
Migration distances in Russia: a demographic profile of migrants
... vicissitudes of one’s life course events and the events involving one’s friends and relations. It is generally believed that education is a principal migration-encouraging factor. A recent study [8] has shown that although it is the case in the UK and Sweden, where people move over more than 90 or 80 km respectively to their place of study, Australians rarely consider education a strong motive to change one’s place of residence, regardless of the distance. Leaving the family home or divorcing a spouse ...
France’s strategy in the Baltic region: military and political aspects
... Sahel. For example, French forces still participate in the NATO air policing programme as well as in naval exercises, keeping the troops in Estonia within the Lynx mission. France’s further activity in the region includes enhanced cooperation with Sweden and Finland after they accede to NATO, an already planned increase in military contingent in the Baltic States in 2023, and the development of the European Political Community project. The author concludes that even if France’s presence in the ...
Swedish Islamism as a social and political aspect in the formation of an ethno-confessional parallel society
A new actor in the European geopolitical space — an ethno-religious “parallel society”- is transforming the social and political fabric of Sweden. An institutionalised Muslim parallel society is emerging in vulnerable areas, such as marginalised immigrant districts of Swedish cities, through the efforts of Islamist political, social, and economic structures adhering to the religious and ...
Immanuel Kant, Emanuel Swedenborg and the metaphysics of the supersensible
The article is devoted to the dispute between two eminent people of the time — I. Kant and E. Swedenborg, a Swedish philosopher, scientist, engineer and poet, who, however, remained in the memory of humanity, mainly as the last Christian mystic, and the "King of visionaries." It is shown that, although E. Swedenborg's oeuvre was important for I. Kant, it was only a trigger for scrutinising serious philosophical questions pertaining to the nature and limits of human knowledge — the main...
Geopolitical and Geo-economic Changes in the Baltic Sea Region at the Turn of the XX—XXI centuries
... were three socialist countries in the Baltic Sea region. They were signatories of the Warsaw Pact and members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (the Soviet Union, Poland and East Germany). The Baltic Sea region housed four market economies (Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Germany). Only two of them were members of NATO and the EU (Germany and Denmark). At present, there are eight EU countries in the region; six of them are NATO members (Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and ...
Immigration policy and integration of migrants in the Kingdom of Denmark at the beginning of the XXI century
... focus has shifted to ‘hard’ assimilation of civiс democratic values, benefits linked to employment, and deportation of migrants who have committed crimes.
1. Jørgensen, M. 2011, Understanding the research — policy nexus in Denmark and Sweden: The field of migration and integration, British Journal of Politics & International Relations, № 13 (1), p. 93—109. doi: 10.1111/j.1467856X.2010.00441.x.
2. Jensen, K. K., Fernández, C., Brochmann, G. 2017, Nationhood and Scandinavian naturalization ...
Czesław Miłosz’s “Theological treatise” in the context of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s religious worldview
The article investigates a religious and philosophical dialogue of Miłosz and Dostoevsky. The antinomic content of Miłosz's poem “Theological Treatise” is analyzed in the context of Dostoevsky's Christocentric worldview, as well as religious and heretical teachings of early Christianity, which aroused Milosz's interest throughout his career. In their works, Dostoevsky and Miłosz explored the theological problem of apoсatastasis and offered their interpretation of it. The paper also examines...
Population change and the settlement system transformation in Poland, as revealed by the 2021 census
...
Elements of demographic changes in the EU countries in the Baltic macroregion, people per 1,000 inhabitants
Country
Migration gain
Birthrate
Mortality
Natural increase
Total gain
2021
Germany
3.6
9.6
12.3
– 2.7
1
Poland
0.1
8.8
13.8
– 5
– 4.9
Sweden
4.9
11
8.8
2.2
7
Denmark
4.6
10.8
9.8
1
5.7
Finland
4.1
9
10.4
– 1.4
2.6
Lithuania
12.4
8.3
17
– 8.7
3.7
Latvia
– 0.2
9.2
18.4
– 9.2
– 9.3
Estonia
5.3
10
14
– 4
1.3
2011
Germany
3.7
8.3
10.6
– 2.3
1.3
Poland
– 0.3
10.2
9.9
– 0....
Estonian ‘Balticness’ as a social construct: meanings and contextual specifics
... so-called Yule-land, whose concept he outlined in the same speech. He saw this region as comprising all the countries where the mid-winter festival of Yule is traditionally celebrated. Besides Estonia, these are the Scandinavian states (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland) and the UK. The boundaries of Yule-land clearly coincide with some modern interpretations of the North European geographical area. In addition to the Yule tradition, Ilves saw as a unifying factor a mindset shared by Yule-land ...
COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: information campaign, media, society
... 10, № 9,
https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1745
.
2. Sjölander-Lindqvist, A., Larsson, S., Fava, N. et al. 2020, Communicating About
COVID-19 in Four European Countries: Similarities and Differences in National Discourses in Germany, Italy, Spain, and Sweden, Frontiers in Communication, № 5,
https://doi.org/10.3389/FCOMM.2020.593325
.
3. Koos, S. 2021, Die «Querdenker». Wer nimmt an Corona-Protesten teil und warum? : Ergebnisse einer Befragung während der «Corona-Proteste» am 04.10.2020 in ...
Towards a classification of transboundary tourist and recreation mesoregions in the Baltic region
... located in the southwest Baltic region; nine, the second order (from 100,000 to 500,000 arrivals); three, the third order (from 50,000 to 100,000 arrivals). The most substantial fall in tourist flows occurred in 2020—2021 in the mesoregins including Sweden and Russia and the least marked in those involving Denmark, Germany, Finland, Estonia and Latvia. The findings may help track the future restoration of transboundary tourist flows in the countries of the Baltic region.
1. Korneevets, V. 2008,...
Disease control and border lockdown at the EU’s internal borders during Covid-19 pandemic: the case of Finland
... and ‘non-essential’ travel from non-Schengen countries such as Russia, China and Thailand but, with some exceptions, it also restricted travel-to-work commuting and everyday cross-border encounters between Finland and its Schengen neighbours of Sweden, Norway and Estonia. The restrictions hampered tourism and migrant-dependent industries as well as complicated the lives of migrants’ families. While the lockdown of the Estonian and Russian border does not cause any debates in Finnish society,...
The later works of Boris Porshnev in foreign historiography
... History. 2007. Vol. 34, № 1/4. Р. 365—381.
43. Polišenský J. V., Snider F. War and society in Europe. 1618—1648. Cambridge ; L. ; N. Y. ; Melbourne, 1978.
44. Porshnev B. Social psychology and history. Moscow, 1970.
45. Porshnev B. F. Muscovy and Sweden in the Thirty Years’ War, 1630—1635. Cambridge, 1995.
46. Roberts M. Gustavus Adolphus and the Rise of Sweden. L., 1973.
47. Skrzypek M. La fortune de Jean Meslier en Russie et en Union Soviétique // Dix-Huitième Siècle. 1971. № 3. Р....
Kants praktischer Platonismus
At the centre of discussion lies the reception of Plato’s philosophy, particularly his theory of Ideas, in Kant’s moral philosophy, his ethics and his doctrine of right. Kant saw himself as a follower of Platonism insofar as its anti-empiricist principles of human conduct are concerned, although his own version of practical rationalism differs considerably from Plato’s. This is also true of Kant’s conception of freedom and of human rights. The greatest impact on Kant’s moral philosophy...
Property Right and Expropriation in Proceedings of the European Court of Human Rights
...
Lithgow v.
United Kingdom, ECtHR, Ser. A №
107 (1986).
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OAO Neftyanaya
Kompaniya YUKOS v. Russia, ECtHR, 29.01.2009.
5.
Papamichalopoulos
and others v. Greece, ECtHR, Ser. A №
260-
В
(24.06.1993).
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Sporrong
and Lönnroth v. Sweden, ECtCH, Ser. A №
52 (23.09.1982).
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Stran
Greek Refineries ans Stratis Andreadis v. Greece, ECtHR, Ser. A №
301 (1994).
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Tre Traktörer
AB v. Sweden, ECtHR, Ser. A №
159 (1989).
9.
van Marle v.
Netherlands, ECtHR, Ser....
The transformation of the Swedish political party system in the late 20th/early 21st century
.... 4, no. 3.
8. Programrevisionen — så går det till, 1990, Partiprogrammet. Studie-och diskussionsmaterialinför programrevision, Stockholm, SAP, 23 p.
9. Bolotnikova, Ye. G. 2011, Pravoradikal'nye partii sovremennoj Shvecii [Right-wing party Sweden today], Vestnik MGIMO-Universiteta [Bulletin of the MGIMO-University], no. 5 (20), p. 174—181.
10. Sahlin M. Möjligheternas land: min vision för Sverige. — Stockholm: Norstedts, 2010, 287 s.
11. Hadenius, S. 1997, Shvedskaja politika ...
Gas infrastructure development in the countries of East Baltic as a way to increase energy security
...
3. Prezident Litvy: Latvija mozhet rasschityvat' na litovskij SPG-terminal [Lithuanian President: Latvia can count on Lithuanian LNG terminal], 2012, REGNUM, 13 June, available at: http://regnum. ru/news/1541130.html (accessed 25 December 2012).
4. Sweden's first LNG terminal should be commissioned in mid-2011 in Brunnsviksholme, 2011, WooEB news, 24 May, available at: http://news. wooeb.com/741075/PreSubmit. aspx (accessed 25 December 2012).
5. V Shvecii budet postroen vtoroj terminal dlja priema ...
Innovation Capacity of Russia and the Baltics: a Comparative Approach
... results of a comparative analysis of innovative development in Russia and the Baltic Sea countries based on the calculation of an integral research and technological potential index for the Russian Federation, the Northwestern Federal District of Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Germany, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia. The paper describes the level of research and technological development of Russia in 2008—2010 in terms of human resources, R&D, material and technical components, and ...
Universities of the North-western federal district in Russian-Finnish research cooperation
This article focuses on the cooperation between universities of the North-western federal district (NWFD) of the Russian Federation, Sweden, and Finland, its intensity and territorial differentiation. The analysis was conducted on the basis of public domain information on the international activity of universities available on their official websites. The authors identify the principle ...
Innovative economy in the Baltic Sea region
Innovative activity is carried out at three levels — those of the state, region and a company or a university. This article considers the level of development of knowledge-based economy in Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland at each of the three levels, as well as descripes the spatial differentiation of innovative activity within the Baltic region. The analysis is done on the basis of national and international research,...
Transborder corporate integration in the Baltic Sea Region
... demonstrates close investment ties among the EU members, which are of special importance for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Transborder corporate integration in the region is characterized by significant imbalances. In many aspects, it can be viewed as Sweden’s economic expansion or development of domestic markets for northern European companies. Although many German, Polish and Russian companies are involved in corporate integration in the Baltic region, other vectors of their foreign economic relations ...
The Baltic macroregion: geographical macrostructures, communication features, innovative potential
... considers and assesses the influence of macro-geographical factors on communication behaviour of people in the course of transition to innovative economy through the example of the Baltic Sea region.
1. Dinamika razvitija jekonomicheskogo krizisa: Sweden [The dynamics of the economic crisis: Sweden], 2010, Informacionnyj bjulleten' Instituta Baltijskogo regiona RGU im. I. Kanta [Newsletter of the Institute of Baltic Studies of the Immanuel
Kant State University of Russia], I quarter 2010, Kaliningrad,...
Knowledge and innovation dynamics of the Northwest Russia under geopolitical changes
... co-authored with researchers from unfriendly countries. The top 25 countries by the number of joint publications include 20 unfriendly (Germany, USA, France, Great Britain, Italy, Finland, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Netherlands, Australia, Sweden, Austria, Japan, Canada, Greece, Ukraine, Portugal, South Korea) and five friendly (China, Brazil, India, Belarus, Turkey) countries.
The regions of the second group have a somewhat more modest geography of scientific relations — from 88 (the ...
The adaptation of Russian regions’ economies to the rupture of relations with Europe: the case of Baltic Sea ports
... sabotage in the Baltic Sea where the underwater pipelines Nord Stream and Nord Stream 2, intended for transporting Russian gas to Europe, were blown up on September 26, 2022. Official investigations into the terrorist attack, carried out by Denmark, Sweden and Germany, are being conducted extremely slowly and opaquely, which, in fact, leaves no doubt that behind the explosion is a coalition of states unfriendly to Russia, ready for extremely dangerous actions of a military-political nature.
He geography ...
From the editor
... Zverev. His work examines the economic and military security of the area and the restructuring of economic ties, including the curtailment of cross-border cooperation.
Further on, P. Ye. Smirnov examines the geopolitical consequences of Finland’s and Sweden’s accession to NATO for Russia’s standing in the Baltic region. The second section of the issue looks at the economy of Russia’s Baltic regions, concentrating on two urgent problems: the adaptation of Russian territories to the severance ...
The Visegrad Group and the Baltic Assembly: coalitions within the EU as seen through Russian foreign policy
... projects are mainly aimed at working with youth, preserving the history of the region and Europe and identifying new promising areas of cooperation.<22> In addition to the member countries, there are other donors of the fund: from the EU — Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, and the Netherlands; from external donor countries — South Korea, Canada and the United States. The fund provides grants to both individuals and organisations.<23>
The importance of the Visegrad fund is highlighted in the ...
Societal security in the Baltic Sea Region: the Russian perspective
..., infrastructural, educational (Eurofaculties in Kaliningrad and Pskov), youth, etc. Over the past three years, Russia has participated in 19 of the 46 projects initiated by the CBSS. Only three countries were ahead of Russia: Finland (23 projects), Sweden (23 projects) and Latvia (22 projects) (fig.).
Currently, Russia participates in four of the six ongoing projects:
• Baltic Sea Region Mobilities for Young Researchers;
• Young People Network for Balticness (YoPeNET);
• Youth Networking for ...
The spread of the COVID-19 infection in Russia’s Baltic macro-region: internal differences
... hierarchical diffusion of the infection, i. e. the spread of COVID-19 within the local labour market area and following the core-periphery pattern (from cities to villages, from larger urban cores to smaller urban cores).
In many countries, for example, Sweden, the infection did not always spread exclusively from larger cities to less densely populated areas: often the hotbeds were small isolated facilities, such as retirement homes [33]. The virus then spread from isolated sites to adjacent, unrestricted ...
Internet diffusion and interregional digital divide in Russia: trends, factors, and the influence of the pandemic
... digitalization [1]. This is a technological revolution, though some authors also talk about a new industrial revolution [2]. The introduction of digital technologies and the spread of the Internet economy provided up to a third of the economic growth in Sweden, Germany, Great Britain and other developed countries [3]. During 2010—2017, the digital sector of the Russian economy grew by 17 %, almost twice outpacing GDP growth [4], and the costs of developing the digital economy reached 3.7 % of GDP by ...
Small towns of Latvia: disparities in regional and urban development
... manufacturing environmentally friendly solid fuel — wood pellets and briquettes — from woodchips. A single investor from Austria put 1.7 m euros into the project in 2016. Employing 50 people, the enterprise exports its products mostly to Denmark and Sweden. It is worth noting that Latvia boasts 3 m ha of forests, over half of them privately owned. The largest owners are international companies and banks.<15>
It can be cautiously assumed that investors put money into regional towns with a track ...