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The article focuses on normative values of the liver shear wave elas­tography and comparison of various works in elastography of the internation­al and Rus­sian research. A variety of normal values of liver stiffness during shear wave elastography obtained by different authors when measuring on various devices are presented. The normal range of liver stiffness measure­ments in healthy peo­ple var­ies widely: the normal liver elasticity values may vary in range of 1.5—7.5 kPa on measuring by transient...

The issue of the development of the observer state institution within the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) has been considered. An attempt has been made to assess the possibilities for the current observer states to acquire full membership and increase the number of observer states within the EAEU. Based on the analysis of regulatory acts and the application of comparative positional analysis, it has been established that the relatively recent institution only took on a more or less complete form by...

This article examines the attempts of many libertarian philosophers to justify the self-ownership principle using the second formulation of the categorical imperative. It begins by reconstructing the self-ownership principle, according to which each person has a natural property right over her body and person. There are many versions of this principle, each recognizing a different set of such property rights; but what all formulations have in common is their radical anti-paternalism and, consequently...

We advocate an idea that a necessary condition for a dispute about truth amounts not to the carriers of non-ideal logical thought, but to a variety of approaches to reconstructing the logical form of conditional reasoning, which implies diversification of methods for solving logical tasks. The relevance of the study is conveyed by discussions about logical aliens - fan­tastic mad-humans, in which Frege embodied his idea of the impossibility of denying the nec­essary nature of logical laws in the...

This work is the result of methodological reflection related to the comprehension of more than two hundred years of experience accumulated since the secularization of linguistics, and the formation of a reasonable forecast regarding the near and medium-term development of linguistic science. The development of linguistics is determined by the dynamics of para­digms. In understanding the latter term, the author follows the tradition laid down by Kuhn, taking into account the nuances of its transfer...

The article discusses an alternative version of semiotics in which the process of semiosis is based not on metonymic symbolization (substitution), when one entity stands for another, but on the metaphorical (iconic) representation. The author suggests considering iconicity as a basis for relating the signifier and the signified. This relation is understood as a construed one rather than something determined by physical similarity. The basis for such a revision of iconicity can be found in Lessing's...

The sources of Kant’s term Gesinnung and a review of the problems of its translation into English were presented in the first part of this article; the second part examines the novel features that Kant brings to the interpretation of this concept in the critical period. In the Critique of Practical Reason these include the questions of manifestation of Gesinnung in the world, apprehended through the senses, the method of establishing and the culture of truly moral Gesinnung, as well as the problem...

I show that Kant’s depiction of the christic figure in Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason is not contingent but explains how this figure functions in two essential ways: as a representation of a maximum of morality that can ground our moral disposition and in so doing acts as a stan­dard for morality. More precisely, the following argument is made: 1) the sublime nature of the image of Christ — as an image of universal respect for the law — awakens the moral feeling of subjects in the...

The philosophy of religion as presented by Hermann Cohen and Paul Natorp, the founders and main representatives of the Marburg School of Neo-Kantianism, is an important and at the same time controversial part of their philosophical systems. The discussion around the problems of religion began within the Marburg School and still continues among those who study that School. The reason for this is that “fitting” philosophical thinking about the phenomenon of religion into the classical triad of any...

Kant scholars traditionally trace the origin of Kant’s doctrine of revolution in the disposition to the Pietist teaching on a new birth whose main tenets are most fully set forth in the programmatic works of its founder, Philipp Jakob Spener. However, in spite of some similarities between these teachings there are important differences between them. Chief of them is Kant’s characteristic reduction of the usefulness of religion to its impact on the moral sphere and the search for the possibility of...

This article provides a brief overview of key aspects of discourse studies, addressing the definition and typology of discourse, as well as the difference between the terms “text” and “discourse.” The historical background and contemporary approaches to the study of ecological discourse were examined, and its place within general discourse theory was determined. A qualitative-quantitative content analysis of texts within the media ecological discourse was carried out, using articles from the authoritative...

This article investigates the phenomenon of cancel culture as a contemporary manifesta­tion of social ostracism and a mechanism of discursive manipulation within English-language media discourse. Particular emphasis is placed on its interrelation with wokeism, which oper­ates as an ideological and axiological framework shaping a system of values centred on equali­ty, inclusivity, and social justice. Cancel culture, in this context, functions as a pragmatic instrument of value enforcement, realised...

The article examines Osip Mandelstam’s last poem, recorded from the poet’s voice in a transit camp. Two main tasks are pursued: the verification of authorship and the reconst­ruc­tion of the original text. The poem is analysed against the background of the Russian poetic tra­dition and within the context of Mandelstam’s late work. It is argued that the extant re­cord is not a fragment of a lost text, but a complete poem—a one-line epigram. Rhythmic and phonetic analysis brings this poem close to...

The views of representatives of monarchist circles within Russian society toward the last Russian emperor during the years of the First World War are examined. The study concludes that two models of monarchists’ attitudes toward Nicholas II during the specified period can be identified. The apologetic model was based on monarchists’ perception of the emperor’s personal virtues, including his loyalty to duty. Among the prominent apologists of the mon­arch was A. I. Dubrovin, the founder of the All-Russian...

The article examines the settlement system of the Kaliningrad region using the dasymet­ric method, first proposed in the early 20th century by the Russian geographer V. P. Se­menov-Tyan-Shansky as a more precise alternative to population density cartograms. Several dasymetric analysis approaches (buffer zone delineation and grid methods) of the settlement system and mapping of the territory in the Kaliningrad Oblast are demonstrated using GIS tools. Areas of the highest population concentration within...

The study of geo-ecological factors allows not only to determine the nature of human economic activities but also reveals natural influences affecting the placement of archaeologi­cal objects in the past. Special attention is given to «Stone piles» («Lappish cairns») — stone piles widely found within the studied territory. Despite years of archaeological research, the nature of these structures remains enigmatic, though archaeological artifacts are often absent. The application of geo-chemical research...

The professional activity of translators is most often realized in specialized professional discourses, especially those regionally conditioned. Specialized discourses, as an institutional type of discourse, exhibit a poly- and inter-discursive character, determining a complex, poly­valent translational process. This study, based on the author’s extensive translation experi­ence, focuses on horticultural discourse in two non-cognate linguistic and cultural environ­ments (Russian and German), with...

This article presents a comparative analysis of two approaches to describing the reference within poetic statements: the pragmasemantic approach, which builds upon Gottlob Frege's ideas of the poetic sign as "a sign with meaning but without reference," and aesthetic-functional theories of poetic language linked to Roman Jacobson's concept of the poetic func­tion. The pragmasemantic interpretation of the referential capabilities of a poetic sign explores questions regarding the principles...

The author endeavors to systematically present sense formation through the lens of the pragmasemantic approach. It enables the demonstration of how the primary factors of sense formation, socio-cultural practices and personal agency interact. Their relationship is non-linear: subjectivity results from the assimilation of socio-cultural experiences and the accom­panying narrative communication. Self-consciousness of the Self arises from the socialization of the individual through reflexive self-description...

The hybrid genre of poetic treatise occupies a somewhat marginal position within the lit­erary genres landscape. Nonetheless, it holds particular interest as a realm of interaction be­tween artistic and scientific discourses, sometimes intertwining with everyday speech. In the twentieth century, the interplay between scientific and poetic texts, as well as between verse and prose, took on new experimental forms. Western literature saw the influence of Ludwig Wittgenstein and his philosophical treatise...

The article presents the results of a study of the semiotic potential of urban sculptures as carriers of the city’s cultural code. It also offers an analysis of specific segments of this cultural code that have become integral to it as a result of conceptual transformation viewed through a semiotic lens. The relevance of the research stems from the growing attention to the role of visual culture in shaping the identity of contemporary urban residents, as well as from the need to develop analytical...

The article addresses the pressing issue of the relationship between legality and expediency as principles of law. The objective of the study is to determine the correlation between these principles within legal science. Based on a comparative analysis of scholarly perspectives on expediency and legality as principles of law, and employing the method of abduction, the author attempts to define the place of the principle of expediency within the multi-level system of legal principles, including supreme...

It is a matter of scholarly consensus that legal doctrine has significantly influenced the development of law — at least within the Romano-Germanic (continental) legal tradition. However, the mechanisms through which doctrine exerts its law-shaping influence remain insufficiently explored in Russian legal scholarship. One may also note conceptual gaps and inconsistencies in the terminology employed in studies on this subject. This article attempts to describe the functioning of doctrine in the formation...

The objective of the present research is to discover and explain a variety of cultural pref­erences within the Russian-speaking community in Israel. We juxtapose veteran immigrants of the ‘1990 wave’ (including children and teenagers who came with their parents, so called 1.5ers) and representatives of the ‘Putin Exodus’ who arrived in the country in 2014—2018. The divergence in preferences and attitudes was revealed thanks to the discourse, semantic and comparative analysis. The research was conducted...