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... comparative analysis of I. Kant’s and F. Nietzsche’s critical approaches, which is carried out in the context of the thinkers’ attitudes to the problem of the Enlightenment. In spite of a rather peculiar understanding of the Enlightenment, which differed significantly from that of their contemporaries, Kant and Nietzsche have remarkably similar ideas. The author reconstructs the essence and purpose of the Enlightenment, as well as the difficulties faced by philosophers on the way to enlightenment....

... (A. Trendelenburg, R. G. Lotze, and G. Teichmüller). A historical and theoretical analysis of the neo-Kantian and neo-Leibnizian ideas helps to identify the similarities (criticism and the belief in ‘pure experience’ as the basis of science) and differences between the two concepts (the interpretation of ‘pure experience’ as personal and individual vs the propensity to ‘formalise’ and ‘objectify’ it). It is shown that neo-Leibnizian epistemology seeks ‘pure experience’. However,...

... author analyses the factors determining the actions of humans as moral beings. First, the article addresses the “predispositions to the good”, which describes a human being as a natural being, cultural being, and a personality. In this connection, different types of reason identified by Kant are stressed and the features of “pure practical reason” as a necessary condition of human morality are analysed. Further, the article considers Kant’s definition of evil as a deviation of rules regulating ...

... Principle. The most prominent perspectives developed within this dispute were those of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Christian Wolff, his main philosophical opponent — Christan August Crusius, and Immanuel Kant. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the differences between these perspectives and identify the philosophical problems arising from the Principle of sufficient reason in metaphysics and practical philosophy. 1. Вольф Хр. Разумные мысли о Боге, мире и душе ...

This paper considers Kant’s transcendental philosophy as a special transcendental paradigm (a special type of philosophical research) differing from both the "objective" metaphysics of Antiquity and the "subjective" metaphysics of Modernity (the metaphysics of an object (transcendent metaphysics; meta—physics) — experience (transcendental metaphysics) — the ...

... existentials underlying his theory of catharsis. In Lessing’s system, these “vertically” positioned psychological states prove to be bridges to nature, in which he seeks the truth. It explains his theory of realism in Hamburg Dramaturgy, which differs radically from Kant’s philosophy.Lessing’s theory of art is characterized by aesthetic hope for the sensible ability of people to unite in moral intersubjectivity through existential purification in the realm of beauty. This hope is based ...

... which would significantly simplify the understanding of such a complicated treatise, the Critique of Pure Reason presents the system of antinomies of the cosmological idea of pure reason. However, these phenomena are not identical — there is a great difference between the antinomy of pure reason and a system of particular antinomies of one of its ideas. The article addresses this complication and the reasons behind it and explicates the antinomy, which is reconstructed based on the entire body of ...

... interpretations. Dordrecht, Boston, 1974. Р. 85—132. 16. Dragalina-Chernaya E. Logical hylomorphism revisited // Philosophy, Mathematics, Linguistics: Aspects of Interaction 2014 (PhML-2014). St. Petersburg, 2014. P. 6—11. 17. Dutilh Novaes С. The Different Ways in which Logic is (said to be) Formal // History and Philosophy of Logic. 2011. Vol. 32. № 4. Р. 303—332. 18. Ebbesen S. Commentators and Commentaries on Aristotle’s Sophistici Elenchi. Leiden, 1981. Vol. 1. 19. Flannery K. L. ...

... Some of them continued their education at the oldest Prussian university, the Albertina. Selected pas¬sages from letters dated 1802—1806 give an idea of the organisation of education and living conditions of Königsberg students originating from different parts of Eastern and Central Europe.At the Albertina, as in today’s German universities, students had an opportunity to choose courses from the list announced at the beginning of each semester. Swiecicki was enrolled in the Faculty of Law ...

... and mistakes that could be easily corrected, while the plans for future reprints are based predominantly on commercial interests. The problems of unification of orthography, correction of mistakes in recent reprints, incorrect abbreviations of names, differences in printed editions are discussed in detail. 1. Кассирер Э. Жизнь и учение Канта. СПб., 1998. 2. Мендельсон М. Что значит просвещать? / пер. с нем. К. А. Волковой ...

... science and its separation from metaphysics are among the key characteristics of the early modern period. This separation faces a particular problem with conceptualization of body, which, while being a physical body, is closely bound up with spirit. Different ways of explaining the interaction between mind and body form a complex tradition, which has significantly influenced Kant’s pre-Critical writings. Reducing that crucial distinction between two substances to the empirical sphere and the interpretation ...

... judgments. Maimon contributed to the history of the German Idealism primarily through his criticism of Kant’s theoretical philosophy, which largely predetermined some ideas of Fichte and later exerted a certain influence on the thinkers of some very different schools (from Marburg Neo-Kantianism to Deleuze). Maimon’s attitude toward Kant’s views on the nature of analytic judgments underwent an essential change in the process of his theoretical evolution: while in “Essay on Transcendental Philosophy” ...

This article is an attempt at a comprehensive analysis of the core of Kant's ethics — the categorical imperative. The author considers and analyses critical comments of different philosophers and specialists in Kant's philosophy regarding the categorical imperative. 1. Alquié F. La morale de Kant. Paris, 1974. 2. Cohen H. Begründung der Ethik. Berlin, 1910. 3. Pothast J. Die Unzulänglichkeit der Freiheitsleweise....

This paper is the second one in the series of three papers dealing the modeling of terminological fields. The present paper deals with the practical application of the author’s method for modeling terminological fields (developed in the previous paper) to a particular terminological system to prove its efficiency. The “Pelvis injuries” terminological field is picked as an object of modeling because both its lexical content and structure are poorly conceived in many subject-related textbooks. As the...

... does not match the poetic manners of Richardson who is considered to have been the creator of the epistolary novel. Richardson influenced the development of European as well as French novel greatly. The comparative analysis allows us to establish the difference between the narratives of English and French writers. While the English writer uses the technique called «writing to the moment», describing the emotional feelings as a climax, Marivaux using the interference of both memoir and epistolary ...

The development of the business letter as a separate type of documents is the issue the present article focuses on. The material for the study is collected in the Volgograd Oblast State Archive (Fund 332, Inventory 1). The linguistic and documentary analysis of business letters dating back to the middle of the 18th century, when Cossack administrative entities incorporated into the state social-and-political system of Russia, was carried out. It was aimed at determining the status of business letters...

... “duality” in novel “The damned place”, written by M. I. Voskresensky, little known author of the “second line” is revealed through the changes the main character has undergone within three years and female twin-images, who look similar, but differ in nature. Duality plays a significant role in novel’s plot, it reveals characters’ personalities. At the same time duality of female images becomes a moment of their testing, examination of their morality and feelings. Male images (Linsky ...

... genre identifiers of the legend are found in the title complex and the plot structure, objectifying the precedent picture of the world, however, the components of the imperative and occasional picture of the world make it possible to present events from different narrative angles, characterizing the hero and his actions in broad value coordinates. Priority in the genre structure of the A. I. Kuprin’s “legend” becomes the narrative of the novel, focusing the reader’s attention on the role of the ...

The issue of interrelation between vocal music and native language intonation has constantly been arousing academic interest among intonation researchers. As a form of language existence, vocal music reveals specific tonal features that imply communicative and emotive meanings perceived via the human auditory faculty. A vocal-music utterance is intonationally correlated with samples of oral speech, this fact proving intonological essence of the considered phenomenon, whose systemic studies have only...

... terminological system of Russian education that is dynamically developing in the recent period. The purpose of this study is to build a systemic classification of the terminological vocabulary of modern education, which includes terminological units of different types. The research relies on modeling techniques, as well as descriptive and contextual analyses. The paper shows that the terminological units in the studied terminological system are heterogeneous and differ in the level of terminology (actually ...

... stated by universities and the professional expert community in general; it is supported by the parliament and is defined as training a reflective responsible teacher-researcher capable of making independent educational decisions within the framework of different models and principles of teaching.

... English means of expressing the modal meanings of certainty and uncertainty in the target text. The authors conclude that all dominant constituents of the meanings mentioned above are conveyed adequately enough, except for those which are completely different due to specific features of each language. The research materials can be used in Literary Translation classes.

... result, a quantitative dynamics of verbal units is identified, re­flected in the increase in the proportion of verbs in the part of the hagiography describing the saint’s journey to righteousness. The distribution of verbs throughout the text of different lexical-semantic groups is determined by the type of monastic or martyric asceticism of the saint and the content of the compositional part embodying various hagiographic topoi. The role of lexical repetition in expressing the content of the ...

... the younger generation in the right ideological way. A connection is established between the external and internal manifestations of ideological attitudes, which is especially pronounced in the professional sphere. The authors show that ideological differences in their abstract form are associated with visual and auditory images (photos and media). It is determined that the highest degree of opposition of “own” and “foreign” ideology is achieved when describing the state border of the GDR ...

... 19th century is emphasized, and similar trends in the perception of confessional issues are identified, characteristic of both the early development of Russian classical literature and the turn of the 19th—20th centuries. Along with this, fundamental differences in the views of the two writers are clarified. In particular, A. S. Pushkin assigned a leading role in interreligious integration to official Orthodoxy, seeing in Old Believers purely destructive traits. L. N. Tol­stoy, on the other hand,...

... were revealed: low level of life satisfaction, low mental activation and emotional tone, high level of stress. A higher level of anxiety and more pronounced depressive tendencies were found in respondents living in a nursing home. The significance of differences was assessed using the Mann — Whitney U-test. The empirical results of the study led to the conclusion about the relevance of the development of preventive and corrective psychological measures in order to maintain the psychological health ...

Federal standards, developed for students with special educational needs, have secured a differentiated approach as one of the most important postulates. In practice, when assessing the educational results of students with disabili­ties, teachers are faced with many problematic situations. Adaptation of such programs involves certain alignment, and a special evaluation system, which considers the specifics of the mental operations, perception, memory, develop­ment of speech functions, the pace of...

The author considers the image of the guide and its artistic interpretation proposed by C. S. Lewis in his eschatological vision “The Great Divorce”. The article traces different approaches to distinguishing the genre of the book and establishes the relation between the transformation of the genre of eschatologi­cal vision and the image of the guide in it. The purpose of the article is to pro­vide a thorough characteristic ...

... identified and qualitatively analyzed certain types of psychological assistance: psychological information, individual consultations and online group train­ings, feedback is provided in the accounts of both groups. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to assess differences in the indicators of these groups. The quality and scale of psychological care provided by professional psychologists and parapsychologists differed significantly. The research considered strengths and weaknesses of the implemented psychological ...

The author analyzes a well-known work by Ryleev in axiological aspect using historiographical sources and presents a new interpretation of its ideo­logical structure. The article reveals a number of important details that differ the duma’s plot from the original historical source. Focusing on the antithesis between true and false values the research examines the oppositions freedom — captivity and life — honour. A careful examination of the protagonist’s im­age ...

... component cердце / cœur / Herz in the Russian, French and German lan­guages. As a result, not only the similarity of semantic attraction in the idi­oms of the languages of unrelated families is revealed, but also the factors that determine the difference in the semantic charge of both nuclear and differential semes. The proposed corpus of illustrative material allows us to solve a num­ber of problems of the national-cultural field of phraseological units of the Russian, French and German languages,...

The article verifies the proposal that the study of the onomastic compo­nent makes it possible to reveal more fully the specific of the language person­ality of the Russian military officer. Theoretical analysis of existing papers re­sults in a generalized concept of a language personality as an image of a bear­er of knowledge, models of behavior and reactions, cultural-linguistic and communicative-activity values. The vocabulary activated in communication is considered from the point of view of...

The article is an attempt to examine the terms «image» and «literary im­age» as a concept of cognitive science (in humanities: linguistics, psychology, cognitive studies, literary studies). It analyses different approaches to defining these terms, aiming at focusing on a cognitive definition of image. The article contains an overview of the analysis of the term in psychology: psychoanalytic approach, the theory of reflection, cognitive psychology. It ...

The article represents a cognitive-discursive study of means to create an image of the language in a literary text. It involves different types of analysis such as semantic, conceptual, and interpretive. Special attention is paid to the linguistic factors that influence the creation of metalinguistic utterances, in particular, the word-formation potential of the German language ...

... sensory fatigue as a func­tional state in people with disabilities. The study focuses on the types and forms of sensory fatigue, triggers causing this condition, switch-on mecha­nisms, the development of this condition in people with disabilities of different nosological groups, its symptoms and consequences. Sensory fatigue is a con­dition, which in itself is not a disease and does not require treatment. Howev­er, in people with poor health, it can be considered as a symptom of a health disorder....

... analysis is headlined, considering contribution in its semantic structure of semantic models. The authors also give and interpreted some results of the analysis of the represen­tation of structural-semantic types of sentences in texts belonging to different functional-style varieties of the Russian language. 1. Бондарко А. В. Лингвистика текста в системе функциональной грамматики // Текст. Структура и семантика....

Diagnostic thinking is a vital professional component of many occupations, in particular, of a teacher-psychologist. The purpose of the study was to identify the place and role of various mental operations in the structure of diagnostic search carried out by a teacher-psychologist. The article explores cognitive operations used by a teacher-psychologist within the framework of a diagnostic algorithm. These operations are differentiated for various stages of diagnosis; their priorities are established...

... highest priority issues. This is especially urgent for the German language because foreign words, spelt in Latin alphabet, retain their orthogra­phic image. The article studies phonetic assimilation processes of those foreign words and loanwords from different languages in the modern German language which are pronounced in accordance with the norms of the English language pronunciation. The author analyses foreign phonemes on the material of the modern German print media. The processes which occur ...

Processes taking place in society affect how lexemes are understood and interpreted at different historical periods of a linguoculture. In this article, we use German dictionaries and today’s press to consider the notion of Toleranz as a value constant and lexical-semntic field of German linguoculture. In our study, we relied on the DWDS ...

... the recent Russian and international research literature. We examine the essence of the verbal threat from the perspective of speech act the­ory. We identify the major content-related components of utterances contain­ing threats and explain how they differ from commissive acts. We conclude that the speech act of threat is a synthetic speech-act structure, whose core el­ement is directive and whose auxiliary element commissive. 1. Апресян В. Ю. Компьютерная лингвистика ...

... economic problems as well as geopo­litical conflicts. This pa­per analyses what forms the speech act of threat can take in the political dis­courses of two Europe­an countries: Germany and Spain. It attempts to identi­fy similarities and structural differences in the realization of speech acts of threat at the lexical, grammatical, and pragmatic levels by politicians in these countries. The study relies on sixty-six speeches of German and Spanish poli­ticians: Alexander Gauland, Alice Weidel, Mariano ...

... Process in 2003, Russian education has been adopting the key features of the US educa­tional system, having acknowledged its greater efficiency in comparison to the Soviet one. Russian reformers, however, often overlook the substantial socio-cultural differences between the two countries. To understand whether it is prudent to adopt and copy in Russia either selected features of the US educa­tional system or its goals and objectives, it is necessary to analyse the litera­ture, to identify the key ...

... conceptual meanings of the biblical text. The study proposes a new methodology for analysing the biblical anthroponym in a poetic text. The results obtained suggest that the realisation of the quasi-anthroponym prodigal son in Russian poetry texts of different periods is associated with either inheriting or transform­ing conceptual basic biblical meanings. If the basic frame scenario is executed with high preci­sion, i.e. using a complete set of ideationally significant slots, the biblical quasi-anthroponym ...

... both serves as a palimpsest of John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress and enters into dialogue with it. The study identifies the pre-texts of Lewis’s intertextual novel. The interrelation between Lewis’s and Bunyan’s texts, which is shaped by differences between the cultural and religious attitudes of the two authors, is analysed. 1. Беньян Дж. Путь Паломника: аллегорический роман. СПб., 2015. 2. Горбунов А. Н. Путь сквозь тесные ...

The article is a result of the theoretical interpretation of the conceptual component of Will in the semantics of deontic modality expressing the atti­tude to one's own or other people’s actions to achieve a certain state of things. Will determines the potential and voluntary nature of deontics. These seman­tic characteristics are to be taken into account for a systemic description of the concept of Will. Volitional orientation in the semantics of deontic modality creates the basis for its classification...

... through conceptual metaphors is becoming one of the most important components of communication. The objective of this study is to describe the mental processes of the formation of conceptual metaphors based on a certain algorithm. The author analyses different approaches to the study of conceptual metaphor and offers a description of the role of the language corpus, categori­zation and conceptualization processes in the study of conceptual metaphors. The author employs the following methods and techniques: ...

Signs and superstitions currently make a promising object of research in cognitive linguistics. However, they are often confused with constructs of a different nature— usually with folk magic prophecies. The article presents a set of criteria that clearly distinguish between the two. The most important criterion is the focus on action (or rejection thereof) in magical prophecies and the principled ...

... Norwegian dictionary” written in 1907 by polar captain Alexander Kuchin and the “English-Russian Maritime Dictionary” of the Soviet sailor Fedor Shchepetov from Arkhangelsk. A detailed comparative analysis of these sources permits to illustrate different periods of the lexicographical activity in the Pomor North. The three dictionaries were compiled by the people who had got involved in translation and intercultural communication through their professional activities, as they needed specialized ...

... Metaphor is an important tool for determin­ing the role of language means in enhancing the pragmatic potential of a polit­ical text. The main aim of the study is to explore the pragmatic potential of meta­phor by means of a systematic analysis of different types of metaphors typical of political discourse. Metaphors in political discourse are an effective tool of influencing the addressee's intellectual, volitional, and emotional state. Our research has shown that a wide range of metaphors is ...

... determining readiness for mediation as a professional activity in the works of Russian and international researchers, in view of the growing popularity of this social and humanitarian practice both in Russia and all over the world. The author shows the differences in the interpretation of readiness for activity as well as in the requirements for training mediators in Russia, the United Kingdom and the USA. The researcher states the need for a humanist outlook and the ability to conduct social and humanitarian ...