World order, imperialism and the ‘theory of the fourth world’. Part two
- DOI
- 10.5922/vestnikhum-2026-2-8
- Pages
- 103-116
Abstract
This article explores the transformations of the contemporary world order through the prism of the Fourth World theory and the concept of a cosmopolitan order. The author analyses the evolution of the term ‘Fourth World’ alongside the development of postcolonial criticism. At the early stages, the term was employed primarily in the context of advocacy for indigenous rights, whereas contemporary interpretation views it as a tool to investigate structural inequality across all ethnic communities experiencing systemic discrimination. The study provides a detailed examination of the phenomenon of state-building, which frequently results in the destruction of
authentic cultural communities and triggers separatist movements along the historical boundaries of ethnic settlement. Special attention is dedicated to a critical treatment of the liberal ‘rules-based order’. The author interprets it as an American cosmopolitan ideology designed to undermine traditional Westphalian sovereignty and consolidate the global hegemony of the United States. Quantitative data from demographic projections are presented to illustrate population aging and large-scale migration flows in Europe. The author views these processes as eroding national identity and leading to an inevitable crisis of the classical concept of the nation-state. In conclusion, the article sketches the outlines of a future international reality. Instead of conventional nation-states, the emergence of a multi-layered and fragmented political space is anticipated, consisting of religious communities, ethnic theocracies, monarchical dynasties and informal alliances. The author compares this mosaic structure to the political map of pre-Columbian America, where a diverse array of regimes coexisted in a state of fruitful anarchic disorder.
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