2024 Issue №4

This article is devoted to the study of the qualitative transition from the political and legal doctrine of Ottomanism to the doctrine of Pan-Turkism, which took place in the late Ottoman society of the late XIX — early XX century. The problems of state-legal construction during the transformation of the state education of the pre-modern type into the modern state are highlighted. The purpose of this article is to explore the path of transformation of the dominant political and legal paradigms, ideologies and discourses in late Ottoman society from the beginning of the Tanzimat era until the end of the Ottoman Empire. The methodological basis of the study is made up of general scientific methods of cognition in combination with specific scientific methods developed by legal and historical science (formal legal, comparative legal, historical, systemic method, method of analysis and synthesis, method of legal interpretation). Based on historical and legal material on relevant topics, the author traces not only the process of changing the dominant position of the doctrine of Ottomanism in the circles of Ottoman intellectuals, but also the transition to a position of sympathy for the ideas of Turkism on the part of some of the late Ottoman power elites. In addition, the author explains the prerequisites for such a transition. The issue of the influence of the change and development of political and legal doctrines of Ottomanism, Pan-Islamism and Pan-Turkism not only on late Ottoman society, but also on modern Turkish society, which arose after the Kemalist reforms and the founding of the Republic, is also covered.

The article traces the history of one of the oldest elite educational institutions in Königsberg — the Löbenicht Real Gymnasium, which was attended by engineers, bankers, architects, administrators and others famous in Königsberg and beyond. The evolution of the status of the gymnasium is traced, starting from the parochial school of Löbenicht to the leading real gymnasium in East Prussia, which was attended not only by the inhabitants of the region, but also by other countries, including Russia. Changes in the educational programme of the school, the organisation of the educational process, and the quality of the teaching staff are analysed. The article may be of interest to researchers of the history of Königsberg-Kaliningrad, students of history faculties, researchers of the history of pedagogical science, including the history of pedagogy in Germany.

The article studies complexes of documents that were compiled in the Executive Authorities’ Archives and that are connected with citizens’ appeals to different authorities. The author reveals that it was the local executive bodies that chiefly processed citizens’ appeals, most of which were returned to the Executive Committee for them to be finally solved. Such applications concerned first of all citizens’ particular daily needs, such as electricity and food products supply, public utilities. The data collected from the Krasnodar Region Archive, The Nizhny Novgorod Region Archive and The Saint Petersburg Archive allow considering what constitutes the principal sources of the documents on the history of everyday life. The important information can be found in the complexes of documents, each of which concerns a particular type of letter, such as covering letters from an editorial office or the central governmental body, and explanatory letters of local governmental bodies. Such complexes make it possible to trace the mechanism of the interaction between government and society, to single out the participants of this dialogue and its duration. The mentioned documents show that citizens’ appeals to different authorities can reveal the mosaic pattern of the social space in 1960—1970s, moreover it ascertains how much time it took to solve everyday problems and why people had to knock on every door to get their simple needs satisfied.