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Kant scholars have rarely addressed the notion of optimism as it was interpreted by the Königsbergian philosopher in the mid-18th century. The notion originates from Leibniz’s Theodi­cy and from debates over whether the actual world is the best of all possible worlds. The first of a two-part series,...

n this article, which completes a two-part series on the problem of optimism in Kant’s works, I explore in detail the arguments advanced by the Crusians A. F. Reinhard and D. Weymann against the actual world as the best of all possible worlds and in favour of the actual world as one of the good worlds, Kant’s counterarguments ...

... and 1.0 mg/L (based on selenium content). The antagonistic activity of L. lactis IMB B-7352 against cultures of phytopathogenic bacteria was assessed using the agar block method. It was found that nanoselenium at a concentration of 0.75 mg/L exhibited optimal stimulatory activity in terms of biomass accumulation by L. lactis IMB B-7352. Examination of the antagonistic activity of L. lactis IMB B-7352 revealed that the inhibition zones against Xanthomonas campestris B-4102 and Agrobacterium tume­faciens ...

... Universität Königsberg (1720–1804) / Mit einer Einleitung und Registern hrsg. von M. Oberhausen, R. Pozzo. Bd. 1, 2. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1999. S. 311, 318, 325-326, 346, 353 10. Sgarbi M. The Kant-Weymann Controverse. Two Polemical Writings on Optimism. Verona, 2010 11. Weymann D. Beantwortung des Versuchs einiger Betrachtungen über den Optimismus: Den 14. October, 1759. Königsberg, 1759. ND // Sgarbi M. The Kant-Weymann Controverse. Two Polemical Writings on Optimism 12. Kant I. Brief ...

... 40 patients, the measurement was carried out in three positions of the patient’s body, in each of the positions three methods of measuring and calculating the volume of the organ were used. During the processing of the results, it was revealed that optimal visualization was provided in the patient’s supine position, the orientation of the ultrasound transducer along the long axis of the spleen. One patient obtained different volume values — the average difference was 40—70 ml, and in some ...

The article is aimed at reconstructing the paleoecological conditions in the Gdansk Basin of the Baltic Sea in the Late Holocene. The hydrological and hydrochemical conditions of its isolated bottom layer are strongly influenced by water exchange with the North Sea, which in connected to the World Ocean. Information on environmental conditions in the past is necessary to understand the observed changes in the Baltic Sea ecosystem, to identify the natural and anthropogenic components of these changes...

The authors aim to identify the most optimal formula for calculating the volume of liver based on its linear size ex vivo. The authors measured liver volume in thirty-three corpses by placing the liver in water and calculating the displaced volume of the liquid. Liver was measured in each ...

A study based on tracking techniques showed that the foraging strategies of pine martens constitute stereotypes combining optimal foraging productivity with reducing the number of risk situations. In this species, foraging takes place in forest-grassland ecotones, which ensures a combination of foraging efficiency and risk-aversion. 1. Владимирова Э. Д. Особенности ...

This article analyses earlier works, which provide the basis for addressing the problem of the optimisation of regional nature management in the conditions of the Kaliningrad region. The author reviews the current state of landscapes and their development and emphasises the significance of landscape and geographical factors for efficient and environmentally friendly development. 1. Ваулина В.   Д., Козлович И.   И. Ландшафты // Калининградская область. Очерки природы / сост.   Д.   Я. Беренбейм;...

After the German reunification the agricultural development of eastern territories seemed to have picked up its pace. Yet the main problems those territories are facing today hatched already in the mid-1990s. In our study we address the problems and challenges that hinder sustainable development of East German rural areas. We analyse agricultural statistics and describe the structure of agricultural enterprises, land-use, and other critical dimensions of agriculture. We discuss pros and cons of modern...

... Bradyrhizobium are considered promising candidates for such inoculants. The aim of this study was to isolate and investigate Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium elkanii and to develop a microbiological seed inoculant based on these bacteria. Optimal cultivation conditions were determined to achieve the maximum titer of viable bacterial cells. A microbiological inoculant composition was developed, and a prototype was created. Field trials of the experimental samples of the new bioproduct were ...

... well as in soil at a constant 25 °C and under a regime of 10 °C for 10 days followed by 25 °C. Root system adaptability to low temperatures was determined by growth rate under a 25 °C → 14 °C regime and by the ratio of growth rates at low versus optimal temperatures. Correlations between traits were analyzed using SPSS and Excel. The study revealed significant differences among Vigna samples in cold tolerance and susceptibility to pathogenic micromycetes. A significant negative correlation was ...

... Phyllophora crispa are prevalent, while in the bays Zostera marina, Zostera noltei, and Stuckenia pectinata dominate. It is noted that the insufficient representation of stabilizing landscapes leads to a deterioration of the geoecological situation. Optimization of the protected area network plays an important role in preserving the landscape and biological diversity of the coastal zone. landscape, coast, water area, macrophytes, the Black Sea 105-117 10.5922/vestniknat-2025-4-7

... prosecutors’ qualification enhancement in the context of a practice-oriented digital educational environment. An analy­sis of tasks within the digitization of supervisory activities is conducted, and proposals are formulated to enhance the efficiency and optimize both departmental control by the Russian Prosecutor’s Office and information-analytical and monitoring activities during supervisory measures. prosecutor’s office, digitalization, transformation, information envi­ronment, supervision ...

... cyberbullying in modern science. The problems of investigation and prevention of bullying are incurred by very limited control in the digital space, first of all social networks due to anonymity of their users. The article proposes some measures to optimize the forensic prevention of crimes committed through cyberbullying. The choice of specific preventive measures should be conditioned by: materials of the criminal case; circumstances prevailing at the time of the decision to implement preventive ...

At present, provisions of the law about an institution of criminal proceedings in the economic sphere are controversial. The order of criminal prosecution of such crimes also is not defined clearly. The purpose of the research is to develop the optimal scenario for initiating these criminal cases and determining the most appropriate procedure for their investigation. This study relied on the methods of comparative studies, analysis and synthesis. Using the method of comparative studies, the ...

... proposed to turn the prosecutor into a leading participant in the stage of initiating a criminal case and to transform prosecutorial supervision into a means of procedural management of the preliminary investigation bodies. It is substantiated that the optimization of the stage of initiating a criminal case is possible only according to the model of the supremacy of the prosecutor in pre-trial proceedings. stage of initiating a criminal case, prosecutor, prosecutorial supervi­sion, preliminary investigation ...

Currently, there is a growing need for a more precise theoretical justification and the def­inition of a methodology for studying geographical disciplines to optimize the interaction be­tween society and nature, ensuring environmental safety. The specificity of modern education requires the implementation of a new, practice-oriented approach. A historical perspective on the development of scientific research ...

... 0.4 m. The thickness of the fertile soil layer can be reduced to 0.20 m when arranging hayfields and pastures plots. During forest reclamation, the soil composition of the reclamation layer prepared for trees in the root layer (1.5—2 m) should be optimal for tree growth. Large (more than 0.3 m) stones should not be fixed at ground level (0.4—0.5 m), as this makes mechanization difficult. Also, the amount of fine-grained soil should not be lower than 5—10 %. Otherwise, a fertile soil layer ...

The article is devoted to the analysis of strategies for optimising intraregional space in the context of implementing domestic state policy. The study focuses on comparing centralized and decentralized approaches to managing regional development, as well as their impact on the socio-economic situation of the regions. To assess the effectiveness of various management models, the paper uses an institutional research method and comparative analysis. The main findings emphasize the importance of a flexible...

... practice data, the problem of insufficient awareness among investigators and inquiry officers regarding the current prospects for using specialized knowledge in investigating environmental crimes was identified. To address the identified problems and optimize the entire process of investigating this group of criminal cases, measures were proposed for the implementation of technologies based on the use of Big Data in the activities of law enforcement officers and expert institutions. 1. Архив ...

... educational products are identified and described: digitization of traditional or existing didactic tools, application of the latest scientific achievements to obtain new quality educational outcomes in pedagogical practice, application of the theory of optimality, the trial and error method, as well as the implementation of general scientific approaches in educational practice. The experience presented in the article can contribute to the development of student pedagogical startups and improve the quality ...

... creation of biofungicides remains a pressing issue. The aim of this study is to investigate the antagonistic activity of various Trichoderma strains against phytopathogens and evaluate their potential for further use as biopreparations in agriculture. An optimal nutrient medium was selected to maximize spore production in Trichoderma. The antagonistic activity of Trichoderma strains against fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Alternaria, and Mucor was assessed using the dual-culture method. Statistical ...

The movement for the revival of the Scholastic tradition (Neo-Scholasticism) was a reaction to devastating criticism by the representatives of Enlightenment which led to the destruction of traditional metaphysics and of epistemological optimism, the two pillars of European religious philosophy. Reception of Kantian ideas in Neo-Scholasticism varied from total rejection to its use in renewing the philosophical foundation of religious philosophy. In this regard the legacy of the Polotsk ...

... and concrete elaboration (N = 17). The strategies tend to present the most significant text ideas, reduce reader’s efforts for processing, and introduce the reader into the discourse-world. The findings suggest that the strategies aim to enhance the optimal relevance and conceptualize reader’s interest through the communicative dimension of relevance. Alba-Juez, L., 2021. Affect and emotion. In: M. Haugh, D. Z. Kádár and M. Ter­kourafi, eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Sociopragmatics. Cambridge,...

... Rahmen des neuzeitlichen Rationalismus. Hamburg: Felix Meiner. Krause, G., 1893. Gottsched und Flottwell. Die Begründer der Deutschen Gesellschaft in Königsberg. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. Krouglov, A. N., 2018. Kant and the Crusians in the Debate of Optimism. Kantian Journal, 37(2), S. 7-31. Kuehn, M., 2002. Immanuel Kant. A Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kühn, M., 2003. Immanuel Kant. Eine Biographie. Aus dem Englischen von M. Pfeiffer. München: C. H. Beck. Lenz, R., 1974. Leichenpredigten....

The technology for microalgae production in incubators involves optimizing cultivation conditions for a specific identified strain. However, when working with samples isolated from environmental objects, it is often necessary to deal with unidentified strains, making it challenging to maintain optimal cultivation ...

Cyanobacteria are a promising source of biologically active compounds of various types and are of great interest for their use in biotechnological processes to obtain complexes or individual bioactive substances with different orientations. Selecting optimal cultivation conditions for cyanobacteria will contribute to the rapid accumulation of bacterial biomass and maximize the yield of biologically active substances. This study analyzes the influence of temperature and light spectral composition on ...

The concept of a digital twin (hereafter referred to as DT) is discussed as a complex cyber-physical system that represents a virtual representation of physical objects, processes, or systems. A retrospective analysis of the evolution of this technology is conducted, starting from its origins in NASA’s practice and culminating in contemporary conceptual approaches, such as the product life cycle model proposed by Michael Grieves and the multi-physics models developed by Glassgen. Unlike simple modeling...

... pa­rameters of wheat seedlings in an aqueous culture, and the content of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the microbial culture fluid was measured. The lactic acid bacteria — yeast consorti­um exhibited higher biological activity compared to monocultures. The optimal concentration for stimulating wheat growth was found to be a 1.0 % solution of the consortium. The plant growth—promoting ability of the lactic acid bacteria and yeast is attributed to their capacity to synthesize phytohormones. Field experiments ...

... economic character­istics of the regions. The study confirms that transport infrastructure acts as a catalyst for spatial development; however, its effects vary depending on economic specialization and spa­tial constraints. The results may be applied to optimize regional transport policy and achieve the goals of the national strategy. transport infrastructure, socio-economic indicators, Northwestern Federal District, spatial regional development 56-69 10.5922/vestniknat-2025-3-4

The article is devoted to the semantic evolution of the evaluative adjectives ‘horoshii’ and ‘plohoi’ (‘good’ and ‘bad’) in the early Soviet language. Through the use of party documents, propaganda slogans, letters to the government and literary texts of the 1920—1930s, the article reveals how these words turned into universal markers reflecting conformity to new social and political standards. The first part of the article analyzes the role of the adjective ‘good’ as a universal rhetorical tool...

... empirical material has shown that in the linguistic localization of a game product domestication, foreignization, compensation, direct translation and transcreation are used as the main strategies of linguistic and cultural adaptation. The article explores optimal and effective strategies for video game localization within a linguocultural framework. Methods of linguistic localization for in-game realities of computer video games and the rationale for choosing translation strategies to adapt the game product ...

... recipient’s device. Given that the increase in unlawful acts related to the creation, use, and distribution of malicious computer programs is a significant factor in the self-reproduction of cybercrime, it is reasonable to explore the possibilities for optimizing their investigation process, in particular by examining the elements that comprise their forensic profile. The object of the study is the legal relationships arising in the investigation of crimes in the field of computer information associated ...

This article considers the futurological potential of the experience of “salvation of time” reflected in the works of representatives of the so-called ‘Königsberg text’. Despite the differences in diagnosing the modern state of affairs, which is being reduced to the binary opposition of the ‘optimistic belief in progress’ vs the ‘apocalyptic belief in the inevitability of the end of the world’, the chronosoteriologies of the ‘Königsberg text’ represented in the works of Dach, Donelaitis, Kant, Bobrowski...

... einer preußischen Literärgeschichte in vier Büchern. Königsberg, 1886. 32. Richter. Baumeister, Friedrich Christian // Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Leipzig, 1875. Bd 2. 33. Sgarbi M. The Kant — Weymann Controversy. Two Polemical Writings on Optimism. Verona, 2010. 34. Stark W. Hinweise zu Kants Kollegen vor 1770 // Studien zur Entwicklung preußischer Universitäten. Wiesbaden, 1999. 35. Vorlesungsverzeichnisse der Universität Königsberg (1720—1804). Stuttgart ; Bad Cannstatt, 1999....

1. Головко Ж. С. Современное языковое строительство в Восточной Славии.Харьков, 2010. 2. Літаратура і мастацтва. 2003. 31 янв. 3. Літаратура і мастацтва. 2007. 10 авг.

An unrecognised copy (1665) in Kant’s private library of Michael Piccart’s Isagoge (1605), an introduction to the system of Aristotelian philosophy together with Kant’s own remarks on this author (Refl 4160, AA 17, p. 439) can be established as an original source for the Kantian ‘ideosphere’. First, I point out contexts and consequences of Piccart’s Altdorfian Aristotelianism, in contrast to the Königsbergian Aristotelianism (emphasised by Tonelli’s research). To further check the quality of Piccart...

The early reception of Kantianism in Russia at the turn of the 18th century took place at Moscow University and was connected with the endeavours of two graduates of Göttingen University. J. W. L. Mellmann was the first adherent of Kant's critical philosophy in Russia and thus provoked a philosophical-theological-administrative conflict, which led to his untimely death. J. G. Buhle taught one of the first courses on Kant's philosophy of the critical period and safely returned to Germany after a 20...