Evangelical Lutheran church of Denmark: socio-economic and territorial-organisational aspects
... 2019, government subsidies received by the Church amounted to DKK 843 million (9.5 %). They were primarily used for the payment of clergy salaries and pension benefits.
In addition, the Church Development Fund has been operating since 2007, from which approximately DKK 2 million is allocated annually for the needs of the Church. From the moment of its creation, the Fund has provided financial support for 205 socially important initiatives of the Church. In 2022, the focus areas included encouraging ...
Confiscation Estonian style: legal and political aspects of potential seizure of Russian assets in EU countries
... restrictive measures to compensate Ukraine for damages.<2> It can be concluded that this refers to the frozen assets of private individuals targeted by restrictive measures. These assets, according to the Estonian authorities’ estimates, amount to approximately 38 million euros.
Thus, according to the Estonian authorities, the country may become the first EU member state to legally establish a national mechanism for the seizure of foreign property. At the same time, the country’s authorities ...
Artificial Intelligence: a catalyst for entrepreneurship education in the Baltics
... Similarly, a 2019 research endeavour carried out in the United Kingdom illuminated the potential of student entrepreneurship in bolstering the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and fostering job creation. Student-run businesses in the UK were found to generate approximately 5,000 job positions annually and make a significant contribution exceeding £ 100 million to the national economy. Furthermore, a 2020 study conducted in Germany demonstrated that student-led enterprises in the country played a pivotal role ...
Models for countering the segregation of ethnoreligious immigrant areas in Denmark and Sweden
... the situation with the number of immigrants in Denmark has again become the opposite of Sweden. This is illustrated by the difference in asylum rates in both countries due to the increase in migration flows in the autumn of 2015. In Sweden, there were approximately 163,000 asylum claims (mostly from refugees from Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq), while in Denmark their number was only 20,825.<5> Due to the new migration crisis in 2022 provoked by armed actions in Ukraine, European countries accepted ...
Economic development of Russia’s north-western regions and migration to the St. Petersburg agglomeration
... they lagged behind the quintet of regions and were at about the same level as northern regions in labour productivity growth rates before 2021. A thing to note is that labour productivity growth in NWFD regions on average in the second sub-period was approximately three times slower than in the first one. At the same time, labour productivity in Moscow, in contrast to St. Petersburg, has not grown significantly after the crisis of 2008—2009, still remaining below the 2007 level. Similarly, labour ...
Population change and the settlement system transformation in Poland, as revealed by the 2021 census
... Eurostat, URL:
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_gind/default/table?lang=en
(accessed 14.02.2022).
The number of men (17.9 million in 2021, 18.4 million in 2011) and women (19.1 million in 2021, 19.6 million in 2011) both decreased by approximately 0.5 million (the approximation is the result of the rounding). Thus, we can assume that the main reason for the decrease in Poland’s population between 2011 and 2021 was its natural decline (Table 1).
Demographic changes in Poland between ...
Territorial structure of inbound and domestic tourism in the Baltic States
....67
0.67
From 2009 to 2019, the economy was growing in all the three states. Yet, the progress was uneven across regions. The cores of the tourist space retained their positions: their GDP per capita, albeit having decreased between 2009 and 2019, was approximately twice the national average. The GDP was about the national average in the semi-periphery and below that in the periphery.
Both inbound and domestic tourism have priority in the Baltic States. The main flows of international visitors gravitate ...
A finite differences approximation of the boundary value problem of a heat convection in the ladle with steel
For the numerical solution of the boundary value problem of convective heat transfer in a ladle while blowing steel argon proposed finite-difference approximation of the original mathematical model of convective heat transfer in a continuous divergence form. Used stable and economical implicit monotone conservative difference scheme.
1. Берковский Б. М., Ноготов Е. Ф. Разностные ...
Compact presentations for the approximants Padè
Compact presentations for solution of the generalized Padè problem are presented, that have been known only for the Padè problem (so called compact Nutall presentation). Using them determinant presentations for the approximants [M – 1 / M], [M / M] и [M / M – 1] were obtained.
1. Бейкер Дж. мл., Грейвс-Моррис П. Аппроксимации Паде. M., 1986.
2. Stoer J., Bulirsch R. Introduction to numerical analysis. New York, 1992....
Geopolitical regionalisation of the Baltic area: the essence and historical dynamics
... Sweden and Finland, over half of Denmark and almost half of Belarus, north-east Germany, small sections of Norway, Ukraine, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia (see the map scheme in [16, p. 10]). The Baltic University programme placed the Baltic region in approximately the same limits. Launched amid the euphoria of 1991 by Uppsala University, Sweden, this programme involved at one point universities from 14 countries [17, p. 17]. Today, the number of participating nations has reduced to ten. The catchment ...
Military and political cooperation between Germany and Lithuania in the late 2010s to early 2020s
... only three times, totalling less than nine months out of a total duration of 69 months in this period.
During the mid-2000s and early 2010s, Germany deployed fewer than 200 troops in the Baltic states or their vicinity, while simultaneously committing approximately 7,000 military personnel to areas of instability in Asia and Africa, primarily in Afghanistan. [22, p. 8—11]. The deployment of each military unit in conflict zones in the Near and Middle East, as well as Africa north of the equator, where ...
A new role of cooperation under economic sanctions as seen by residents of the Kaliningrad region
... comprises as many as 174 retail enterprises, with more than half operating in rural areas, 22 machine shops and 24 catering establishments. The total performance of consumer cooperatives in the Kaliningrad region amounted to 2.2 billion roubles in 2021 and approximately 1.2 billion in the first half of 2022. Governmental support is provided within the framework of the programme “Development of Consumer Cooperation in the Kaliningrad Region until 2025 and with a Prospect Towards 2030”.<3>
The attention ...
The modern economy of Russia’s Baltic regions in the municipal context
... for SPs) picture of the commercial sector of municipalities, but does not allow finding the ratio between the public and private sectors. Strictly speaking, this is an unsolvable problem for municipalities. Even for regions, it can be estimated only approximately (part of the OKVED sections, such as health care, education, etc., is traditionally considered predominantly public, the other part — private, although this division is very rough). In addition, Accounting Statements data do not reflect ...
The border as a barrier and an incentive for the structural economic transformation of the Kaliningrad exclave
... Imagine that you’ve woken up and Europe is no longer there!’<10>
In agriculture, entrepreneurs, supported by regional authorities, are planning to invest in seed and livestock breeding. A pedigree bull breeding company has been established, and approximately ten breeding farms are already in operation. However, like other Russian territories, the region is experiencing difficulties with replenishing its egg-laying chicken stock, which used to be supplemented through purchases in Europe [31]....
The statement of the problem of scattering of band electrons in an atomic chain by impurities in the approximation of potentials of zero radius
... work the problem of electron bound to 3d linear atom chain scattering on impurity atoms is considered. In order to describe zone electrons the Bloch functions are constructed with respect to symmetry consideration. In addition, zero range potential approximation is used to model both atoms in chain and impurity atoms.
Botman S. A., Leble S. B.
Bloch wavefunction, scattering, impurity, zero range potential
29-34
Cyclic version of “ – ” iterative method. Estimations of speed of algorithm convergence
Differences methods of the approximate solution of the two-dimensional equation of ions diffusion with the mixed derivatives and the first derivatives of a divergent look are considered. Test calculations on a modeling task with the known analytical decision are carried out. Operability ...
The bottom gravitational stream on inclined bottom in Ecmann approximation
... pairs for higher-dimensional evolution PDE’s and a 3+1 dimensional integrable generalization of the Burgers equation // Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 2007.
135.
P. 731—741 [ArXiv:nlin. SI/0411061].
Yurova A. A.
bottom current, boundary layer approximation, Painlevé criterion.
42-48
10.5922/2223-2095-2009-4-9
Sanctions risks and regional development: Russian case
... authorities began restructuring the economy and introduced several counter-sanctions, in other words, distorted the initial risk assessment. In essence, risks are evaluated here after the fact, when it is already known about the hazardous events and even approximate damage. Predictive assessment of such risks is much more difficult to perform.
First, the potential negative impact of trade restrictions on regional development must be assessed. This assessment can involve analyzing the proportion of imports ...
The adaptation of Russian regions’ economies to the rupture of relations with Europe: the case of Baltic Sea ports
... modernization of railways in the Far East and the procurement of rolling stock from Russian suppliers.
— Numerous measures were implemented to extend anti-crisis support to households, encompassing additional payments to families with children, totalling approximately 440 billion roubles in 2022. The budget allocated funds for public works amounting to 25 billion roubles, engaging unemployed citizens in the process. Additionally, there was an increase in budgetary support for professional retraining initiatives....
The Accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: Geopolitical implications for Russia’s position in the Baltic Sea region
... first time in that country’s history.<2> In Sweden during the same period, the proportion of NATO supporters was slightly lower, with 41 per cent expressing support and 35 per cent opposing, indicating an increase in the share of supporters by approximately 4 per cent compared to the survey conducted in January of the same year.<3>
The events that began on February 24, 2022, became a triumph for that group of politicians in both Nordic countries who had always focused on maximum rapprochement ...
Three Russian Baltic regions in the context of confrontation between Russia and the West
... active, which is not surprising given the less satisfactory relations<13> between Russia and these countries in recent years.
In 2021, the contribution of Baltic region countries to the foreign trade turnover of the three regions decreased to approximately 16 %. Germany accounted for 6.4 %, Finland for 2.8 %, and Estonia, ranking 4th, for over 1.9 %. Poland, ranking 3rd (2.0 %), and Lithuania (1.4 %) increased their share compared to 2014, although it remained extremely low. Denmark represented ...
Unofficial astyonyms and katoyconyms as markers of regional identity
The paper focuses on unofficial names for the city of Kaliningrad and its residents investigated on user comments in regional social networks and a survey conducted by regional media (approximately 5000 participants). The study identifies the main patterns of forming unofficial demonyms and toponyms, including those derived from the pre-war name of the city, Königsberg. The pragmatic functions performed by these names are determined....
The Swedish institute’s scholarship policy as a soft power instrument
... recipients began their studies with the support of the Visby programme in 1997. Over the period from 1997 to 2000, the SI allocated SEK 120 million in scholarship payments to students and professors from Russia, the Baltic states, Poland, and Ukraine. Approximately 7,000 students, doctoral candidates, and university educators received this support during their time in Sweden. The programme’s outreach extended to include not only Russia, the Baltic states, Poland, and Ukraine but also Belarus, Moldova,...
The impact of the food embargo on consumer preferences and cross-border practices in the Kaliningrad region
...
Respondents in the region also highlighted that the food embargo had a notable effect on encouraging some residents to engage in farming and home-production of certain food items such as cheese, cottage cheese, and bread. However, such strategies are rare.
Approximately half of the respondents observed a significant increase in the volume and variety of products available in stores, as well as the emergence of new local manufacturers in the Kaliningrad region. The changes regarding food from other regions ...
Migration distances in Russia: a demographic profile of migrants
... migration is selective in terms of many characteristics, which has been demonstrated in a range of works starting with the 1938 book by Dorothy Thomas [13]. The characteristics that are most accessible for analysis are sex and age. Considering them as approximators of motives for migration events makes it possible to link the distance of migration and the dominant logic behind the process. Particularly, studies conducted on the US [14] and Sweden [7] have shown that long-distance migration is more ...
The spread of the COVID-19 infection in Russia’s Baltic macro-region: internal differences
... accessibility by car has a key role in the spread of COVID-19 once the virus has entered it by plane [32].
The statutory instruments adopted in the Republic of Karelia governed intraregional and interregional rotational employment.<4>The instruments approximated those in effect in the Murmansk region, where access control was introduced for rotational workers.<5>
The factor of rotational employment was decisive for the spatial spread of the pandemic in the Murmansk region. For instance, an ...
A typology of the Baltic region states according to excellence in science and technology
... 33.3 % (see Table 1).
When analyzing the countries of the Baltic region in terms of their level of research and development (R&D) funding, significant diversity can be observed. As of 2020, the total population of the ten countries analyzed stood at approximately 300 million people, with this number remaining relatively stable over the past ten years and experiencing only a slight increase.
Labour resources of STP
In 2020, the population of Russia accounted for 146.5 million people or 48.7 %, which ...
Cross-border tourist mobility as seen by residents of the Karelian borderlands: COVID-19 restrictions
... varieties), ecotourism, hiking, event tourism and so on. About 100,000 tourists and pilgrims from all over the world visit the Valaam Monastery annually. In 2020, the Paanajärvi National Park welcomed about 7,000 visitors. In the first nine months of 2021, approximately 460,000 people visited Russia’s first mountain park – Ruskeala. Border municipalities also experience pressure from cross-border and transit tourist traffic.
Results
Respondent overview
A total of 575 questionnaires properly filled ...
Small towns of Latvia: disparities in regional and urban development
... towns. Some avenues of development require more considerable funds than are available to the local authorities. Most towns focus on networking, with many lacking a functional specialisation.
For further analysis, let us divide Latvian towns into three approximately equal groups in descending order of TDI values, as is done in similar Russian studies [21, p. 355], [22, p. 68—70]. Using data from the Regional development indicators module for 2019, towns are ranked from the highest value of TDI to ...
Attractiveness of the Kaliningrad region: pull factors and reasons for disappointments of migrants from Russian regions
The Kaliningrad region’s attractiveness to migrants results in increasing external (international) and interregional migration. The interregional flow is a major contributor, accounting for approximately 60 per cent of the net migration gain. However, the age composition and professional qualification of migrants from other regions of Russia do not fully agree with the specifics of the region’s labour market and its strategic socio-economic ...
On physicochemical properties of microalgae of the Baltic Sea
... environment. It has been shown that during the cultivation of microalgae cell culture, the largest amount of protein accumulates in Arthrospira platensis. The amount of protein in the cultivation of Dunaliella salina and Chlorella vulgaris cell cultures was approximately the same. It is planned to create dietary supplements and functional foods from secondary metabolites of microalgae.
Kashirskikh E.V., Asyakina L.K., Nadtsonov D.D.
microalgae, physicochemical properties, protein, lipids, carbohydrates,...
Propagation of sine waves in a two-layer density-stratified fluid
... dispersion relation for long waves is found. The frequency value for sinusoidal waves in a stratified fluid is obtained.
Zaitsev A. A., Rudenko A. I., Alekseeva S. M.
two-layer liquid, sine wave, dispersion relation, phase velocity, Boussinesq approximation
95-106
Initial problem for heat equation with multisoliton inhomogeneity and one-loop quantum corrections
The generalized zeta-function is built by a dressing method based on the Darboux covariance of the heat equation and used to evaluate the correspondent functional integral in quasiclassical approximation. Quantum corrections to a kink-like solutions of Landau — Ginzburg model are calculated.
Leble S. B., Yurov A. V.
Darboux transformation, heat conduction equation, kink, functional integral
76-79
On the problem of evaluating the accuracy of di-agnostics of wave disturbances carried out using the technique of projection operators
In this note we study the problem of a function reconstruction in a context of a Laplace method application. We use a unitary space of splines with a double dimension of one, that approximate the set of points, representing the results of observation. The conventional scalar product allows to project the approximation onto the subspace of observations. The use of the same scalar product yields the norm that we use to estimate error ...
The first Stokes method in the problem of waves on a liquid surface of finite depth
An approximate solution of the problem of the structure and characteristics of a stationary nonlinear periodic wave on the surface of a liquid of finite depth has been obtained. The solution is as follows: first, the kinematic and dynamic conditions are ...
Liver shear wave elastography: the problem of accuracy and reproducibility
... contrast-enhanced ultrasound. The most important factors affecting the results of liver stiffness measurements include using SWE method, the diagnostic equipment and the sensors, the measurement depth and acoustic access; the reliability of various SWE methods is approximately equivalent. Among modern ultrasonic SWE technologies, the most efficient to visualize the measurement area are ARFI technologies — point shear wave elastography (pSWE) and two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE). Two-dimensional ...
Geodemography of the Saint Petersburg Suburbs
... peculiar character. The most vibrant and attractive areas of the suburbs are located at a distance of 14—32 km from the centre of Saint Petersburg, between the isochrones of forty- and ninety-minute transport accessibility. Lying at a distance of approximately 60 km from the city centre, the two-hour travel time band marks the border of both the commuter zone and the Saint Petersburg agglomeration. A new settlement system is emerging within the suburban area of Saint Petersburg — the most economically,...
Ill Posed Problems and Information Security
... above properties, often this is the stability property of the solution with respect to initial conditions. The solution of such problems is sensitive even to a small change in the values of the input data, and so we do not guarantee an acceptable approximation to the answer at the level of the existing error in the measurement of initial values. The paper discusses the use of the instability effect for the synthesis of cryptographic transformations using natural noise in radio channels.
...
Numerical model operation of the mass transfer of the disperse phase of aerosol in nonlinear wave fields for axisymmetric quasithree-dimensional geometrical statement
The article describes numerical modelling of fluctuations of an aerosol column in pipes at resonant frequencies. The author suggests a mathematical model of dynamics of the heterogeneous medium-mix with approximately equal component mass fractions. The mathematical model suggests the solution of a dynamics equation system for each of the mix component. The carrier medium is a viscous, compressible, heat-conducting gas. The dispersed component of ...
Development tools of functional hybrid intelligent systems with heterogeneous visual field
... reasoning and activating the visual-figurative reasoning of users. The use of such systems in the practice of solving problems, in particular when managing regional electric networks, will allow users to «see» the problem situation and its possible approximate solutions, which can subsequently be justified and refined by the methods of logical-mathematical reasoning.
1. Medsker L. R. Hybrid Intelligent Systems. Boston, 1995.
2. Колесников А. В. Гибридные интеллектуальные ...
Assessment of hepatic volume ex vivo by the formulas of the ultrasound volumetry
... which is an urgent task for clinical medicine. It is directly connected to the need for an objective quantitative assessment of organ size. The complexity of calculating the volume is due to an irregular geometric shape of the organ, which can not be approximated to an ellipse or any other geometric figure. The aim of the study is to ex vivo evaluate the possibilities of measuring the volume of the liver based on the linear dimensions of the organ according to the formulas proposed for ultrasonic ...
The flow of gas in a cylindrical channel at a subsonic speed
... can be neglected. The boundary value problem is solves with the standard numerical method, the Mathcad in particular. The least squares method was used to find the empirical dependence of the heat nitrogen on the temperature. Third order polynomial approximation gives the average deviation from experimental data of less than 0.5 %. The paper also shows that with increase of the wall temperature of channel increases the required pressure at the inlet of the lance and the speed of the output. The ...
Simulating of non-stationary processes in the ionospheric plasma
... horizontal neutral wind and plasma heating by superthermal electrons. The article presents numerical calculation results of variations of charged particles concentration in the ionosphere and the plasmasphere. The comparative analysis of various hydrodynamic approximations for the description of the ionospheric and the magnetospheric plasma is carried out. It is made on the basis of the numerical solution of the system of equations of energy, continuity and motion for O+, H+ ions and electrons along a power ...
On the problem of signal reconstruction in the case of analog-to-digital conversion in communication systems
The work of analog-to-digital converter and the problems arising in the reduction of the input signal are investigated. A solution to the problem of aperture uncertainty is presented by using a constructive method with an approximate analysis of the reconstructed signal.
1. Балакай В. Г., Крюк И. П., Лукьянов Л. М. Интегральные схемы аналого-цифровых преобразователей. М., 2008.
2. Гельман ...
A solution of the transport task in relation to the cargo rail transportation
... problem: II. Polyhedral results // Ibid. 1995. Vol. 25. P. 199–216.
5. Focacci F., Lodi A., Milano M. A hybrid exact algorithm for the TSPTW // INFORMS Journal on Computing. 2002. № 14 (4). Р. 403—417.
6. Bar-Yehuda R., Evenb G., Shahar S.(M.) On Approximating a Geometric Prize-Collecting Traveling Salesman Problem with Time Windows // Journal of Algorithms. 2005. April. P. 76–93.
Muzychin V.
freight rail transportation, combinatorial optimization, database, railways graph, mathematical modeling
...
A new way of solving the problem of the sinusoidal waves on the surface of a homogeneous perfect fluid
... components of the velocity and pressure. It is noted that it will generalize the problem under consideration in the event of a multi-layer liquid. The results, including the dispersion relation, fully consistent with the known. Specially considered long-wave approximation.
1. Сретенский Л. Н. Теория волновых движений идеальной жидкости. М., 1977.
Zaitsev A., Kulakov P.
homogeneous ideal fluid, a new method of studying of sinusoidal waves, horizontal ...
An analysis of sinusoidal waves in two-layer liquid
... колебаниях многослойной вращающей жидкости // Физика атмосферы и океана. 1967. Т. 111, № 3. С. 284—290.
Zaitsev A., Kulakov P.
two-layer liquid, sinusoidal waves, dispersion relations, Boussinesq approximation, phase velocity of short and long waves, new technique
32-43
A model of mid-scale irregularities of the low-latitude Earth ionosphere : evaluations of a non-linear correction method for the Z-scheme
... finite-differential scheme for solution of the cross convection-diffusion equations within models of the Rayleigh — Taylor instability in the equatorial region of the Earth ionosphere is considered. For test problems the experimental value of the approximation order of the offered method of non-linear correction of the finite-differential scheme for different types of limiters is received numerically.
1. Гайдуков В. Ю., Кащенко Н. М., Мациевский С. В. и др....
A description of hydrodynamic and thermal processes by blowing steel in the ladle
For describe the hydrodynamic and thermal processes in the ladle in the time of blowing argon Steel developed a mathematical model of convective heat transfer in the Boussinesq approximation. We give a statement of the problem of this description, the translation model in dimensionless criterial form diver-gent representation in the form (Θ, ω, Ψ)-system.
1. Берковский Б. М., Ноготов Е. Ф. Разностные ...
An algorithm for assessing the development of pro-fessional competences in the military (MATLAB modelling)
... Современные информационные технологии и ИТ-образование : матер. III Международной научно-практической конференции. М., 2008.
9. Mamdani Е. Н. Application of fuzzy logic to approximate reasoning using linguistic synthesis // IЕЕЕ Transactions оn Computers. 1977. Vol. 26, № 12. Р. 1182—1191.
10. Zadeh L. А. Fuzzy sets // Information and Control. 1965. Vol. 8. P. 338—353.
Kondratenko A., Bedrik A.
military, ...