The Accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: Geopolitical implications for Russia’s position in the Baltic Sea region
The article examines Sweden’s and Finland’s motives for ending their long-time non-aligned policies and joining NATO after Russia had launched a special military operation in Ukraine in February 2022. The two countries’ decision is shown to be in the interest of the United States, which has always sought to fill the geopolitical vacuum reigning after the collapse ...
Paul Natorp
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Reputation and status in Denmark’s strategic culture
... relations with the United States and achieve the status of a privileged ally. This status would confirm guarantees for Denmark’s national security, provide the country with an opportunity for distinctive influence in decision-making and agenda-setting in NATO, the EU, and transatlantic cooperation. A qualitative content analysis of the 2017—2018, 2019—2020 and 2022 Danish foreign policy strategies was carried out to determine the effect of such expert perceptions on the texts of the guiding foreign ...
France’s strategy in the Baltic region: military and political aspects
... France’s key strategic documents, the government assesses the present-day situation mainly in a negative way, considering Russian actions as the main reason for the militarization of the region and expressing its readiness to show solidarity with NATO allies. On this basis, Paris is gradually increasing its military presence in the Baltic region, which now exceeds its contingents in the Middle East and the Sahel. For example, French forces still participate in the NATO air policing programme as ...
Around the “social pedagogy” of Paul Natorp: Vladimir Dinze in the debates on national upbringing. Part 1
Many scholars and practitioners in the sphere of the public education and upbringing in Russia addressed themselves to the philosophical-pedagogical ideas of German philosopher of Neo- Kantian movement Paul Natorp. These ideas were formulated mainly in his fundamental work “Social Pedagogy”. Vladimir Dinze relies on Natorp’s thesis of the national school as the way of accustoming “the all people to the national culture”, actualizes the heritage of Russian and Western pedagogues and philosophers...
Around the “social pedagogy” of Paul Natorp: Vladimir Dinze in the debates on national upbringing. Part 2
Many scholars and practitioners in the sphere of the public education and upbringing in Russia addressed themselves to the philosophical-pedagogical ideas of German philosopher of Neo- Kantian movement Paul Natorp. These ideas were formulated mainly in his fundamental work “Social Pedagogy”. Vladimir Dinze relies on Natorp’s thesis of the national school as the way of accustoming “the all people to the national culture”, actualizes the heritage of Russian and Western pedagogues and philosophers...
Paul Natorp’s social pedagogic theory and it’s relevance to modern russian education
The paper discusses Paul Natorp’s social pedagogy theory from the point of its relevance to the modern educational discussions. Natorp sees practical task of his pedagogic theory in negation of German society’s crisis tendencies. The theoretical context of social pedagogy was defined by several key factors. The first one is Natorp’s dependency on legacy of Plato, J. Pestalozzi and I. Kant, while second deals with his critic of fundamental grounds of dominant contemporary pedagogical system...
Three Russian Baltic regions in the context of confrontation between Russia and the West
... influence of Russia and Germany, is intended to address important economic challenges [17].
Many researchers acknowledge that the roots of the conflict in the CEE region lie in the American policy of exporting democracy and the ‘open door’ policy of NATO, combined with the strengthening of its eastern flank in military terms. Russia perceived this policy of the West as a manifestation of the U.S. and Western expansion at the expense of its legitimate security interests. Russia was particularly opposed ...
Aesthetics in the system of Paul Natorp’s philosophy
This article considers the key aspects of P. Natorp’s aesthetics in the system of his philosophy and identifies the legitimate position of aesthetics in the structure of philosophical disciplines: logic, ethics, and philosophy of religion. The author analyses the understanding of aesthetics and philosophyof arts and creative works in line with the Neo-Kantian tradition. The article focuses on the thinker’s contribution to the philosophy of the Marburg School and the justification of idealism...
Cohen and Natorp’s Philosophy of Religion: the Argument about the Boundary of Reason
The philosophy of religion as presented by Hermann Cohen and Paul Natorp, the founders and main representatives of the Marburg School of Neo-Kantianism, is an important and at the same time controversial part of their philosophical systems. The discussion around the problems of religion began within the Marburg School and still continues among those who study that School. The reason for this is that “fitting” philosophical thinking about the phenomenon of religion into the classical triad of...
A ‘Secret alliance’ or ‘Freedom from any alliances’? NATO accession debate in Sweden and Finland, 1991—2016
The authors analyze the policy of NATO towards Sweden and Finland, the neutral states of Northern Europe, in 1991—2016. The authors emphasize that Finland and Sweden have always been of high strategic importance for NATO and the EU defence policy. The authors investigate the main areas ...
The US ballistic missile defence policy in the Baltic and Nordic regions
... 2014, Voennaja bezopasnost' Arktiki [Military security of the Arctic], Nacional'nye interesy: prioritety i bezopasnost' [National interests priorities and safety], p. 56—64, available at: http://ormvd.ru/pubs/15530 (accessed 12.07.2014).
4. Gensek NATO privetstvuet reshenie Niderlandov osnastit' sudna radarami [The NATO Secretary General welcomes the decision by the Netherlands to equip the radar vessel]. 2011, RIA Novosti [RIA News], available at: http://www.ria.ru/defense_safety/20111006/451093629....
Legal Consciousness at the Early Stage of Personality Development from the Perspective of Russian Neo-Kantian Philosophy of Pedagogy
In this study, I investigate the philosophico-pedagogical concepts developed by German and Russian Neo-Kantians, namely P. Natorp, S. I. Hessen, M. M. Rubinstein. In order to identify the peculiarities of the approaches of the Neo-Kantians to legal consciousness in children, I show that the widely accepted view that Hessen borrowed Natorp’s hierarchical triad of moral development — anomie, heteronomy, and autonomy — lacks a solid ground. Moreover, Natorp generally does not use the concept of...
Security in the Baltic region as a Projection of Global Confrontation between Russia and the USA
... ‘separate’ Brussels from Washington, yet the US influence is still very strong in Europe.
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Assessment of the efficiency of Russian response to the implementation of US missile defence deployment concept in Europe
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5. Zajavlenie Prezidenta v svjazi s situaciej, kotoraja slozhilas' vokrug sistemy PRO stran NATO v Evrope [Statement by the President in connection with the situation that has developed around NATO missile defence system in Europe], Oficial'nyj
sajt Prezidenta Rossii [Official site of President of Russia], available at:http://kremlin. ru/news/13637 ...
The Republic of Belarus and the Kaliningrad region of Russia as a sub-regional security complex
... visits APS-2 construction site in Poland, U. S. Army, May 11, 2021, URL:
https://www.army.mil/article/246192/405th_afsb_command_team_visits_aps_2_construction_site_in_poland
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34. Zverev, Yu., 2022, Bet on confrontation: the US and NATO are building up military potential in Eastern Europe, Evraziya.Ekspert, April 28, 2022, URL:
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35. Zverev, Yu. 2019, Intimidation ...
The Baltic Sea region and increasing international tension
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12. Voennye itogi goda: chem zapomnilsja 2015 god dlja rossijskoj armii ...
The evolution of the military-strategic importance of the Kaliningrad region in the context of relations between Russia and NATO
... latter determines the ratio of the military and civilian components of regional development, as well as the military-strategic significance of the region for Russia, the number and composition of the Russian military forces in the region. In doing so, NATO’s policies and activities, as well as the nature of the relationship between NATO and Russia, play a crucial role. The purpose of the study is to identify how relations with Russia and NATO and the expansion of this military bloc have influenced ...
NATO Policies in the Baltics: Objectives and Priorities
The authors employ geopolitical analysis to identify the core characteristics of NATO’s current policy towards the Baltic Sea region. After the demise of the Soviet Union, the region was considered as one of the safest in terms of military security. However, in the aftermath of the Ukraine crisis, the region has witnessed a growing ...
Über den Ausgangspunkt der Philosophie
1. Natorp P. Allegemeine Psychologie nach kritischer Methode. 1. Buch: Objekt und Methode der Psychologie. Tübingen, 1912.
2. Natorp P. Philosophische Systematik. Hamburg, 2000.
3. Natorp P. Platos Ideenlehre: Eine Einführung in den Idealismus. Hamburg, 2004.
4. Natorp P. Selbstdarstellung // Die deutsche Philosophie der Gegenwart in Selbstdarstellungen / Hrsg. von P. Schmidt. 2. Aufl. Bd. 1. Leipzig, 1923.
5. Natorp P. Über der Ausgangspunkt der Philosophie // Japanisch-deutsche Zeitschrift...
Latvia in the System of European Territorial Security: a View from the Inside and Outside
... Baltic Defense Review, no. 2, p. 55—70.
12. Kolga, M. 2006, Quo Vadis, Baltic Defense Cooperation? Estonian Foreign Policy Yearbook, Tallinn, Eesti välispoliitika instituut, p. 119—136.
13. MID Latvii iskljuchil razmeshhenie «gigantskih baz NATO» na territorii strany [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia ruled accommodation "giant NATO bases" in the country], 2014, DELFI.LV, 5 September, available at: http://rus.delfi. lv/news/daily/latvia/mid-latvii-isklyuchil-razmeschenie-gigantskih-baz-nato-na-territorii-strany....
The Visegrad Group and the Baltic Assembly: coalitions within the EU as seen through Russian foreign policy
... maintaining harmonious bilateral relations with these countries, Hungary being the only exception. Problems stem from the fact that these countries are constantly provoking conflicts involving Russia.
Apart from their membership in the European Union and NATO, the Baltic and Eastern European states have sub-associations of their own. Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic are members of the Visegrad group (V4),<1> and Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia are represented in the Baltic Assembly and the ...
Estonian ‘Balticness’ as a social construct: meanings and contextual specifics
... Estonian: Balti kett<23>), appeal (Estonian: apell; meaning the Baltic Appeal, Estonian: Balti apell<24>), identity (Estonian: identiteet).
Amongst the keywords for the category ‘defence and security’ were:
— defence (Estonian: kaitse), NATO (Estonian: NATO), security (Estonian: julgeolek), ally (Estonian: liitlane), attack (Estonian: rünnak), airspace (Estonian: õhuruum), armed forces (Estonian: relvajõud), aggression (Estonian: agressioon), deterrence (Estonian: heidutus), invasion ...
The military and political situation in the Baltic region in the late 20th/early 21st centuries: the prospects of ‘uneasy peace’
... late 20th/early 21st centuries. This study aims to analyse the security prospects of the Baltic region in view of the changes in the overall geopolitical situation in Europe and in the relations between Russia and its closest neighbours and the leading NATO countries. We examine the ideas and forecasts of international and Russian experts relating to the state and dynamics of military security in the region at the first stage of the Baltics’ membership in NATO. Another focus is on changes in the ...
The Baltic policy of Germany and current international relations
... the country was establishing political, economic, and cultural ties with the new independent states. In the second half of the 1990s, Germany’s foreign policy became less intense. After the accession of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia to the EU and NATO in 2004, certain disagreements started to arise between Germany and the Baltics. It explains the lukewarm relations between them. The Ukraine events brought about a change in Germany’s regional policy. Despite Russia remaining one of the key economic ...
From Marburg to Odessa: A contribution to a scientific bio-graphy of S. L. Rubinstein
This article reconstructs certain episodes of the early intellectual biography (1889—1960) of S. L. Rubinstein — a Russian Neo-Kantian, philosopher, and psychologist — and presents the fol-lowing archive documents: the letter of Martha Cohen (1918), the widow of the German neo-Kantian Hermann Cohen, S. L. Rubinstein’s teacher; two Rubinstein’s autobiographies of the early 1920s; a review of Rubinstein’s thesis, which was supervised by H. Cohen and P. Natorp and de-fended at Marburg University...
The evolution of US political priorities in the Baltic sea region in the 2010s
... region after the end of the Cold War caused the United States to revise its priorities in that part of the world. The process became especially apparent in the second decade of the 21st century when the Ukraine crisis brought to light the consequences of NATO and EU enlargement to the former Warsaw Treaty allies and the Baltic States. This article shows how the US, motivated by the need to ‘contain’ Russia, was developing its overall approaches to ensuring its political leadership in the Baltic region....
Geopolitical and Geo-economic Changes in the Baltic Sea Region at the Turn of the XX—XXI centuries
... signatories of the Warsaw Pact and members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (the Soviet Union, Poland and East Germany). The Baltic Sea region housed four market economies (Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Germany). Only two of them were members of NATO and the EU (Germany and Denmark). At present, there are eight EU countries in the region; six of them are NATO members (Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia), and the same two countries, Sweden and Finland, remain outside ...
Geopolitical Security of Russia: Remarks on the Problem Statement
... Within these boundaries, there are geopolitical threats that determine the character of Russia’s geopolitical security with its clearly territorial dynamics [1].
The threats and scope of nuclear confrontation are obvious. The United States and its NATO allies have begun not just to “penetrate” the post-Soviet space but to ‘overlay’ with their interests the interests of the countries that form the post-Soviet space as a geopolitical region and a regional security complex [1].<1> ...
The Image of Fichte’s Philosophy in German Neo-Kantianism
Neo-Kantianism is traditionally seen as a philosophy that was formed to develop and actualise Kant’s philosophy and Kantian transcendental methodology. However, Kant was the determining, but by no means the only, influence on the emergence of the neo-Kantian tradition. Neo-Kantianism was strongly influenced by the entire German post-Kantian philosophy, especially by Fichte and Hegel, although neo-Kantians have repeatedly tried to dissociate themselves from the great idealists. In many ways neo-Kantianism...
Constructive Thinking in the Critical Philosophy of Hermann Cohen
Constructive (productive) thinking in the critical philosophy of Hermann Cohen differs significantly from the seemingly similar speculative thinking in J. G. Fichte’s Science of Knowledge (Wissenschaftslehre) (1794/95). The fundamental characteristics of scientific thinking in Cohen’s teaching include: purity, focus on the “fact of science”, the origin (Ursprung), the infinitesimal method, continuity, movement, production, correlation, intensive magnitude, interrelation of thinking and being...
The ‘сool war’ in the Baltic Sea Region: consequences and future scenarios..
The relevance of this topic is determined by the Baltic region playing a special role in the current confrontation between Russia and the West, which is most accurately defined by the term ‘cool war’. Russia borders on the EU and NATO in that region. In this study, I aim to demonstrate the impact of the ‘cool war’ on international relations in the region and explain why the preservation of the status quo is the most likely scenario. I conclude that, in recent years, a certain ...
Is Hermann Cohen a Neo-Kantian?
The article focuses on overcoming the superficial approach to Neo-Kantianism: Neo-Kantianism is widely interpreted as a one-sided understanding of Kant’s works, their corruption, and, thus, a dead-end branch of the transcendental philosophy of the great Königsberg thinker. The author also discusses some of the fundamental aspects of divergence between Hermann Cohen’s philosophical system and German Neo-Kantianism. It is argued that Cohen created an original philosophical system; therefore, it...
Priorities for the development of manufacturing industries in the Kaliningrad region
... of Kaliningrad as a Region of Cooperation.<3> However, it became increasingly evident that implementing such a strategy would be challenging, particularly due to the external environment, which notably changed after the Baltic States acceded to NATO and the EU in 2004. Necessary amendments were made to the regional strategy.<4> The changed circumstances prompted Russian experts to turn their attention to the economic security of the Russian Baltic exclave, whilst the state saddled itself ...
The border as a barrier and an incentive for the structural economic transformation of the Kaliningrad exclave
... overland transport of goods between the territory and mainland Russia. This circumstance objectively amplifies the role of external connections in the region’s developmental landscape.
The accession of neighbouring countries, Lithuania and Poland, to NATO and the EU in 2003—2004 further complicated interactions between the region and other Russian territories as they are now determined by not only bilateral agreements but the entire spectrum of relations between Russia and the Western community....
The geopolitical effect of the maritime factor on the spatial development of post-Soviet Russia: the Baltic case
... economic and geopolitical trends [32], [33]. The increase continued in the post-Crimean period, which witnessed the dismantling of the Russia — the West system that emerged over the previous quarter century.
Provoked by the growing activity of the EU and NATO, Russia’s aspiration to maintain and extend the security perimeter in the Baltic Sea area led at first to the virtual geoeconomic blockade of the Crimean peninsula by the Western countries in 2014. The interdiction affected Crimea’s marine economy ...
Societal security in the Baltic Sea Region: the Russian perspective
... coming to power in 2000, in principle retained the focus on internal threats to Russia’s national security and kept the description of societal security challenges similar to the those conceptualized in 1997, although some external threats, such as NATO’s eastward enlargement and its aggressive behaviour on the Balkans were also identified. The 2000 doctrine linked the internal threat of terrorism and separatism (clearly with Chechnya in mind) to external threats: it argued that international ...
Expansionism in Poland’s strategic culture: historical retrospective and variations
... Nuemann’s observation that Central European states’ attempts at collaboration are always closely linked to protests and criticism against those who exclude these countries from important calculations [34, p. 208—212].
Since Poland is a member of NATO and the EU, it is worth noting that Polish strategic culture is based on a negative judgment of the external environment and a utilitarian attitude towards unions and coalitions. Warsaw has often viewed its membership in associations aimed at integration ...
Semyon Frank and the German Neo-Kantianism: Aspects of Debate
The widespread assessment of the early period of Semyon L. Frank’s work as being influenced by German Neo-Kantianism is in need of a critical scrutiny. There are several reasons why the Russian philosopher’s interest in Neo-Kantianism merits a closer look. First, two systemic theories belonging to different trends exerted a decisive influence on Russian philosophy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: German Neo-Kantianism and Vladimir Solovyov’s school of all-unity. Second...
Apology of Human Existence vs “Ideal Homicide”: S.L. Frank’s Anthropological Project.
The emergence of S. L. Frank’s philosophy cannot be understood without clarifying his attitude to Immanuel Kant. Following the early representatives of the theory of cognition of his time who undertook to understand Kant in order to go beyond him (W. Windelband) and their warning against turning Kant’s philosophy into a dogma and allowing for diverse interpretations of Kant (P. Natorp), Frank saw Kant not as a critic and “destroyer” of metaphysics, but as a thinker who laid the foundations...
“Noise” as a key to semiosis: the brain and culture (40 years later)
The article explores the context important for the analysis of Lotman’s talk at the seminar on the problem of semiogenesis and functional specialization of cerebral hemispheres as a model of intellectual processes, which was held in Tartu. Forty years later, the author analyses changes in the viewpoints on the proposed model, taking into account the data of experimental neuroscience. The article emphasizes the fundamental value and topicality of Yuri Lotman’s ideas on the production of meaning...
Improving the efficiency of wavelet signal processing of NQR signals with modified Morlet basis functions
... signals.
1.
Mozzhukhin
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The Detection of Industrial Explosives by the Quadrupole Resonance Method. Some Aspects of the Detection of Ammonium Nitrate and Trinitrotoluene // NATO Science for Peace and Security Series. Subseries: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics. Fraissard, Jacques; Lapina, Olga (Eds.) Springer, 2009. P. 231—244.
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B., Barrall G.
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Explosives Detection ...
The detection of nuclear quadrupole resonance signals with limited data
... Tianliang, Zhang Guojin.
The Detection of Industrial Explosives by the Quadrupole Resonance Method: Some Aspects of the Detection of Ammonium Nitrate and Trinitrotoluene; In:Explosives Detection using Magnetic and Nuclear Resonance Techniques. Series: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series. Subseries: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics. Fraissard, Jacques; Lapina, Olga (Eds.) Springer 2009, 295 p., 231—244.
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Сафин И.
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Ядерный ...
The Philosophy of Vasily Sesemann and Marburg Neo-Kantianism
This article considers the ideas of the Russian Neo-Kantianist Vasily Sesemann (1884—1963) in comparison with the idealism of the Marburg School. The author analyses the key Russian phi-losopher’s works on the topic: ‘The problem of idealism in philosophy’, ‘Theoretical philosophy of the Marburg School’, etc. The article focuses on Sesemann’s interest in the concept of the ‘irra¬tional’ and explains his understanding of Neo-Kantianism and the idea of infinity (fieri). Sesemann...
Kistyakovsky on the nature of law
This article explores the contribution of the Russian philosopher and theorist of law, neo-Kantian Kistyakovsky, to the understanding of the essence of law. He supported methodological pluralism and identified four theoretical and two practical concepts of law. The neo-Kantian motive in Kistyakovsky's theory manifested itself in the reference to the normative nature of legal rules and law in general and its independence of any external authorities or internal motivations of human behavior. According...
The legitimation and criticism of violence in international law. A po¬litical science perspective
..., Schmidt G. (Hrsgs.). Die Gegenwart des Krieges. Frankfurt, 2000.
19. Liste Ph. Völkerrecht-Sprechen. Die Konstruktion demokratischer Völkerrechtspolitik in den USA und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Baden, 2011.
20. Mayer P. War der Krieg der NATO gegen Jugoslawien moralisch gerechtfertigt? // Zeitschrift für International Beziehungen. 1999. № 6:2. S. 287—321.
21. Maus I. Verfassung oder Vertrag? Zur Verrechtlichung globaler Politik // Hrsgs. B. Herborth, P. Niesen. Anarchie der kommunikativen ...
The Image of Kaliningrad Region in Polish Printed Media
....09.2012).
29. Putin podpisał. Rosjanie wjadą bez wiz do Polski. 15.06.2012. URL:
http://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/swiat/artykuly/394625,putin-podpisal-rosjaniewjada-bez-wiz-do-polski.html (дата обращения: 25.09.2012).
30. Rosja grozi NATO prewencyjnym atakiem rakietowym. 04.05.2012. URL:http://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/swiat/artykuly/389314,media-rosja-grozi-nato-pre wencyjnym-atakiem-z-uzyciem-iskanderow.html (дата обращения: 26.09.2012).
31. Rosyjscy przestępcy przez ...
The adaptation of Russian regions’ economies to the rupture of relations with Europe: the case of Baltic Sea ports
... economic sanctions prove ineffective, there is a possibility that cargo ships traveling from Russian ports to foreign markets and back may face ‘unscheduled’ inspections and other delays, potentially escalating to a complete blockade of traffic by NATO warships.
Of course, Russia has tools for counter-military-political pressure on unfriendly countries if they try to complicate the movement of foreign trade cargo through the Baltic. However, firstly, an open military-political confrontation can ...
From the editor
... economic and military security of the area and the restructuring of economic ties, including the curtailment of cross-border cooperation.
Further on, P. Ye. Smirnov examines the geopolitical consequences of Finland’s and Sweden’s accession to NATO for Russia’s standing in the Baltic region. The second section of the issue looks at the economy of Russia’s Baltic regions, concentrating on two urgent problems: the adaptation of Russian territories to the severance of international economic ...
Population change and the settlement system transformation in Poland, as revealed by the 2021 census
... foreign policy approach of the PiS is rooted in the belief that Poland is surrounded by adversaries, with Russia being the primary concern. Similarly, Russian foreign policy is shaped by the perception that the country is encircled by enemies, with NATO being identified as its largest adversary, and Poland’s membership in the alliance playing a significant role in this context. In the domestic policies of both countries, Poland and Russia, there are notable similarities. In Poland, there is a ...