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This article presents a historiographical review of the restoration of Lithuanian independence in the 1980s-early 1990s and the establishment of Lithuania-Russian interstate relations in the early post-Soviet years. The topic of the article serves as a context for the analysis of the sources and general trends characteristic of Russian and foreign historians. 1. Бразаускас А. Пять лет президента. События, воспоминания, мысли. М., 2002. 2. Бусыгина И. Россия и страны Балтии: формирование новых взаимоотношений...

This article offers an overview of the basic characteristics of the Baltic Sea and stresses the need for closer cooperation between states in the Baltic Sea environment protection. The author identifies the universal and regional levels of cooperation between states in marine environment protection. Special attention is paid to the activity of the European Union in the field of the Baltic Sea environment protection. 1. Resolution A.982(24) of the Assembly of International Maritime Organization...

This article offers data on the results of a survey of students of humanities of Kaliningrad universities. The survey was dedicated to the assessment of maturity of historical consciousness in youth. The author characterises the general picture of knowledge of regional history and identifies the gaps.

Article considers theoretical aspects of sustainability of natural monopolies, which are the most important industries that create the general environment of functioning of regional social and economic system, thereby making essential impact on formation the region commodity and financial markets, and also on realization of a regional social and economic policy. The analysis of the reasons of formation of the natural monopolies, having paramount value for the decision of a question on their sustainability...

This article characterizes the post-war period of urban development in the city of Klaipeda and draws attention to the problems in its restoration. 1.  Диркстис К. Свет городу // Советская Клайпеда. 1985. 26 янв. 2.  Метельский Г. Население — всего несколько человек // Советская Клай­педа. 1985. 26 янв. 3.  Никулин В. К новым успехам! // Советская Клайпеда. 1945. 5 дек. 4.  Стубра А. Первый комендант портового города // Советская Клайпеда. 1975. 16 апр. 5.  Толовые шашки на деревьях // Советская...

This article considers N. A. Berdyaev's views on the origins of culture from «cult» and analyses the types of mass behavior characteristic of industrial culture, namely, «bestialism», «naturalism», «technitsism», and «cesarism ». 1.  Бердяев Н.   А. Воля к жизни и воля к культуре // Смысл истории. М., 1990. 2.  Бердяев Н.   А. О культуре // Философия творчества, культуры и искусства: в 2 т. М., 1994. Т. 1. 3.  Бердяев Н.   А. Предсмертные мысли Фауста // Там же. 4.  Бердяев Н.   А. О рабстве и...

The article deals with the questions of the current legislative budget process of local autonomies in the Russian Federation and Italy. The current budget process of an Italian autonomy is characterized by the growing role of municipal taxes and overall decline in public transfers. In the Russian Federation, municipal budgets depend crucially on the mechanism of federal and municipal tax redistribution at this stage of municipal reform. The author comes to the conclusion that legal innovations in...

The role of tourism as one of the priority of regional development is grounded. The positive and negative factors of transforming tourism into the leading branch of the Economy of the Kaliningrad Oblast are formulated. The existing programmes targeting the tourism development are examined. There is characteristic of tourism services in Kaliningrad region by branches focusing on the economic activities of tourist companies and accommodations as an example. 1.  Драгилева И.   И., Корнеевец В.  ...

The article defines the notion of modern technogenic social and natural development and the role of informatisation in the increasingly technogenic character of the evolution of society, biosphere and human being. 1.  Белл Д. Грядущее постиндустриальное общество. Опыт социального про­гнозирования / пер. с англ; под ...

The article focuses on the scientific heritage of Alexander Potebnyа, the central figure in the history of Russian linguistic and philosophical tradition, and Sergey Bulgakov's doctrine of word and language, presented in the work «Philosophy of Name». The comparative analysis reveals the following: a) the key elements of S. Bulgakov’s doctrine historically genetically rooted in A. A. Potebnya's linguistic research; b) the basic difference between the philosophical bases of two concepts (gnoseological...

The article considers the anthropological problems of gender, proceeding from the interaction of natural and spiritual world content. The author reveals the specific character of Vasily Rosanov‘s views on the meaning of sexual relations. 1.  Бердяев Н.   А. О назначении человека. М., 1993. 2.  Бернштам Т.   А. Традиционный праздничный календарь ...

The «empire» category is determined in legal science by historical and political characteristics and based on multi-structural public traditions. Imperial administration strengthens the asymmetrical status of ethnic groups and regions in their relation to the centre. Their integration dynamics is preconditioned, first and foremost, by geopolitical and geo-economic factors. The author provides his own vision of the characteristics of imperial statehood. 1.        Дякин В.   С. Национальный вопрос...

The article characterises the first stage of the urban development in Kaliningrad and the region and draws attention to the specific features that led to the procrastination of restoration. 1.  Архив Калининградского областного историко-художественного музея. Ф. 1. 2.  Государственный архив Калининградской области (ГАКО). Ф. 135: Кали­нинградская организация Союза архитекторов СССР. 3.  ГАКО. Ф. 216: Калининградский городской совет народных депутатов и его исполнительный комитет. 4.  ГАКО. Ф....

This article examines the approaches to the study of Russian philosophy of history aboard. The author focuses on the specific features of the object of research, outlines the principles of empirical material organisation, and gives its general characteristics. 1.  Кукарцева М.   А. Современная философия истории США. Иваново, 1998. 2.  Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Состояние постмодерна. М.; Спб., 1998. 3.  Мегилл А. Историческая эпистемология. М., 2009.

This article analyses the problems of organizational leadership in executive bodies. The author considers leadership-based management on the basis of the reforming leadership concept and establishes the dependence of factors defining the category of leadership on the status characteristics of the agent and object of management. 1.      Кричевский Р.   Л . Социальная психология малой группы. М., 2001. С. 271—274. 2.      Берн Э . Лидер и группа / пер. с англ. Екатеринбург, 2003. С. 118....

The management of Kavkaz was the interaction of administration and local community of region in XVIII century. The author characterizes Kavkaz as being original in regards to the ethnic attitude towards the state’s territory, to the degree of the center keeping the properties of the governmental-regional and local legal systems separate. Particular emphasis is given to the legislative consolidation of changes in these phenomena. 1.  Полное собрание законов I (далее — ПЗС- I ). Т. 22, №  ...

This article characterises the craft and determines its scale and place in the peasant economy. The author focuses on the role of buyers in the development of the craft and the influence of factory production on its dynamics. 1.  Сербина К.   Н. Крестьянская железоделательная промышленность Северо-Западной России XVI — первой половины XIX в. Л., 1971. 2.  Грязнов П. Опыт сравнительного изучения гигиенических условий кре­стьянского быта и медико-топография Череповецкого уезда. СПб., 1880...

This article analyzes the features of small business activity in the conditions of regional exclavity. The author shows that these conditions have both positive and negative impact on small business development. The combination of the specificity of small enterprises as business entities and the distinctive features of exclave regions and the subsequent assessment of the significance and nature of the impact of such traits made it possible to identify and characterize the most important of them....

This article examines Russian philosophy of history abroad. The author identifies the features of object of research and gives its general characteristics. 1.  Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Состояние постмодерна. М.; СПб., 1998. 2.  Раев М. Россия за рубежом: история культуры русской эмиграции. 1919— 1939. М., 1994. 3.  Рорти Р. Историография философии: четыре жанра // Джохадзе И.   Д. Неопрагматизм Ричарда Рорти. М., 2001. С. 180—198. 4.  Рорти Р. Постмодернистский буржуазный либерализм // Джохадзе И.  ...

This article considers the category of economic consciousness as a key category of social philosophy. The consumer consciousness is distinguished as one of the main levels of economic consciousness. In a consumer society, the economic consciousness is manifested in such characteristics as pluralism, В uncertainty, fragmentariness, variability, contextuality and orientation to excessive consumption, commodification and sanctification of consumption and consumer goods. The fragmentation of consciousness...

This article reveals the specific features of the transformation of functional approach when characterizing the multi-level system of functioning and managing of foreign economic activity (FEA). The author describes the adjustment of traditional management functions (planning, organization, motivation and control) to current trends of FEA development through the example of the Kaliningrad region. 1. Официальный сайт Правительства Калининградской области. URL : http :// www . gov 39. ru 2. ...

Multi-activity special economic zones occupy a certain place among the Russian SEZs and have fundamentally differ from other types of economic zones. The peculiarities of their position in the strategically important regions of Russia determines the special mode of operation, separate federal laws, as well as interest for researchers. This article discusses the multi-activity SEZ of the Russian Federation located in the Kaliningrad region, Magadan region, the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sebastopol...

Chemical pollution of watercourses can be considered as one of the integral indicators of the geoecological state of the catchment area. Such an indicator is most likely to be taken into account in the two-way interaction of a person with watercourses, both for a water user and a negative impact on them, since in both cases, water quality very often comes high in priority. Thanks to the analysis of data on pollution, it is possible to find out its sour­ces, both anthropogenic and natural, the dominant...

Environmental and land management systems at the regional level are the main object of management at large. The scripts for developing manage­ment programs include analysis and assessment of the regional environmental ma­nagement system and the history of its setup, identification of the main trends, development of the most rational scenarios for its development and cor­rection based on monitoring. The article considers the main provisions of the concept plan of regional nature management systems...

The patterns of development and distribution of production, including agricultural production, common to the country, are also characteristic of the exclave Kaliningrad region. However, spatial isolation from other Russian regions causes, firstly, a greater dependence on external geoeconomic and geopolitical factors and, secondly, a clearer manifestation of the patterns of spatial differentiation in the economy. Research methods are based on the spatio-temporal analysis of statistical data, using...

The COVID-19 pandemic has become a serious challenge for the whole world. All sectors of the economy suffered damage to a certain degree, taking all possible measures to prevent the aggravation of the epidemiological situation. The tourism and recreation sector found itself among the most affected industries. This article is devoted to the urgent problems of transformation in the tourist and recreational sphere of the Russian-Belarusian border areas, in the context of changes in the volume and structure...

Rural territories of the Kaliningrad Region are affected by polarization processes, which can characterize all regions of Russia. But at the same time, due to the small size of the region, they have their own features. In particular, they have a higher level of transport connectivity and a more developed infrastructure, compared with an average rural territory of Russia. The purpose of this article is to assess the degree of influence of agricultural development on the rural settlement process (the...

The authors study the modern composition of the macrophyte flora of the Kaliningrad Bay (The Russian part of the Vistula Lagoon), which includes 116 species: 96 species of vas­cular plants and 20 species of macroalgae. Only 39 species of macrophytes were found in 2021, i. e., 19 species of higher plants and 20 species of macroalgae. Depending on the abiotic factors in the four hydrological regions of the lagoon, the floristic diversity and distribution of macrophytes has its own characteristics....

The article is devoted to studying the territorial patterns of the formation of an innovative space and ensuring innovation security at a municipal level. The geogra­phy of the study covers the municipalities of the Rostov region. The analysis of some indicators of innovative activity characterizing the level of provision of residents and small and medium-sized businesses of municipali­ties in the region with financial and information and communication services, supporting the entrepreneurial infra­structure...

Submarine groundwater discharge is widespread in the Southern Baltic and creates specific conditions for the formation of benthic ecosystems. Groundwater has hydrochemical characteristics that are different from sea water, which is reflected in the chemical composition of bottom sediments and waters. In addition, underground runoff from the aquifers of the zone of active water exchange, along with river runoff and atmospheric deposition, can serve as a significant factor in the pollution of the marine...

The production of bioethanol from non-food feedstock is considered to be a promising alternative to conventional ethanol production from food crops. However, a number of significant technological drawbacks does not allow the industrial production of bioethanol. There is the problem of screening the most effective microorganisms-producers in particular. Due to multicomponent composition of substrate, the use of several strains of microorganisms is considered to be more effective than that of one strain...

Changes in the spatial structure of rural settlement, which occur primarily under the influence of structural transformations in the economy, turn urban agglomerations into the drivers of growth. The periphery becomes, as a rule, depressive. This forces the regional authorities to work out programs for the regional development of peripheral territories characterized as backward areas with depopulation and population outflow, poor infrastructure, low incomes and high rates of unemployment. However...

The change in borders as a result of World War II spawned massive displacements of millions of people that affected East Prussia, ceded to the USSR and Poland. The article examines the migration processes caused by these changes in the territory of the former German province, i. e. in the Kaliningrad region of the RSFSR, the Klaipeda region of the Lithuanian SSR and the Olsztyn voivodship of Poland. The purpose of the study is to compare the conditions, course and results of the deportation of Germans...

In the late XX — early XXI centuries, the growth of marine activity is one of the most obvious and significant global trends. The multidimensional "turn" to the Sea is fully inherent in modern Russia. The article attempts to comprehend and conceptualize the effects of the spatial concentration of the national "marine" economy, as well as its complex formation and clusteriza­tion in the framework of the conceptual development of the "strongholds of coastal borderlands"...

A northern storm with a wind speed of up to 23 m/s, lasting 10 hours, with a wave height of 7—8 m, accompanied by a rise in sea level by 0.7 m, hit the coast of the Southeastern Baltic Sea in January 2019. The coast of the Rus­sian part of the Curonian Spit was selectively eroded. The most significant erosion was recorded in the near border part of the coast (the foredune retreat­ed from 1 to 4.7 m), as well as in the root section, where the foredune broke through and the adjacent territory was flooded...

Frequency and variability of heart rate served as instruments to assess the stress resistance of two groups of students with different average academic performance in different periods of the educational process: at the beginning and at the end of the autumn semester. Mental stress always statistically sig­nificantly increased the heart rate in both groups of students, but significantly decreased heart rate variability only in the group of students with better aca­demic performance at the end of...

Digital technologies, which have received rapid development in recent years, are increasingly integrated into modern economic and social processes. The course towards digitalization taken by most countries is determined by the onset of a new digital era, when knowledge and information are the most important resources of the economy and are the basis for innovation. Howev­er, accelerated digitalization, as well as slowed down, carries a significant number of economic, social, political, cultural,...

The article is aimed at reconstructing the paleoecological conditions in the Gdansk Basin of the Baltic Sea in the Late Holocene. The hydrological and hydrochemical conditions of its isolated bottom layer are strongly influenced by water exchange with the North Sea, which in connected to the World Ocean. Information on environmental conditions in the past is necessary to understand the observed changes in the Baltic Sea ecosystem, to identify the natural and anthropogenic components of these changes...

The article provides an overview of domestic and foreign interdisciplinary studies of post-traumatic splenosis. Furthermore, we focused on the develop­ment of splenosis of various localization and the possibility of radiation imag­ing diagnostics. The authors analyzed a differential diagnosis with a primary or secondary tumour process and reviewed patient management tactics as well as potential complications. The study described a case of splenosis 14 years af­ter splenectomy due to spleen rupture...

After the demise of the USSR the Kaliningrad region became a Russian exclave, geographically separated from the rest of Russia by foreign states. The development of the region became dependent on external factors, including Russia’s political relations with foreign countries, NATO and EU. Geopoliti­cal changes required adjustments in the region’s socio-economic development strategy. In the period of 1991 to 2018 three comprehensive strategies suc­ceeded one another: Special economic zone (SEZ) strategy...

The authors try to characterize changes in viscosities of blood and throm­boresistance of vascular endothelium after stab wounds of heart. To achieve the goal, the indicators of microblood circulation were studied in 34 patients. All patients were divided into two groups: the first group of 17 people has been operated for the wounds of heart with the thoracotomy, suturing heart wounds and the pleural cavity drainage. The second group of 17 patients had stab wounds of the chest, they underwent primary...

A review of the skin ultrasound publications shows that this examination is one of the most popular diagnostic procedures in dermatology, cosmetology and oncology. Current research data defined the concept of "ultrasound ana­tomy of the skin", it is noted that an ultrasound examination of healthy skin with modern sensors can visualize three of its layers, appendages of skin and ves­sels of small diameter, located in the dermis and the upper layer of sub­cu­ta­neous fat tissue. The significance...

The “gravitational force” of the sea is an important factor in regional de­velopment, and though it has not been sufficiently studied, it has received in­creasing attention in the last two decades. The article focuses on the economic features of 11 federal subjects of the Russian Federation located along its mar­itime borders in the west of the Arctic, Baltic and Azov-Black Sea basins. The regions under study vary from each other, but each of them plays a vital role in the country's economy. The...

The agricultural land dynamics is one of the central issues of land use in Europe and Russia. Each historical period is characterized by its own model of agricultural land use. The analysis of its dynamics in the North-West of Rus­sia and the Baltic countries was based on the following parameters: the area of cultivated agricultural land and the rate of change, the grain yield and its dy­namics. Database analysis from 1848—52 until 2015—18 allowed to identify the stages of the agricultural land management...

A retrospective review of previously obtained results of regional geomor­phological studies, their chronological systematization, highlighting the main results and the nature of research at every stage of study can serve a good in­troduction to this field of science. The article focuses on the papers of the late 19th century on geological-geomorphological and eco-landscape studies of the Russian sector of the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea. The chronological stages of research development are...

Artificial electromagnetic fields are a byproduct of the electrical or elec­tronic devices as an inevitable consequence of the modern scientific and tech­nical progress, and at the same time poorly studied environmental impact fac­tor. Research of current levels and spatial distribution of electromagnetic fields in Kaliningrad aimed at mapping, defining statistically significant characteristics for types of land use and building types, revealing abnormal areas and their correspondence to hygienic...

The review focuses on modern views on the etiopathogenesis of allergic rhinitis and the development of its complications. The microbial communities of the symbiotic population in the human body (microbiota) and their contri­bution to the immunobiological reactivity of the body are considered. The au­thors give a comparative characteristic of microbiota assessment methods. The data analysis suggests that microbiota can participate in the pathophysiologi­cal formation mechanisms of chronic allergic...

The areas of disturbed bedding, which are considered as glaciodislocations are one of the structural features of the Quaternary strata of the Kaliningrad Region. Known for a century and a half and characterized by a variety of forms, they have not yet been practically studied, and there is very little knowledge of their formation mechanisms. Meanwhile, some of the disloca­tions, such as the glacial blocks, may be of interest as amber deposits. The aim of the work is to characterize and systematize...

The article focuses on territorial interests as one of the fundamental con­cepts of social geography which reveal both objective and subjective character. The primary territorial interest of the region is the efficient economic devel­opment, while losses and risks are minimal. The population opinion poll con­ducted in the Smolensk region identifies the priority areas in economic and so­cial ...

The study is focused on features of hydrometeorological conditions in the southeastern Baltic Sea and their trends assessment for 2005—2019 (climatic half period). The authors used the data from field observations of atmospheric pressure, wind direction and speed, and air temperature from the automatic hydrometeorological station located offshore, as well as the satellite data from the infrared and microwave (radar images) ranges to determine sea ice and sea surface temperature, respectively. The...