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This article considers the prerequisites for the development of methodologies of teaching basic swimming skills to different student groups in the historical aspect predominantly on the basis of Russian materials. The author describes the trends in the organisation of training in the period of development of this area of swimming within the activity of progressive people and swimming experts. 1. Плавание : учебник для ин-тов физ. культуры / под ред. Н. Ж. Булгаковой.М., 1984. 2. Козлов А. В. Плавание...

This article offers a comparative-historical analysis of the basic approaches to research on the creative abilities of a human being typical of Russian and international psychology. The author considers the reasons behind the development of conceptions and their influence on the trajectories of modern psychology. 1. Бердяев Н. А. Самопознание. Опыт философской автобиографии. М., 1990. 2. Богоявленская Д. Б. Психология творческих способностей. М., 2002. 3. Богоявленская Д. Б. Основные направления...

This article examines the concept of time in B. Zaitesev’s short story “St Nicholas Street” and the means of its linguistic and image representation. The author considers the correlation of cyclic, biographical, and historical time and the category of the eternal, as well as the means of linear time cyclisation and comes to a conclusion about the meaning and text forming role of the cyclic time model. 1. Айхенвальд Ю. И. Борис Зайцев (наброски) // Литература и жизнь : [сайт]. URL: http://dugward...

V. Vysotsky’s poetry is typologically close to the principles of the “rough style” Soviet painting of the 1960s. The author outlines the promising areas of comparative analysis and addresses the issue of typological similarities between different texts within the field of a common cultural and historical situation of the Khrushchev era. 1. Бобриков А. Суровый стиль: мобилизация и культурная революция // Художественный журнал. 2003. № 51/52 : [сайт]. URL: http://xz.gif.ru/numbers/51-52/surovo (дата...

The article compares the existential motifs of 'historical' novel “The Inquisitors” by Jerzy Andrzejewski and the parable chapter “The Grand Inquisitor” from Fyodor Dostoyevsky's “The Brothers Karamazov”. The motif of temptation connected with the interpretation of the Gospel plays the key role in both texts. 1.  Анджеевский Е . Мрак покрывает землю // Анджеевский Е. Сочинения: в 2 т. М., 1990. Т. 2. 2.  Байздренко А.   М . «Врата рая» как повесть-парабола // Вестник Москов­ского университета...

This article analyses the value foundations of pedagogy at the present stage and in historical development. The author offers a classification of the main value attitudes to personalities (to oneself, other equal subjects, and the world), which makes it possible to analyze the changing objectives of education. The article explains why pedagogical addresses the value priorities of Russian cosmism as a result of the expansion of society's value field. 1. Сластенин Г.   А., Чижакова Г.   И. Введение...

The aim of the present work is to study and compare the use of pronouns for second person reference in English and Swedish in terms of the two dimensions, power and solidarity, suggested by Brown & Gilman (1960) and the theory of politeness by Brown & Levinson. The history of expression of esteem by personal pronouns is traced through as well. 1.  Brown R., Gilman A. The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity // P.   P. Giglioni (red.). Language and Social Context. Harmondsworth, 1972 (1960). P. 252—282...

The article reveals the potential of the “Ancient History” academic course in getting acquainted with national history and culture that originated in biblical tradition. The author justifies the necessity of studying biblical history, using the results of harmonization of the Bible and contemporary scientific research.The Bible is considered as an important historical source. 1.  Национальная доктрина образования в Российской Федерации. Введение. Основные цели и задачи образования: постановление...

The article analyses the important cultural universal my means of the oppositions: home — peace; home — freedom, home — happiness in literary and historical context. This approach allows determining the affiliation of characters to the opposite axiological systems, which creates new opportunities for the interpretation of the denouement of the novel. 1.  Пушкин А.   С. Полн. собр. соч.: в 10 т. М., 1957. Т. 5. 2.  Белинский В.   Г. Собр. соч.: в 9 т. М., 1981. Т. 6. 3.  Панченко А.   М. Русская...

The present paper describes the influence of Scandinavian, Celtic and Classical mythological traditions on the characters of giants in English folk tale discourse. The elements of archaic beliefs are represented in the inner form of nominations and attributes of folk tale giants. Borrowed motifs are subjected to varying degrees of transformation in folk tale discourse and depend upon cultural and historical development of the English ethnos. 1. Голованов И. А. Константы фольклорного сознания в устной...

This article examines preparation for parenthood in Russian and Belarusian traditional upbringing. The author employs historical, ethnographic and literary sources. 1. Антонов А. И. Социология рождаемости: Теоретические и методологиче­ские проблемы. М.: Статистика, 1980. 2. Беларусы. Т. 5: Сям’я / В. К. Бандарчык, Г. М. Курыловіч, Т. І. Кухаронак і інш. Мінск: Беларуская навука, 2001. 3. Бойко В. В. Рождаемость: социально-психологические аспекты. М.: Мысль, 1985. 4. Борисова Е. Мудрость...

This article considers the problem of the development of ancient family names in modern European areas. The author examines the main types of ancient family taking into account linguistic and extra linguistic factors. 1.   Kowalik - Kaleta Z . Historia nazwisk polskich na tle spo ł ecznym i obyczajowym ( XII — XV wiek ). Warszawa , 2007. T .   1. 2.   Maciejausien ė  V . Lietuvi ų pavard ž i ų susidarymas XIII — XVIII a . Vilnius , 1991. 3.   Королева И.   А . Словарь фамилий Смоленского...

This article analyses the activity of parish schools in Russia in the second half of the 19th-the beginning of the 20th centuries as mass public primary schools. The author emphasises the biased attitude to parish schools in Soviet and contemporary Russian historiography as to a conservative and reactionary structure. The article considers the interaction and competition between parish and zemstvo schools in the organisation of public primary education and focuses on the fruitful period of effective...

This article analyses the formation of Russian pedagogical values in the late 1950s — the early 1960s and identifies the historical preconditions that affected this process. The author focuses on pedagogical problems stemming from contemporary sociocultural and political conditions and emphasises that, despite the communist ideology, Soviet pedagogy developed humanistic values. 1. Ананьев Б.   Г. Человек как предмет воспитания // Советская педагогика. 1965. №   1. С. 30. 2. Алексеев А.   Н....

The article provides an overview of the existing theories of categorization and their critical analysis categorization is a basic cognitive process, providing a basis for a variety of cognitive activities. The author tracks down the evolution of different theories of categorization and their interpretation. 1.  Борисов В.   Н. О смысле категории усия в философии Аристотеля . URL: http://filosof. historic. ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000199/index. html. 2.  Демьянков В.   З. Теория прототипов в семантике...

The article considers the allegorical image of the fall of the Berlinwall in the novel «Nox» by German writer T. Hettche. The authorreveals «painful points» of the epoch-making historical event at the moment of the heroes' transition from life to death and vice versa. The article analyses a whole variety of developed multilevel metaphors illustrating the painful process of German-German reunification. 1.  Потёмина М.   С. Концепт «границы» в романе В. Хильбига «Вре­менное при­станище»...

This article considers the interrelation between education, its structure, and the country's economic development. The following historical facts are analysed: the loss of Great Power status by Spain, the emergence of England as a leader of global economy, and the situation in Russia. The analysis is conducted in the light of the specific character of educational system in each of the above-mentioned countries.

Having analyzed the unpublished archival materials (minutes of general collective farm meetings, meetings of the collective farm board, meetings of members of the Communist Party), the article examines the reasons for the lack of motivation and low productivity of peasant labor in the collective farms. The study of rural everyday life is carried out within the framework of a micro-historical approach on the example of the collective farm "Bolshevik" of the Pravdinsky district of the Kaliningrad...

The article examines the personality of Pavel Smirnov/Tulsky who fled from the synodal church in 1831 to the Old Believers as a priest. Keeping in touch with the center of the Belokrinitsky accord — the Rogozhsky cemetery, Pavel gradually went into schism. On Pavel Smirnov's biography, the author seeks to identify and characterize the concept of the fugitive priesthood; the peculiarities of the approaches of the authorities and the official church to solving the problem of a "schismatic"...

The article discusses the major areas of theoretical research by foreign scholars (historians, sociologists, political scientists and other specialists), who are engaged in the study of the history of the Kaliningrad region of the So­viet period and use the category Homo sovieticus (the Soviet man). The first part of the article covers the history of the concept “Soviet people”, ac­ti­vely used by the Soviet researchers in 1970s-1980s. The second part describes the understanding of “Homo sovieticus”...

Through publications in the German Democratic Republic newspapers from 1949—1990 the article reveals dominant images of residents of the Kaliningrad region, such as ocean fishing pioneers, builders of a new city on the ruins of Königsberg and keepers of German heritage, particularly the Immanuel Kant's grave and other historical monuments in Kaliningrad. The author of the article describes factors that influenced the representation of the images of the Kaliningrad region’s population as the Soviet...

This article examines an extensive collection of 46 letters sent by Alexey N. Veselovsky to Alexander N. Pypin (found in IRL RAS (Saint Petersburg)) and 47 letters of Alexander N. Pypin to Alexey N. Veselovsky (found in RSL (Moscow)). The epistolary heritage of the famous Moscow literary critic Ale­xey N. Veselovsky has not yet been studied. Using the materials of his episto­lary exchange with the literary historian and academician Alexander N. Pypin we have outlined this scientific and literary...

The article examines the peculiarities of the worldview and political views of French presidential candidate Eric Zemmour, an extreme right-wing na­tionalist whose popularity came as the main political surprise of the 2022 elec­tion campaign. The article reveals Zemmour's attitude towards the key issues of historical politics and the current French political agenda, such as identity crisis, total nihilism, feminization of politics, his attitude towards Germany, the USA, NATO, the EU, Russia and his...

The key aspect of incorporation of Prussians, who inhabited the South-East of Baltic region, into the social system of the State of Teutonic Order in the second half of the XIIIth—XIVth centuries was the distribution among them of land estates in exchange of military service and/or taxes. The military duties of Prussians involving defense of lands and participating in the campaigns against political rivals of Order raised the issue of the composition of their weapons which indicated either preserving...

The article examines composition and morphology of household items that were found in burials of the second half of the 13th—15th centuries in necropolis of Alt-Wehlau situated in Prussian land Nadrovia. These items include razors, flints, whetstones, keys and comb that were common in everyday life of local population and were used as a part of burial inventory under the influence of pagan rite preserved until the 16th century. The study of items composition and morphology relied on the typological...

Based on memoirs of the outstanding Russian helminthologist Kons­tan­tin Skryabin (1878—1972), the article reconstructs the circumstances of his stay in Königsberg in 1912—1913. The research introduces the archive docu­ments that reflect the attempts of the Soviet officials to commemorate Skryabin in Kaliningrad in 1956—1957 and gives recommendations for preserving the me­mory of Skryabin in the contemporary Kaliningrad region. The author ana­ly­ses a curious statement in historiography concerning...

The Königsberg Fort № 5 “Friedrich Wilhelm III”, built in the second half of the 19th century was never used in military operations before the Second World War. But during the storm of Königsberg by the Soviet troops in April, 1945, it had been exposed to the attacks of all kinds of forces of the 3rd Belorussian front for four days and was surrendered by the German command. Later fifteen men were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for the fort storming. The article is based on the unpublished...

The aim of the study is to study the system of social standards of modern society and to assess the system of social norms and norms in the Russian Federation at the moment. The methods of analysis of the system of support of motherhood and childhood in Russia were used, as well as the method of com­parative characteristic of the system of support of motherhood and childhood in different countries of the world according to different criteria. The study revealed that one of the priority national projects...

The article focuses on the publications of the Konigsberg Cyrillic printing house of the first third of the XVIII century. Its founder and publisher Vasily Korven-Kvasovsky, professor of mathematics at the University of Prague, be­came the author of calendars. Their target audience was the Orthodox popula­tion of different countries, primarily Russia. In total, he is established to have been the author of four calendars, three of which are printed in Königsberg. Two publications are studied in the...

The article presents the results of the quantification analysis of urban ri­ots (pogroms) of 1917—1918. The objects of the study are cities of the Russian Empire (Republic) located on the territory of modern Russia. The initial data was obtained through the content analysis of published and archival sources. The authors examined more than 600 events. The results of the study are the main quantitative parameters of the rebel movement: action forms, the composition of participants, requirements, etc...

This article analyzes the memoirs of August Winnig, Reichskommissar and Oberpräsident of East Prussia, covering the time from the revolutionary events of early 1919 to the Kapp Putsch in March 1920, against the back­ground of the foreign-policy situation and inner-party struggle in the prov­ince. Particular attention is paid to the political views of A. Winnig and the reasons for cooling in their relations toward the SPD leadership. 1. Виноградов М. В. Восточнопрусский анклав в межвоенный период...

This article presents a comparative hagiographic analysis of the life and martyrdom of Adalbert of Prague, who was extremely popular in Central Europe X—XII centuries, and hagiographies and old Russian chronicles re­lated geographically to the events that took place in the basin of the Upper Oka. The author identified several direct and indirect parallels of the plot. Among them, there is a description of the activities of the Adalbert-Gaudentius brothers and the legendary Radim and Vyatko brothers...

The article discusses some problems related to the legal personality of artificial intelligence. The concept of artificial intelligence and its legally significant features, the ratio of artificial intelligence and robot are investigated. The purpose of the study is to analyze the main models of granting legal personality to artificial intelligence. The following research methods are used: comparative, analytical and historical. Results: The first model denies the possibility of granting artificial...

The article discusses developing pre-revolutionary national academic schools which studied of the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In the 18th — the first half of the 19th century the history of Lithuania was per­ceived by Russian scholars as “alien” and did not receive much interest. The situation changed after the “January Insurrection” (1863—1864): the atten­tion of politicians to Lithuanian history predetermined the establishment of pre-revolutionary lithuanistic research centers at the...

This article is devoted to so-called “small portraits” (“petits portraits”) of the famous French painter Louis-Léopold Boilly. We based it on published and archive French sources to show the importance of "small portraits" as the sources to explore the period of the Premier Empire and Restoration. Identification of these portraits with the help of historical and comparison method provides the possibility to explore specific social group of this epoch. The author made analysis of the portrait...

The purpose of the article is to consider the relationship between F. N. Glin­ka and M. A. Miloradovich, and the impact on Glinka’s fate and life. As a per­son, Fyodor Glinka was directly influenced by the events related to the anti-Napoleonic campaign of 1805—1806, the Patriotic war of 1812, and the for­eign campaigns of the Russian army of 1813—1815. An officer of the Ap­sheron infantry regiment, he began as an ensign and ended his military ca­reer as a Colonel, a writer and poet, a chronicler...

The article analyzes the role of a group of factors related to the determination of Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian position in relation to each other, as well as to the international processes of European politics of the historical period of 1991–2014 in the formation of their foreign policy. The author establishes that the factor of European integration started to determine the policy of Baltic states towards their neighbours yet in times of their preparartion for the EU accession. The factor...

This paper is a review of recent Polish studies on identity and collective memory in the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation. Polish authors have analysed the development of Kaliningrad regional identity – a process closely related to collective memory changes and politics of memory. Scholars have explored the ‘identity dilemmas’ of Kaliningraders, commemorative con­flicts between different groups about the past, and strategies for the ‘invention of traditions’. However, studies into the...

The article analyzes the life of former Polish prisoner of the Nazi concen­tration camp Auschwitz Stanislaw Dubiel (1910—?), who between 1942 and 1944 worked as a gardener at the villa of the Auschwitz commandant Rudolf Höss, and subsequently became one of the main prosecution witnesses at his trial. The trial took place in Warsaw in March 1947 and lasted 18 days. In addition to Dubiel, other Poles — former Auschwitz prisoners testified there, but Dubiel’s testimony was the most complete and contained...

Prejudice is one of the most problematic procedural institutions. It substantiates the inviolability of the facts established by a judicial act that has entered into legal force. At the same time, the issue of the intersectoral nature of prejudice is relatively new for domestic science and requires close research, taking into account the specifics of various branches of legal proceedings. This issue is of particular importance in criminal proceedings, where the verdict can be based on the conclusions...

The article explores consequences of revising the Constitution. Based on 25 years of experience in implementing the supreme law of the Russian Feder­ation, various approaches to changing the text of the Constitution are ana­lyzed. Speial attention is paid to the analysis of proposals to reform the consti­tutional law, which in effect means replacing the current Constitution with a new one. The author aims to study possible effects of constitutional reforms and the stability of the Constitution. He...

The international disaster relief represents one of actively developing are­as of interstate cooperation, both at universal, and the regional level. It repre­sents one of sustainable development goals of the UN (UN SDGs). This arti­cle sees its purpose in the analysis of activity of the international organiza­tions in disaster prevention, development of idea on what the global mecha­nism of such prevention is about, and the role of the international organiza­tions. The research used comparative,...

The article is a review of the body of literature published in Finland dur­ing the 1990s — 2010s, describing the evolution of Finland's foreign policy to­wards the USSR in the last decade of the Cold War. The author identifies chronological stages of the study of Finland’s policy towards the Soviet Union and analyses the most relevant themes, which were the subject of attention of Finnish historians and historiographers. The author characterizes each histo­riographic period, its main topics and key...

The research focuses on the poorly studied process of a social system passing through a bifurcation point: birth and progress of a crisis — social collapse resulting in the disintegration of the society — recuperation via integration of a part of the disintegrated social structure into a new one. A fine example of such a process is given by the admission of a part of Rzeczpospolita (Grand Duchy of Lithuania lands) into the Russian Empire. Those events had a major impact on the ensuing historical...

The article develops an ‘ideal city’ theme and focuses on the relationships of its statics and dynamics in a mobile local-global context. The author offers the defini­tions of these two notions under historical and modern conditions, and determines the specificity of the ‘ideal city’ as a complex socio-biotechnical system both dependent on the scale of it (local, na­tional, global) and its posi­tion within the dynamic global whole. Then, the ideal city notion is analyzed in two aspects: as a channel...

... policy. Anoth­er aim is to iden­tify the goals and objectives of the national monetary policy, as well as the means and ways to attain them. The methodology relies on both general scien­tific principles (the ontological principle, the unity of the histori­cal and the logical, the formal legal and comparative legal approaches) and domain-specific approaches. This research addresses urgent problems such as ensuring effective interactions between the Bank of Russia and credit organi­sations in implementing ...

In 2017-2018, the historical community commemorated the centenary anniversaries of revolutions that took place at the end of the First World War. Although the revolutionary events in Russia attract greater attention, the German revolution of November 1918 is of no less interest. In this article, I set out to highlight the situation of the German ruling elite on the eve of the war. The absence of bright personalities among the country's political estab­lishment, on the one hand, and the lack of unity...

Relying on previously unexamined archival documents and regional press materials, I consider the creation and later transformations of the histor­ical exposition at the Kaliningrad Regional Museum of History and Art. Analysis of exhibition boards dedicated to the past of the region reveals the po­litical and ideological context in which local museums developed. Moreover, it renders it possible to describe the politics of memory pursued by the local au­thorities and trace changes that took place in...

The article focuses on the issue of cultural organizations performance measurement. The author explains the benefits of applying a non-parametric “Data Envelopment Analysis” that is based on comparison of input and output indicators, to performance measurement of cultural organizations. Using statistical data on Russian federal theatres, the author empirically tests their performance that relates to such aspects as organization’s reputation, artistic excellence, maximization of access to cultural...

In this article, we analyse faculty recruitment practices at the Kalinin­grad State Pedagogical Institute. Our study relies primarily on the analysis of the 1946–1990s personal records database of the Immanuel Kant Baltic Feder­al University. In particular, the database was created to examine the phases and principles of faculty recruitment in the first decade of the pedagogical in­stitute. Although our project is still in the early stages, we can conclude that faculty recruitment had some controversial...