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Immanuel Kant never considered the problems of medicine as a science in his works, however, his critical philosophy became highly influential in the late 18th century as to the issues of medical theory. The German physician and philosopher Johann Benjamin Erhard was first to address the theoretical status of contemporary medicine based on Kant’s critical foundations of science and arguments for the possibility of a philosophy of nature for the purpose of justifying medicine as a science. After analyzing...

This article examines the relation between J. Rawls’s philosophical and political conceptions and I. Kant’s ideas and the intellectual and political tradition of the Enlightenment in general. The author defends Rawls’s approach to Kant’s works interpreting it as “discipleship”, the assimilation and intrinsic reconceptualization of Kantian ideas preserving ...

This article focuses on the analysis of the problem of evil in Kant’s works. The author attempts at reconstructing the key stages of Kant’s logic of ethics and, on this basis, reconstructs his idea of evil. Of special importance is the analysis and criticism of the anthropology-focused study of the sources of good and evil in the work Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. The author sees the key to understanding Kant’s approach to ...

Robert Nozik's political theory contains an attempt to utilize Kant's notion of individual freedom and the second formula of his categorical imperative (“the principle of humanity as an end in itself”) for the justification of his libertarian “minimal state”. This article analyses and criticizes this attempt on the following grounds: a) the anthropological models of Kant's and Nozik's theories are incommensurable; b) different notions of human nature result in different understandings of freedom...

This article focuses on Rosenzweig’s major work The Star of Redemption. The author attempts to answer the principal question as to whether Rosenzweig’s thought belongs to the tradition of Kantian philosophy.The author addresses the Rosenzweig’s interpretation of Kant’s concept of freedom as a hermeneutical cipher to expose some of his considerations on human nature. Rosenzweig acknowledges Kant’s achievement in attributing a human act to the major fundament, which will save a human from the universal...

... Polish population.Jan Swiecicki was one of many Polish students to be sent to German-speaking gymnasia. Some of them continued their education at the oldest Prussian university, the Albertina. Selected pas¬sages from letters dated 1802—1806 give an idea of the organisation of education and living conditions of Königsberg students originating from different parts of Eastern and Central Europe.At the Albertina, as in today’s German universities, students had an opportunity to choose courses from ...

The concluding part of the work focuses on the independence of A. A. Fet’s philosophical worldview strongly emphasised by the poet himself and his close friends. Although he quotes Schopenhauer and Kant, he criticised them and demonstrates an independent worldview. The author analyses the critique of Schopenhauer given in A. A. Fet’s letters. Three aspects are criticised: firstly, A. Schopenhauer’s idealism, secondly, agnosticism, and, thirdly, inconsistency, contradictions in the philosopher’s reasoning...

This article considers the key aspects of P. Natorp’s aesthetics in the system of his philosophy and identifies the legitimate position of aesthetics in the structure of philosophical disciplines: logic, ethics, and philosophy of religion. The author analyses the understanding of aesthetics and philosophyof arts and creative works in line with the Neo-Kantian tradition. The article focuses on the thinker’s contribution to the philosophy of the Marburg School and the justification of idealism. Philosophical...

... of necessarily exemplified concepts rather than the necessary existing object. He argues that there is at least one (and possibly unique) such concept — Anselm’s famous "that than which none greater can be conceived".There are three key ideas, namely: 1) there are no reasons to consider that class of necessarily exemplified concepts as non-empty; 2) interchangeability of alethic modalities does not seem to be a valid argument; 3) there are additional complications that were not mentioned ...

This article offers an analysis of the concept of mystical experience and its relation to science and philosophy in connection with E. A. Torchinov's research and in the context of Kant's doctrine of human "metaphysical disposition", the nature and purpose of philosophy. 1. Гегель Г. В. Ф. Энциклопедия философских наук. Т. 1 : Наука логики. М., 1974. 2. Джемс В. Многообразие религиозного опыта. СПб., 1992. 3. Кант И. Грезы духовидца, поясненные грезами метафизики // Кант И. Соч. :в 6...

1. Эткинд А. М. Внутренняя колонизация. Имперский опыт России / авториз. пер. с англ. В. Макарова. — М. : Новое литературное обозрение, 2013. — 448 c 2. Александр Эткинд: Кант под российским правлением. URL: http://gefter.ru/ archive/7025 (дата обращения: 10.12.2012) 3. Львовский С. Помимо Востока и Запада. URL: http://archives.colta.ru/docs/31055 (дата обращения: 4.09.2013) 4. Menschenkunde Starkes (1781/82) // Kant’s Gesammelte Schriften (АА) / Hrsg. von der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der...

... transformation of public consciousness. Kant’s view that the key discourse for social development consists in a comprehensive critique of social reality by a citizen capable of self-determination is considered against the background of Rousseau’s ideas, who defended the right of people to revolution. The reconstruction of Kant’s position is followed by a discussion of possible theoretical problems relating to the implementation of this project. It isstressed that the project can function only ...

This article reconstructs certain episodes of the early intellectual biography (1889—1960) of S. L. Rubinstein — a Russian Neo-Kantian, philosopher, and psychologist — and presents the fol-lowing archive documents: the letter of Martha Cohen (1918), the widow of the German neo-Kantian Hermann Cohen, S. L. Rubinstein’s teacher; two Rubinstein’s autobiographies of the early 1920s; a review of Rubinstein’s thesis, which was supervised by H. Cohen and P. Natorp and de-fended at Marburg University, prepared...

... analysis of Rawls’ anthropological model, underlying his theory of justice, reveals its complex basis: on one hand, it is an attempt to attach broader and deeper Kantian philosophical foundations to “ratonal egoist” of classical utilitarianism (idea of autonomy, ability of self-determination through moral law); on the other hand, the notion of “life plan”, emphasizing rationality of human interests and actions and opening a possibility for happiness, connects Rawls’ theory to Aristotle’s ...

This article offers a critical analysis of the general idea of “overcoming Kant”, presented by Ye. N. Trubetskoy in the book “The metaphysical assumptions of knowledge” (1917). 1. Соловьёв В. С. Теоретическая философия // Соловьёв В. С. Собр. соч....

This article considers the attempt by the Russian Neokantianer M. Kagan to create a concept of philosophy of history through developing the main ideas of philosophy of history formulated by his teacher, the founder of the Marburg School of Neokantianism, H. Cohen. The author emphasizes the cardinal importance of philosophy of history for the philosophical position of the Russian thinker. 1. Каган ...

... between two substances to the empirical sphere and the interpretation of soul and body as homogeneous phenomena are the main peculiarities of Kant’s position. 1. Blackwell R. J. Christian Wolff's Doctrine of the Soul // Journal of the History of Ideas. 1961. № 3. 2. Borsche T., Kaulbach F. Leib, Körper // Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie / Hrsg. von J. Ritter, K. Gründer. Bd. 5. Basel, 1980. 3. Carboncini S. Transzendentale Wahrheit und Traum. Christian Wolffs Antwort auf die Herausforderung ...

... foundation of Kant’s ethic the double meaning and uncertainty. The author notes, that for all his respect to Kant’s ethic, Russian philosopher constructs ethic on his own principles. In the foundation of his moral philosophy Solovjev puts down the idea of Good, characterizing it as lawful, autonomous and all-united (vseedinoje). Solovjev proposes to regard the feelings of shame, pity and reverence as the primary data of human moral, disregarding the warnings of Kant about the unacceptability of ...

This article offers an aanalysis of the concept of mystical experience and its relation to science and philosophy in connection with E. A. Torchinov's research and in the context of Kant's doctrine of human "metaphysical disposition", the nature and purpose of philosophy. 1. Gegel' G. V. F. Jenciklopedija filosofskih nauk. T. 1 : Nauka logiki. M., 1974. 2. Dzhems V. Mnogoobrazie religioznogo opyta. SPb., 1992. 3. Kant I. Grezy duhovidca, pojasnennye grezami metafiziki // Kant I. Soch...

The paper shows that the Kantian critique of cosmological argument does not take into account the existential presuppositions of Aristotelian syllogistic, so it is logically untenable. The basic idea of Kant is that the cosmological proof does not rely on the empirical premise (i.e. the existence of the world). Instead, it resorts covertly to the ontological proof. This is the second stage of the proof, when fr om the notion of a necessary being ...

... analysis of Rawls’ anthropological model, underlying his theory of justice, reveals its complex basis: on one hand, it is an attempt to attach broader and deeper Kantian philosophical foundations to “rational egoist” of classical utilitarianism (idea of autonomy, ability of self-determination through moral law); on the other hand, the notion of “life plan”, emphasizing rationality of human interests and actions and opening a possibility for happiness, connects Rawls’ theory to Aristotle’s ...

This article is dedicated to the ideas, expressed in manuscript R 3706, where Kant criticizes traditional refutation of ontological argument, which is based on distinction of “ideal” and “real” judgments. The relation of this criticism to Kant’s argumentation in “Nova dilucidatio” ...

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the development of neo-Kantianism in Russia. Russian neo-Kantianism is marked with originality, which was due to the cultural and historical peculiarities of the formation of the national philosophical thought. The stages and specific character of the development of Russian neo-Kantianism are considered by example of the creation of A. I. Vvedensky, B. V. Yakovenko and V. E. Sesemann. 1. Bulgakov S. N. Ot marksizma k idealizmu. Stat'i i recenzii. 1895—1903...

This article offers a comparison of certain fundamental ethical ideas of Eastern philosophical traditions with Kant's categorical imperative aiming to corroborate the thesis about the moral unity of humanity and give a moral assessment of the state of Russian society. 1. Вивекананда С. Карма-йога....

This articles sets out to give an overview as to how Russian thought was influenced by the ideas and personality of Kant — a bright exponent of German spirit, the genius loci of Königsberg — a city of calamitous history. 1. Абрамов А. И. Кант в русской духовно-академической философии // ...

... the poems “I stood a long time without moving” (1843) and “To Le Verrier's Neptune” (1846) to “To extinguished stars” (1890), i. e. over half a century, Fet created lyrical miniatures under the influence of Kant’s and Schopenhauer’s ideas. 1. Благой Д. Д. Мир как красота. (О «вечерних огнях» А. Фета) // Фет А. А. Вечерние огни. М., 1981. 2. Григорьев А. А. Комета // Григорьев А. Стихотворения....

... limited abilities is not a determining factor in the psychological at­mo­sphere within a student group. Students’ perspectives on the positive and negative effects of collaborative learning with students with health limitations are discussed. The idea of the necessity for a comprehensive socio-psychological study to enhance inclusive practices in university education is expressed.

... purpose of the study is to clarify the originality of the author’s concept of Decembrism at the background of two versions of the idealizing myth about the heroes of the past (official and oppositional). The hypothesis of the research is based on the ideas of Galina Belaya: it is challenging “indisputable” historical values in the work of Okudzhava and the close connection of historical issues with the present. The article addresses the continuity of the Decembrism theme in three Okudzhava’s ...

The article analyses the ways of Russification of Buddhism in the cycle of novels by Holm van Zaichik (V. Rybakov and I. Alimov) “Eurasian Symphony”. Buddhist ideas (for example, the idea of karma in its various forms), Buddhist images (in particular, architectural images), Buddhist vocabulary are integrated by the authors into the traditional patterns of Russian culture. Russian Buddhism depicted by V. Rybakov ...

... of the international seminar “Pedagogical Education 21st century: new challenges and solutions” (Belarus, Minsk, 2021). The interdisciplinary method of PEST-analysis was used as an additional method. A comparative analysis of the state, main ideas and trends in the development of teacher education in Singapore revealed specific features in the principles, goals, values and technologies of training future teachers. The modern model of teacher training is based on the relationship between reflective ...

The paper attempts to reconstruct the deep cognitive principles underlying the idea of success among native speakers of the Russian language. To this end, the concept of SUCCESS is examined in two aspects — onomasiology and deep semantics. For the first time, two models of success in the Russian linguistic mentality are identified,...

The article discusses the specifics of connection between codependency and young women’s understanding of abusive, romantic and marital relationships and clarifies the specific judgments about violent behavior in partnerships among women with high codependency. The study relies on 110 responses from women aged from 19 to 30. The free associations methods, the scale of codependency of B. K. Weinhold and J. B. Weinhold, the questionnaire of interpersonal relations of W. Schutz, the author’s semi-structured...

... compression via phraseological units is the most popular while manipulating. The findings reveal the enormous potential of phraseological units as a means of information compression to modify the behavior, views, and attitude to things as well as give an idea of something by making the addressee visualize it. The results show the latter’s significance in the information perception by the addressee. 1. Arutyunova N. D. Aesthetic and antiaesrhetic aspects of humour // Logical Language Analysis: Language ...

The article is devoted to analyzing ideas about prayer reflected in Leo Tolstoy’s diaries. The research has been carried out using methods of continuous sampling of diary notes dedicated to prayer, conceptual analysis aimed at highlighting its cognitive features, as well as private techniques ...

... The sources of Old Believer images in the writer's work, as well as their influence on the plot of his works, are investigated. A hypothesis is put forward about the significant influence of L. Tolstoy and A. Chekhov on the formation of the author's idea of old-timers. The thesis of the crucial importance of stereotypes ingrained in the people for the perception of Russian Old Believers by Kuprin is substantiated. Particularly emphasized is the inextricability of the author’s ideas about a “split” ...

The author analyzes a well-known work by Ryleev in axiological aspect using historiographical sources and presents a new interpretation of its ideo­logical structure. The article reveals a number of important details that differ the duma’s plot from the original historical source. Focusing on the antithesis between true and false values the research examines the oppositions freedom — captivity and life — honour. A careful examination of the protagonist’s im­age shows that his idealization was meant...

... teacher-psychologist is the basis of successful diagnostic activities. As for successful professional diagnostics, a teacher-psychologist also needs a system of categorical models of the diagnosable, the ability to analyze their diagnostic errors and ideas about categorical models of typical diagnostic errors. Special training in diagnostic thinking, in particular, the development of mental operations, which are necessary for teachers-psychologists to carry out effective diagnostics, is an essential ...

... have allowed the writer to raise the question of the fate of M. Shemyakin, I. Brodsky, his own fate and, in general, of the tragic fate of non-conformist writers in the USSR. The author reveals the shared dominant of the uncompromising service to the ideas of art, rather than the state. The pragmatics of the text is analyzed, which is achieved by S. Dovlatov through expressive, emotional-evaluative vocabulary and syn­tax.

The article, dedicated to the first novel of James Joyce, a famous Irish writer, shows the protagonist’s path to maturing considering the impact that home tutoring, educational institutions of various types as well as self-education had on him. In the schools under the tutelage of the Jesuit Order the values instilled by home education appear to conflict with those imposed by the British educational system. A study of the school system features shows that it is unable to lead Stephen to the creation...

... of the language hier­archy, and their functional application in various contexts. The criteria for selecting lexical units with perceptual semantics as well as their pattern of use are determined by the language system peculiarities and current ideas of holiness. The paper reviews the means of linguistic explica­tion of perceptional processes that are significant for describing holiness. The dominance of visual perception as a process that determines interaction with the real world (which is ...

... repre­sentations (such as ontological cognitive metaphors). The study has shown that the complex use of the above mentioned tools enriches the interpretation field of the existing concept and can serve as the basis for the emergence of a new one. The theoretical ideas are illustrated by examples from German texts by P. Celan, many of which have not been translated into Russian before. It is concluded that the following features prevail in the author's individual image of the language: direct nomination based ...

The protest against outdated patterns of self-image and the inability to defend modern patterns self-image becomes traditional contradiction in teen­ager’s self-determination. Difficulties of self-determination in the real rela­tionship define teenager’s escapism and search for the value of self-image in a virtual existence. This study highlights the mechanisms and conditions under which escapism becomes dangerous for adolescents, distorts their self-image, and contributes to the loss of its adequacy...

... create the topology of the world, not represented in the world itself. Finally, the author considers the value of Miłosz and Nemerov’s texts for modern culture and states that they are illustrations for cognitive research, generators of scientific ideas and they create the marginal area of contempo­rary cognitive science; meanwhile there is an uncertainty whether the mor­phological type of language in which “scientific” poetry is created influences thestylistic features of the texts. 1....

This review is devoted to the linguistic legacy of the Voronezh syntactic school, which was founded by the renowned scholars Igor Raspopov and Anatoly Lomov. We discuss the ideas that were shaping this area of grammatical research from the late 1960s to the early 2010s. Our focus is the theoretical precursors and stepwise development of the Voronezh syntactic school. We emphasise the considerable heuristic potential and ...

... threat is one of the most effective ways to influence an interlocutor’s be­havior because it directly affects his or her personal interests. De­pending on the con­text, a threat may take various forms, which can be at odds with the traditional idea of both the structure of a threat and its linguistic markers. Threats are frequently used in contemporary po­litical discourse, which is gov­erned by norms and conventions. The radicaliza­tion of communication is a re­sult of social and economic ...

This article describes ways to semanticise the biblical quasi-anthroponym ‘prodigal son’ in a poetic text, using the frame approach as a means of cognitive modelling and description. This approach helps to identify and characterise meaning construction mechanisms in a prec­edent onomastic sign, which conveys the conceptual meanings of the biblical text. The study proposes a new methodology for analysing the biblical anthroponym in a poetic text. The results obtained suggest that the realisation...

... analysed in the context of evangelical allusions and connotations. Biblical references in the text suggest a link between one of the main characters, the boy Astr, and the image of Christ. Although well in line with the anthropology of enlighten-ment, the idea of the salvation of the universe, which is central to the plot of the novel, and the image of the saviour, the child that is ‘not of this world’, are counterposed to Christian philosophy. 1. Ринекер Ф., Майер Г. Библейская ...

... for the development of a quasi-symbol meaning. A qua­si-symbol is an element of an intermediate, linguocultural system, generated as a result of close interaction between language and culture. While a symbol is a sign of culture that expresses some idea in an imperative manner, a quasi-symbol is a type of symbol that has a verbal nature. The study has objectified connotations based on the semantics of secondary nomination signs and has shown that connotations, regardless of their nature, are culturally ...

... reader to compare his novel with the literary works of Gombrovich. The author concludes that Kononov’s Tadeush represents the an­thropological trichotomy: clothing — body — soul. In the parody and lan­guage representation of the Polish messianic idea, the key role is played by the verbs “to wander”, “to choose”, “to lead”and “to send”. 1. Белых А. Феноменологический синематограф. О творчестве Николая Ко­нонова. Эссе ...

In the sources that guide the Masons, and in the sources that they pro­duce themselves, the term “Word” dominates in the meaning of a “text, an idea or a communicative unit”. This determines the importance of the re­search. Its purpose is to identify the characteristics of the perception of the Word by the Masons, that is, to discover the typology of the unit and its func­tions. To achieve ...