2023 Issue №4

An attempt has been made to determine the views of Warsaw positivists on the January Uprising. The author turns to literary works, letters, and memoirs of representatives of Warsaw positivism and concludes that the suppression of the uprising in 1863-1864 contributed significantly to the formation of the ideology of this philosophical movement. Positivists openly condemned the Polish liberation movement, believing that armed conflicts would lead to the disappearance of the Polish nation. Despite this, they held great respect for the participants of the January Uprising, simultaneously realizing the futility of armed methods in the struggle for the independence of Poland. In addition to criticizing the Polish liberation movement, Warsaw positivists negatively assessed representatives of the conservative Polish aristocracy who continued to live in the past, romanticizing Polish uprisings and their participants while ignoring the needs, aspirations, and desires of the lower strata of Polish society. Warsaw positivists also expressed their views on violent methods of fighting for the independence of Polish lands in memoirs, letters, and literary works.

The article examines the issue of the place of the Old Believer community in the Northwestern region of the Russian Empire during the process of Russification in the 19th to early 20th centuries. To achieve the research goal, the following tasks were addressed: a historical overview of the formation of the community in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was provided, a characterization of the existence of the Old Believer community in the region within the Russian Empire was given, circumstances of the settlement of the community members in the Northwestern region were discussed, and the dynamics of changes in the community’s population were outlined. The religious peculiarities of the ethno-confessional group of the Great Russian people were analyzed both regionally and in the broader imperial context. The development and spread of “legal Old Belief” or “Edinoverie” and the social specifics of the Old Believer community in the Northwestern region were examined. Special attention was given to the complex relations between the state authorities and the official church with the Old Believers in the Northwestern region. The interest in this topic is linked to the study of the role and place of the Old Believer community in the system of ethnic and religious relations that developed in the Northwestern region during its incorporation into the Russian Empire. The role of the community in the process of Russification of the Northwestern region after the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1863—1864 was also explored. The cross-border relations between the Old Believers of the Northwestern region and their coreligionists from the Woinowo community in East Prussia are of regional historical interest.

The article examines the system of training academic personnel in the history of the Russian state and law at the law faculties of the Russian Abroad in Harbin and Prague in the 1920—1930s. The main sources include case-related documentation from the archives of Russian institutions (State Archive of the Russian Federation, Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, State Archive of the Rostov Region), memoirs, and publications by contemporary emigrant scholars. It is argued that the training system for this discipline did not have the opportunity to develop in the pre-revolutionary Russian Empire, as the academic degree category “History of Russian Law” was only introduced in 1915. Consequently, the preparation of students at the department for professorial candidacy had a largely innovative character in the higher education institutions of the Russian emigration. Considerable attention was paid to the training of specialists in the history of Russian law at both faculties. However, the shortage of well-established academic staff in Harbin necessitated sending students to European research centers. In Prague, an independent training system for this discipline emerged. Nevertheless, the outcome proved to be unproductive—with only one master’s and one doctoral dissertation in the field of the history of Russian law within the framework of the pre-revolutionary Russian tradition defended (by M. V. Shakhmatov).

The article presents a brief biography of Friedrich Münzer (1868—1942), a prominent German historian of Antiquity, a expert in Roman political history. Throughout his life, Münzer taught at the universities of Basel, Königsberg, and Münster, demonstrating high creative activity and publishing numerous works on ancient history. His fate was tragic. Münzer became one of the victims of the National Socialist regime in Germany and died in the Theresienstadt concentration camp. The “Königsberg period” (1912—1921) in his career is characterized, this period involved teaching at Albertina University and the writing of several important scholarly works, including a fundamental monograph on the history of Roman aristocratic parties and families. The state of the sources does not allow for a complete reconstruction of the professor’s everyday life at Albertina. Nevertheless, the article attempts to recreate the circumstances of Münzer’s personal and professional life in Königsberg (adaptation after moving, university activities), and several assumptions are made about the scientist’s social circle. The proposal to commemorate the memory of the distinguished German classical scholar in Kaliningrad is justified.