The Accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: Geopolitical implications for Russia’s position in the Baltic Sea region
... the survey conducted in January of the same year.<3>
The events that began on February 24, 2022, became a triumph for that group of politicians in both Nordic countries who had always focused on maximum rapprochement with NATO. Among them, in particular, is the former Prime Minister of Sweden Carl Bildt, one of the principal architects of the EU Eastern Partnership program, aimed at dragging the European countries of the former USSR into the Western orbit. After the start of the Russian military ...
The adaptation of Russian regions’ economies to the rupture of relations with Europe: the case of Baltic Sea ports
... despite the fact that many European partners, long before the aggravation of the geopolitical situation in 2014, refused to take into account Russia’s economic interests and applied discriminatory measures towards our country [5], [6], [7], [8].
In particular, in 2006, the Russian Severstal Group received a refusal to purchase the Luxembourg metallurgical company Arcelor. According to many observers, one of the reasons for the refusal was the reluctance of European governments to sell one of the ...
Modern trends in paradiplomacy: a case of Russian-Finnish regional cooperation
... defines the main trends in paradiplomacy. The author concludes that paradiplomacy intensifies globalisation and regionalisation processes. In the past years, the main paradiplomacy trends in cooperation between Russia and the Baltic Sea region states, particularly Finland, were as follows: (1) project activity gathering momentum; (2) diversification of paradiplomatic actors; (3) equal and symmetrical partnership between Russia and the European states.
Introduction
During the past few decades,...
Societal security in the Baltic Sea Region: the Russian perspective
This study discusses whether the concept of societal security is embedded in the Russian formal and informal discourses as well as in the Russian strategic documents on national security and the Baltic Sea region. Particularly, the paper describes four paradigms of international relations (neorealism, neoliberalism, globalism and postpositivism) and theoretical approaches to the concept of societal security formulated in them. On a practical plane, Russia has managed ...
Efficiency analysis of seaports in Russia’s Baltic basin: performance evaluation
... Gulf, India, and Pakistan are transported to the ports of the Northwestern region of Russia and further to their destinations. MTK “East-West” allows cargo to be delivered via the Trans-Siberian railway to the northern ports of Russia, in particular to Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, as well as to the Baltic States and other ports. It is evident that the quality of performing multimodal international transportation through the MTK largely depends on the level of logistic service provided by various ...
Geopolitical regionalisation of the Baltic area: the essence and historical dynamics
... and transnational geopolitical regionalisation as manifestos of geopolitical relations. These types are categorised based on scale, functional area, historical and geographical characteristics, quality, legal status and geospatial features, placing particular emphasis on the Baltic region. An essential aspect of studying a region involves identifying and defining its spatial boundaries. Since determining the exact limits of the Baltic region remains problematic, this article examines various approaches ...
The Visegrad Group and the Baltic Assembly: coalitions within the EU as seen through Russian foreign policy
... regional levels since decision-making at the global level is fraught with difficulty in seeking consensus among the most influential actors in international relations and decision-making at the regional level is usually limited by the boundaries of a particular region [4]. The transregional approach provides a good opportunity to understand the two strategic objectives of the countries joining coalitions. Matthew Doidge, a British researcher, distinguishes between inward-oriented, self-strengthening ...
Reputation core of Russian authorities: the case of the regional level of executive power
... administrative law [28], reputation has been formally recognized as having legal grounds. At the same time, despite a wide range of Russian studies of reputation in the socio-political context in general and the reputation of political actors in particular (see, for example, the works by Anokhin, Vazhenina, Gallyamov, Grankin, Grishin, Kogan, Koshmarov, Mingazova, Rudakova, Timofeyeva, Trubetskoy, Ustinova, Kharlamov et al.), the reputation of Russian authorities as a multi-component institutional ...
The economy of Russian Baltic regions: development level and dynamics, structure and international trade partners
... structure of the economy and diversifying international ties. In this context, the development of inter-regional cooperation and the formation of a spatially distributed territorial socio-economic system, including the three Russian Baltic regions, will be particularly beneficial. The period covered by the article is 1996—2021, with a special focus on 2014—2021. The study is based on the economic and statistical analysis of official data of Rosstat and the Federal Customs Service on the sectoral structure ...
Confiscation Estonian style: legal and political aspects of potential seizure of Russian assets in EU countries
... to this decision, violation of Union restrictive measures constitutes a crime in compliance with the second subparagraph of Article 83(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), i. e. this violation falls into the category of particularly serious transnational crimes. Remarkably, this is the first case of expanding the number of Eurocrimes provided for in Article 83 (1) of the TFEU after the implementation of the Lisbon Treaty.
Moreover, the Commission has prepared a new draft ...
The border as a barrier and an incentive for the structural economic transformation of the Kaliningrad exclave
... to the performance of some black soil belt regions.
The overall shift in the geopolitical situation of the Kaliningrad region, as well as Russia as a whole, pointed in one clear direction: a worsening of relations with European and Western partners, particularly Poland and Lithuania. In contrast to previous stages, urgent preventive measures were taken to adapt to the exclave’s borders increasingly turning into barriers. Among other initiatives, the construction of a gas terminal and the Marshal ...
Knowledge and innovation dynamics of the Northwest Russia under geopolitical changes
... allows us to assess the size of their scientific systems. This and other indicators in absolute values provide the basis for a comparative assessment of the role of considered regions in the national and district’s scientific space.
Accounting for particular fields of knowledge of performed R&D projects in a region allows one to identify its specialization. For each region, we calculate coefficients of scientific specialization according to the following formula
Sja/Sjtotal
KSja = ________ (1)
...
Three Russian Baltic regions in the context of confrontation between Russia and the West
... by a change in the composition of foreign participants, with representatives from Belarus, the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina), China, and India taking part.
Presently, there are growing geopolitical risks impacting economic development, particularly for the exclave Kaliningrad region. Researchers from the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, in collaboration with experts from other scientific centres in the country, conducted studies addressing the challenges of economic security ...
Migration distances in Russia: a demographic profile of migrants
... Thomas [13]. The characteristics that are most accessible for analysis are sex and age. Considering them as approximators of motives for migration events makes it possible to link the distance of migration and the dominant logic behind the process. Particularly, studies conducted on the US [14] and Sweden [7] have shown that long-distance migration is more common among younger and more educated individuals. It has also been observed that having preschool-age children is associated with shorter-distance ...
France’s strategy in the Baltic region: military and political aspects
... pushes its infrastructure further to the East and strengthens its military capabilities. In this region, various coalitions are being formed implying the containment of Russia to one degree or another: the Lublin Triangle or the Three Seas Initiative in particular [3], not to mention regular exercises including the US Navy.
Another notable trend in this context is the growing interest of European countries not geographically located in the Baltic region. Of these countries, the French Republic stands ...
Geopolitical Security of Russia: Remarks on the Problem Statement
... geopolitical security in Russia. A constructivist approach based on discursive practices was viewed as the most promising for tracking changes in geopolitical threats. In this work, the emphasis should be placed on regional issues, i. e. the situation in particular regions. Other promising avenues for further research are the operationalization of relevant concepts and the development of a set of indicators of geopolitical threats and vulnerabilities, which Russia has already faced and may face in the ...
Categorical Moral Requirements
... Philosophy. Philosophy, 33(124), pp. 1-19.
Anscombe, G. E. M., 2005. Good and Bad Human Action. In: G. E. M. Anscombe, 2005. Human Life, Action and Ethics. Edited by M. Geach and L. Gormally. Exeter: Imprint Academic, pp. 195-206.
Bakhurst, D., 2000. Ethical Particularism in Content. In: B. Hooker and M. O. Little, eds. 2000. Moral Particularism. Oxford: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press, pp. 157-177.
Bakhurst, D., 2013. Moral Particularism: Ethical not Metaphysical? In: D. Bakhurst, B. Hooker and ...
The modern economy of Russia’s Baltic regions in the municipal context
... in the Leningrad Region, the level of differentiation remained unchanged, albeit with diverse income trends across municipalities.
The study highlights municipalities’ specialization as a factor influencing changes in local companies’ revenue, particularly in 2022. The research illustrates that small businesses have a significantly smaller impact on the official income of the population compared to their role in employment. Furthermore, there are no discernible patterns in how municipalities ...
Priorities for the development of manufacturing industries in the Kaliningrad region
... impede the development of local businesses.
The external conditions of the region’s economic development have been changing since 2014, when unfriendly states introduced restrictions, i. e., unlawful sanctions, against Russia. This process is having a particularly pronounced effect on the manufacturing industry. This article aims to describe the effect of restrictions on the development of regional manufacturing companies, measure the resilience of such businesses to external impact, and provide a ...
Expansionism in Poland’s strategic culture: historical retrospective and variations
... Poland’s domestic governance and the necessity to draw pragmatically on international experience [31]. Apparently, both mechanisms for foreign policy legitimisation functioned in parallel, now cyclically alternating, now united through synthesis (particularly, in the 19th century during the age of Polish Romanticism).
Paradoxical as it may sound, powerful impetus was given to the culture of expansionism by the three partitions of Poland. The emergence of nationalism, understood in its contemporary ...
The spread of the COVID-19 infection in Russia’s Baltic macro-region: internal differences
... collected nationwide require refinement, which, for some regions has been carried out by local researchers [6], [7], [8]. Little effort has been made so far to analyse the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic across Russian macro-regions. Such an analysis is particularly important for the Baltic region, one of Russia’s most export-oriented territories. The automotive industry, whose vulnerability to the pandemic crisis has been repeatedly noted in the literature, is key to the economies of St. Petersburg,...
Organized crime in the Soviet Russia: the paradox of institutionalization. Part One.
... with the analysis of the development processes of the organized crime typical for the Soviet society. It is shown that in the Soviet period of history, organized crime, inheriting the previous organizational forms, acquired new features that reflected particular features of the new social and economic structure. The author identifies certain features of organized crime at different stages of the Soviet society. In particular, it is shown that the new economic policy witnessed new forms of organized ...
Comparative analysis of students’ collective consciousness in the Russia-EU and Russia-China border regions: mathematical modelling
Given the unique diversity of Russian regions, regional studies are becoming particularly important for ensuring the stability and development of Russia. There is an extensive body of literature on the economic and social characteristics of Russian regions, their types and ranking whereas the study of collective consciousness ...
International legal protection of marine environment from vessel-source pollution
... environment from vessel-source pollution. The universal and regional levels of legal regulation of preventing marine environment pollution are identified. Special attention is paid to the status of the Baltic Sea as a “special area” and as a “particularly sensitive sea area”.
1. Meeresumweltschutz für Nord- und Ostsee: Sondergutachten, Februar 2004 /SRU, Der Rat von Sachverständigen für Umweltfragen. Baden-Baden, 2004.
2. Maritime Group (HELCOM MARITIME). URL: http://www.helcom.fi/groups/maritime/en_GB/main/_text/ ...
University performance and regional development: the case of Russia’s North-West
... alongside the conventional roles of universities [16], [17], [18].
Researchers increasingly believe that the university is becoming an active participant in regional socio-economic life. Therefore, the socio-cultural function of the university is of particular importance. In addition, given the developing concept of lifelong education, a noteworthy feature of higher education is the broader participation of different age groups. Researchers distinguish the function of retraining and advanced training ...
Evangelical Lutheran church of Denmark: socio-economic and territorial-organisational aspects
... by researchers [22], [23], [24].
The denominational space of Denmark has been a subject of research conducted by Eidemiller [25], Stepanova [26], Talalaeva [27], and others. The authors have either focused on specific regions of the country [28] or particular aspects of religious life [29]. The articles of foreign scholars, such as Christensen [30], Haugen [31], Reeh [32], and Jensen and Geertz [33], should be mentioned as well.
However, works devoted to the general overview of the Church of Denmark ...
Models for countering the segregation of ethnoreligious immigrant areas in Denmark and Sweden
... a report for the Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination of the UN, which stated the inability of the Swedish government to solve the problem of Islamophobia in Swedish society and protect the rights of Swedish Muslims [12, p. 8]. In particular, the report openly declared “Islamophobic” [12, p. 2] the right-wing nationalist party “Sweden Democrats”, which entered the Riksdag in 2010 and aimed at tightening immigration policy. The political situation in the country has largely ...
Military and political cooperation between Germany and Lithuania in the late 2010s to early 2020s
... achieved. During the decade spanning from 2014 to 2023, Germany underwent radical shifts in its foreign policy priorities, especially concerning its military engagement. Germany scaled back its strategic involvement outside the Euro-Atlantic community, particularly in regions of instability such as the Near and Middle East and North Africa. These areas had been focal points for Bundeswehr operations since the 2000s. Instead, Germany significantly increased its military presence within and around the ...
A new role of cooperation under economic sanctions as seen by residents of the Kaliningrad region
... of Consumer Cooperation of the Russian Federation in New Economic Conditions, Including External Sanctions, approved by the Academic Council of RUC. According to the statement of work, the research was organised by employees of RUC regional branches, particularly as regards the selection of respondents in regions. Given the project’s financial constraints, the research was organised as follows: a questionnaire was created using Google Forms, with the link disseminated according to the ‘snowball’ ...
Socio-geographic approach to substantiating economic security boundaries of a border region
... changing boundaries of the border regions’ economic security require theoretical understanding and development of measures to ensure it. A socio-geographical approach to addressing this issue allows factoring in the regions’ spatial characteristics, in particular, the influence of the border factor. Highlighting the specific functions of border regions that distinguish them from the internal territories of the country, the paper presents a hierarchy of economic security factors. In terms of their content,...
International heritage in the memorial landscape of the Kaliningrad region
... instant publicity. As a rule, monument removal is accompanied by information campaigns justifying the demolition of cultural and historical heritage objects.
As the international crisis worsens, monument demolition gathers pace in Poland, the Baltics and particularly Ukraine, where numerous ‘operations’ aimed to destroy memorial sites connected to the history of the Russian Empire, the USSR or the life and achievements of prominent figures in Russian and Soviet culture have been carried out or are ...
Changes in the structure and geography of tourist flows during the COVID-19 pandemic
... ‘narrow sense’), with the exception of Russia since entry to EU countries was restricted to Russian citizens after March 2020 with the tourist flow from Russia decreasing to negligible amounts as a result.
The 2021-on-2019 reduction in the index is of particular interest as the structure of inbound tourist flows changed dramatically in spring 2020 after international travel restrictions had been imposed. In 2020, the amount of tourism between January and March often exceeded that in the remaining nine ...
A typology of the Baltic region states according to excellence in science and technology
... State Satistics Service, URL:
https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13241
(accessed 26.06.2022).
Over the past 20 years, gross domestic spending on R&D in Russia has remained virtually unchanged and amounts to about 1 % of GDP. Based on this particular indicator, the Russian Federation falls behind the developed countries in the region by a factor of two. By analyzing the data, it is possible to classify the countries into two distinct groups, as shown in Table 2. On the one hand, these are ...
Estonian ‘Balticness’ as a social construct: meanings and contextual specifics
... and Lithuania as a progressive EU subregion and the inadmissibility of their marginalisation, distancing from the ‘negative’ image of post-soviet countries, joint efforts to increase the Baltic States’ influence in the international arena and particularly within the EU, forging interregional ties, etc. [1], [2], [3], [4]. The second, negative interpretation focuses on the period the countries spent as Soviet republics, which is perceived by the majority of national elites, the countries’ ...
Cultural heritage protection in Russia and Germany: challenges and solutions
Cultural heritage sites play an important role both in terms of the study and preservation of the culture and history of a particular territory, and in terms of their importance in recreation and tourism as a “soft power” for shaping a positive image in the geopolitical arena. These two components are directly related: the maintenance of cultural heritage objects in proper ...
Internet diffusion and interregional digital divide in Russia: trends, factors, and the influence of the pandemic
... lockdown, is minimal. Based on the results of the study, several recommendations have been formulated.
Introduction
Over the past few decades, there has been an active diffusion of information and communication technologies (ICT),<1> in particular, the Internet, into all spheres of human activity. The related changes in recent years in technologies, production methods, and in the interaction of economic agents are commonly called digitalization [1]. This is a technological revolution,...
The ethno-cultural component of a woman image in the novel by M. A. Sholokhov “And Quiet Flows the Don”
... essential component of M. A. Sholokhov’s artistic picture of the world, reflected in the novel “And Quiet Flows the Don”. The purpose of the article is to analyze the ways of representing one of the structural components of the image of a woman, in particular the ethno-cultural component, in the discursive space of the novel. The main research methods are descriptive, contextual and discursive analysis, lexicographic, ethnographic, component analysis method, etc. The article shows that the ethno-cultural ...
Studying social innovation in rural areas through the prism of sciencometics
The study examines the spatial and temporal distribution of global scientific knowledge on social innovation in rural areas. It is possible to assess the scientific productivity of a particular thematic area using the methods of scientometrics, which make it possible to compare the achievements of countries, regions and individual researchers, as well as to organize data on the information flow of scientific publications. The ...
Innovative development of rural settlements of the Leningrad region
The geography of modern innovation processes increasingly covers not only megalopolises and large industrial cities, but also rural areas. The issue of innovative development of the countryside has acquired particular prominence in the context of securing human capital and preventing the marginalization of rural settlements, though creating a favorable environment for life and business in particular. At the initial stage, the innovation of rural areas is ...
Problems of legislative regulation of investigation activity on the Internet in countering extremism
In the current article, the author explores the legal basis for investigation activities on Internet, paying particular attention to the provisions set forth in the Federal Laws “On Communications,” “On Information, Information Technologies and the Information Security”, “On the Investigative Search activities” in the context of countering extremism....
Operational thinking in the structure of the diagnostic thinking of a modern teacher-psychologist
Diagnostic thinking is a vital professional component of many occupations, in particular, of a teacher-psychologist. The purpose of the study was to identify the place and role of various mental operations in the structure of diagnostic search carried out by a teacher-psychologist. The article explores cognitive operations used ...
Migration of researchers in the Baltic region: a forecast and factors
The importance of this research relates to the need for increasing the human capital of Russian science and for assisting the spatial development of the country, particularly, its border areas. This study tests several hypotheses. The first one holds that the outflow of researchers will reduce over the next few years. Others concern factors affecting the number of researchers in the Russian Federation in general ...
The changing role of border regions in the regional policies of the EU and Russia
... strongly by national security concerns than by economic growth considerations. Cross-border cooperation is no longer part of the regional policy. Border regions, however, have received an increasing proportion of federal investments in recent years, particularly, amid the reunification with the Crimea. The study calls for better coordination between different areas of the federal socio-economic policy on border regions and closer attention to border regions’ foreign economic ties, particularly,...
Scenarios of increasing the economic efficiency of the Kaliningrad regional transport system
... considerable transport and logistics potential of the Kaliningrad region is hampered by several factors. This problem, to which we will refer to as a transport deadlock effect, translates into the limited contribution of transport to the regional economy. Particularly, it manifests itself at the level of regional gross value added, where the contribution of transport is much smaller than one might expect given the significant role the industry plays in the economy of the region. In this study, we examine ...
Cultural codes in the toponymy of the Roslaval district of the Smolensk region
In the framework of cultural linguistics, this article explores the informational field of proper names, specifically, toponyms. The study focuses on oeconyms, in particular, the official names of villages in one of the Smolensk region’s most important districts – Roslavl. A total of 314 names were analysed to describe relevant cultural codes, which are based on various fragments of reality. The purpose ...
Kant's logic and Strawson's metaphysics
This article defines the way of interaction between formal and transcendental logic through introducing ontological considerations based on P. Strawson's descriptive metaphysics. The notions of a particular, a sortal universal and a feature universal are introduced into the transcendental limitation on the inferences of formal logic.
1. Аристотель. Категории // Аристотель. Соч.: в 4 т. М., 1978. Т. 2. С. ...
On the problem of cultural reference of proverbs (the Russian proverbs with images of clothing)
... within different fields of human spiritual life, for instance, in proverbs. Proverbs featuring clothing items are a major source for understanding tastes, preferences, lifestyles, customs, and worldview of a nation. Images of garments in proverbs are a particular form of expressing the key ideas of a culture. Moreover, such images serve as condensers of the established etiquette, ethical, social, and other judgements. A cultural and linguistic analysis reveals cultural and linguistic limitations on ...
Clustering and branding in the Baltic tourist destination
The development of international tourism in the world today has a special and very important role. It has often been noted that it influences the overall economic growth as well as social, cultural, educational well-being of each particular country. In this regard the new approaches in the tourism management become significant. Particular attention is paid to the promotion of cross-border tourism clusters that encourage mutual integration of the neighboring countries. Territory ...
Criminal penalties of material nature: Imposition and enforcement
This article focuses on the imposition and enforcement of criminal penalties of material nature – fines and community services. Special attention is paid to a low effectiveness of fine enforcement, in particular, due to the inflexibility of the legislative norm. The author presents several suggestions, in particular, reducing the minimum level of progressive fines. It is stressed that imposition of community service penalties is complicated by the ...
Inertial oscillations induced by the propagation of the Vis-tula Lagoon waters in the coastal zone of the Southeastern Baltic Sea
A mathematical model of the mechanism of anti-symmetric vortex at the confluence of fresh water to sea water, observed, in particular, the output of the Baltic Canal connecting Visla Lagoon to the Baltic Sea is constructed. It is shown in particular that the main reason the vortex formation in this case is the Coriolis force. Also analytically calculate the exact dependence ...