Sanctions risks and regional development: Russian case
... new trade barriers. In several cases, this share exceeded 50 %, necessitating a rapid reorientation of product flows in Nenets, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Areas, Komi, and Murmansk region. The Kaliningrad, Kaluga, and Leningrad regions exhibit high import dependence in the production sector, particularly in the automotive industry, due to their active involvement in global supply chains. Sanctions against large legal entities created risks for the stability of regional economies but the increase ...
The impact of the food embargo on consumer preferences and cross-border practices in the Kaliningrad region
... risks and ways to mitigate them since the embargo was imposed in 2014. The Kaliningrad region, an exclave of Russia, responded more sensitively to the restrictions than any other territory of the country due to the heavy dependence of its food market on imported finished products and raw materials, as well as the transit from Russia via third countries. This study aims to explore how the consumer preferences of Kaliningraders changed in 2014—2021 under the food embargo. The research also investigates ...
Reputation core of Russian authorities: the case of the regional level of executive power
The importance of studying the reputation of authorities is connected, on the one hand, with the formation of a consolidated system of political power and, on the other hand, with the highly social orientation of the category of the ‘reputation of authorities’,...
On determining the import-replacement share for mechanical engineering in the Kaliningrad region
... current research. The authors identify technological safety within more general scope of national security typology. The article reflects on the empirical data on the scale of mechanical engineering development in industrialized countries. The analysis of import flows of the North-Western subjects of the RF revealed that regional enterprises significantly lack technologically innovative machines and equipment. It brings about the conclusion that the local industry must be more focused on some import replacing ...
The sea factor in the federal regulation of Russia’s spatial development: post-Soviet experience and current priorities
... dynamics), but also a basic approach and, to a large degree, the imperative of any productive social activity, including public policy. Careful and comprehensive consideration of the features of space, its determinants and possibilities is particularly important for Russia, a vast and very heterogeneous country, which has found itself in the epicentre of global geoeconomic and geopolitical tectonic shifts [2]. Russia has been increasingly focusing on the factors and priorities of its internal dynamics ...
Models for countering the segregation of ethnoreligious immigrant areas in Denmark and Sweden
... homogeneity of Danish society amidst its multiculturalism remains relevant. Thus, Sweden is formulating its own anti-segregation programme, taking into account both the successes and shortcomings of Danish immigration and integration policies. Another important conclusion is that these nations have started to pay special attention to ethnic and religious criteria when identifying ‘parallel societies’.
Introduction
The Scandinavian ‘welfare states’<1> of Denmark and Sweden have the ...
The modern economy of Russia’s Baltic regions in the municipal context
... statistical data that researchers are well aware of. However, the gap is gradually narrowing, especially by supplementing Rosstat statistics with information from other sources (including other public authorities). Moreover, municipal issues are growing in importance, including within the federal spatial development policy [1].
This article has two interrelated objectives. The first one is to emphasize the differences in the economic development among the municipalities in the Russian Baltic region (in ...
The border as a barrier and an incentive for the structural economic transformation of the Kaliningrad exclave
... contributed to the shadow economy, ensured the influx of inexpensive consumer goods. Economic rent due to the proximity of the border allowed residents of the region’s border districts to partially offset the decline in their living standards [19], [25].
An important mechanism helping the economy adapt to the new geopolitical environment was state support, namely the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) regime established in 1996 (SEZ-1996). This regime allowed for duty-free import of foreign raw materials and semi-finished ...
First results of the import substitution policy in the Kaliningrad region
The aim of this research work is to analyze the results of the import substitution policy of an exclave territory. The objectives of this research include the analysis of the development of agriculture in the exclave region, the evaluation of the food security level, the assessment of import substitution and its ...
Three Russian Baltic regions in the context of confrontation between Russia and the West
... Poland has turned to the idea of uniting Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) based on the geopolitical concept of the Three Seas, which, besides serving as a defensive measure against the excessive influence of Russia and Germany, is intended to address important economic challenges [17].
Many researchers acknowledge that the roots of the conflict in the CEE region lie in the American policy of exporting democracy and the ‘open door’ policy of NATO, combined with the strengthening of its eastern ...
Estonian ‘Balticness’ as a social construct: meanings and contextual specifics
... substantial response to the criticism. He wrote that regions ‘continue to be one of the most logical and satisfactory ways of organizing geographical information’ [22, р. 241].
This thesis could be perceived only as an invitation to further debate. An important contribution was made by scholars of the Marxist school who established a direct connection between regionalisation and capital allocation.<13> A remarkable proponent of this school of thought was the founding father of the world-system ...
University performance and regional development: the case of Russia’s North-West
... higher education, the average years of education of the labour force, the number of students per 1,000 population, etc. The estimations of the human capital’s contribution to regional development vary from 10 % [2] to 26 % [3], which validates the importance of higher education underpinning the need to factor it in when making managerial decisions on regional development.
Recently, there has been a wide-ranged discussion around the university ceasing to be exclusively a regional educational and ...
The adaptation of Russian regions’ economies to the rupture of relations with Europe: the case of Baltic Sea ports
... to 2021 it ranged from 42 to 49 %. For certain types of goods, it was even higher. For example, in 2021, Europe’s share in Russian gas exports was 79 %, petroleum products exports — 56 %, and oil exports — 48 %.
The situation was similar to the import of goods: from 2011 to 2014, 37 European countries supplied 43—44 % of Russia’s merchandise imports, and in the period from 2015 to 2021 their share was 35—40 % [3].
In addition, in these years, Russia placed its bets on the large-scale attraction ...
Reputation and status in Denmark’s strategic culture
... diminished significantly after the early 1990s, and their preservation or abolition could not have a profound effect on the foreign policy of such a small country in the 2000s.
Their central argument is that, as globalisation progressed, Denmark had more important platforms for implementing its foreign policy than those provided by the EU, especially due to the country’s special relations with the US. Along this line of thought, European necessity is seen as having transformed into a global opportunity,...
Territorial structure of inbound and domestic tourism in the Baltic States
... classification was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics statistical analysis software.
Amongst the disadvantages of the cluster approach is the subjectivity of the indicator selection and, consequently, groups sharing common features. Thus, it is important to optimise the selected indicators as, on the one hand, a strong direct correlation between the parameters or their small number may cause problems with distinguishing meaningful groups, and, on the other, a substantial quantity of parameters ...
The spread of the COVID-19 infection in Russia’s Baltic macro-region: internal differences
... nationwide require refinement, which, for some regions has been carried out by local researchers [6], [7], [8]. Little effort has been made so far to analyse the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic across Russian macro-regions. Such an analysis is particularly important for the Baltic region, one of Russia’s most export-oriented territories. The automotive industry, whose vulnerability to the pandemic crisis has been repeatedly noted in the literature, is key to the economies of St. Petersburg, as well ...
Art as a means of developing professionally important qualities among the psychology students
The article describes the problems of development of professionally important qualities for psychology students. These qualities are dynamic, should be analyzed and subjected to conceptual and quantitative transformations, because they depend on the socio-historical context. The author provides the results of theoretical ...
Knowledge and innovation dynamics of the Northwest Russia under geopolitical changes
... internal resources and experience to devise ingenious solutions to external challenges [4] [5]. Assessing the consequences of the 2008—2009 global economic crisis, reports from the governments of certain developed countries underscore the critical importance of innovation for economic recovery post-recession. Regions with higher innovation potential demonstrated greater resilience in withstanding the crisis [3].
In 2022, Russia faced increased sanctions from unfriendly countries (see Russian Federation ...
Artificial Intelligence: a catalyst for entrepreneurship education in the Baltics
... considers the impact of academic mobility in the modern world, characterized by rapid and dynamic shifts in technology, markets, and business models. The study concludes that proficiency in working with AI-powered equipment and algorithms is of paramount importance in amplifying the entrepreneurial potential of students in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. This aspect is increasingly gaining attention from universities, which collaborate closely with the business sector, governmental bodies, and regional ...
The Visegrad Group and the Baltic Assembly: coalitions within the EU as seen through Russian foreign policy
... objectives of the countries joining coalitions. Matthew Doidge, a British researcher, distinguishes between inward-oriented, self-strengthening and outwardly-oriented tasks for lobbying one’s interests regionally and globally [5]. The latter is very important and suggests the possibility of employing the theory of multilevel governance in this research [6], [7], [8].
In this article, the theory of multilevel governance is used for the analysis of European coalitions and associations. The theory has ...
Foreign trade activity of the subjects of the Russian Federation: prospects for maintaining the geographical structure of supplies
... the existing supply geography becomes expedient. The article divides the subjects into four groups, taking into account the “new” criterion which determines the level of contribution of “unfriendly” countries to the total volume of exports and imports of Russian regions. The first group included the regions whose volume of interaction with “unfriendly” countries is more than 50 % of the total volume of their imports and exports. The second one brings together the entities whose volume of ...
Geopolitical Security of Russia: Remarks on the Problem Statement
... the Department of Political Science, member of the Scientific Council under the Security Council of the Russian Federation). The key points of the discussion are presented below.
Geopolitical Security and Geopolitical Space
Andrey P. Klemeshev
. The importance of Russia’s national security issues in the contemporary geopolitical landscape is widely recognized. However, the task of monitoring the country’s geopolitical security requires a strong foundation in theory, methodology, and technical ...
The two-party tendency in Poland’s political system: manifestations, causes and prospects
... multiparty one. Firstly, the election results generally meet the necessary quantitative criteria. As was mentioned above, such a system is present if two main parties jointly control at least 80 % of the parliamentary seats. In case of Poland, of major importance is the distribution of seats in the Sejm, which is invested with the powers to legislate and form the cabinet. Since 2007, PO, PiS and the electoral blocs led by these parties have won from 79 to 82 % of the Sejm seats in four elections in ...
The economy of Russian Baltic regions: development level and dynamics, structure and international trade partners
... shipbuilding and other regional industries exporting goods by sea or using seaborne raw materials and semi-finished products. The three study regions performed these functions in the Soviet period as well.
Although the fishing industry lost some of its importance after the collapse of the Soviet Union, other maritime industries are becoming ever more important. Economic cooperation with the former Baltic Soviet republics dwindled, whilst economic ties with the other countries of the Baltic macro-region ...
Analysing the dynamics of the Baltic States’s production linkages with Russia
... Russia and the Baltic States have adapted in response to the existing problems, remaining resistant to the geopolitical and pandemic shocks. This article examines the production linkages between Russia and the Baltic countries, investigating the export-import flows of consumer and intermediate goods in 2003—2020. A comparative study of the Baltic States’ production linkages with Russia and their main partners in the EU — Germany and Finland — is carried out. It is concluded that, before the ...
The coasts we live in: can there be a single definition for a coastal zone?
... economic development, fostering migration and an influx of capital across the globe. Scholars and policymakers voice concerns about the asymmetry of regional development and the increasing anthropogenic impact on the coastal ecosystem. It reinforces the importance of coastal zone management. In this study, we use an example of the Baltic region to identify the coastalisation patterns in the Baltic region and answer the question, whether there can be a single definition of the coastal zone of the Baltic ...
The Place of Hermann Cohen’s Ideas in the Philosophy of Dialogue
My aim is to prove that Hermann Cohen was not only a philosopher of dialogue but has played an exceedingly important role in the history of that current of thought. His books Ethics of Pure Will (1904) and Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism (1919) offer a detailed analysis of the relationships between I and Thou, I and It, I and We. In the first ...
Comparative analysis of students’ collective consciousness in the Russia-EU and Russia-China border regions: mathematical modelling
Given the unique diversity of Russian regions, regional studies are becoming particularly important for ensuring the stability and development of Russia. There is an extensive body of literature on the economic and social characteristics of Russian regions, their types and ranking whereas the study of collective consciousness requires further ...
Industrial Parks as an Instrument of Import Substitution Policy in the Region
The article analyses trends of industrial development in the Kaliningrad region in the context of import substitution policy, as well as main features of formation and development of industrial parks. The author structures potential risks of their functioning and described measures of diminishing the probability of negative consequences.
1. О ...
Dependence on imported food as a threat to the food security of the Kaliningrad region
This article considers the problem of food security in the case of the Kaliningrad region. The key threat to regional food security is the increasing dependence on import. It is proved that the region’s food security can be ensured through self-sufficiency.
1. ВТО-ИНФОРМ. Аналитический центр. URL: http://wto-inform.ru/upload/ map/kaliningradskaya_oblast.pdf
2. Официальный ...
Commodity flow model for an exclave region: Rent-seeking in the ‘transitional period’ of the special economic zone
... exclave’s economy in the transitional period of the special economic zone (SEZ) functioning. The key method of analysis is the comparison of data on the generation of gross regional product and regional foreign economic activities (including export and import of goods and moving goods from/into the Kaliningrad region to other Russian regions). It results in a conceptual CFMER, which is assessed as of 2011. The availability of additional — as compared to a regular region — data on commodity flows ...
Military and political cooperation between Germany and Lithuania in the late 2010s to early 2020s
... troops from the former GDR. Despite facing difficulties [21], Germany contributed to a similar process in the Baltic republics and portrayed these steps as supporting their sovereignty.
In the 1990s, relations with the Baltic states had become rather important for Germany’s foreign policy, especially for its efforts to transform the post-socialist and post-Soviet spaces according to the interests of the Western democracies. Already inside the contacts with three Baltic republics, the dialogue with ...
Geopolitical regionalisation of the Baltic area: the essence and historical dynamics
... with the River Elbe, which flows through territories near the Baltic Sea coast and carries the region’s river traffic. However, according to the catchment basin principle, the Elbe is not part of the Baltic region. While this factor held significant importance during the Middle Ages due to the absence of canals, today, the Elbe and Oder rivers connect the Baltic region to the industrially developed regions of Germany.
During the Middle Ages, maritime and river routes served as crucial and irreplaceable ...
Evangelical Lutheran church of Denmark: socio-economic and territorial-organisational aspects
... significant proportion of registered members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Exploring non-Christian religions in Denmark presents a promising avenue for future research.
Introduction
The study of the denominational space of countries and regions is important due to the significant influence that religious institutions have on cultural, socio-economic, and political processes. Traditional Christian denominations continue to predominate in Europe, despite the secular trends, observed especially among ...
Priorities for the development of manufacturing industries in the Kaliningrad region
... economic, academic, social, and other transboundary ties before the war of sanctions was waged on Russia. Kaliningrad boasted a range of joint companies engaged in manufacturing, catering to both Russian and international markets. Competition with cheap imports from the neighbouring states, however, tended to impede the development of local businesses.
The external conditions of the region’s economic development have been changing since 2014, when unfriendly states introduced restrictions, i. e., unlawful ...
The Accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: Geopolitical implications for Russia’s position in the Baltic Sea region
... such as Mats Bergqvist, René Nyberg, and François Heisbourg, expressed their concern about a serious crisis in relations with Russia in the event of such a break with the post-war the tenets of Helsinki’s security policy and urged not to take such important decisions in a hurry. However, the strategic course towards joining NATO was already outlined in that report [3].
Some Russian experts already recognized at that time that the likelihood of Sweden and Finland joining the North Atlantic Alliance ...
The geopolitical effect of the maritime factor on the spatial development of post-Soviet Russia: the Baltic case
The article explores the impact of geopolitical processes on the spatial organisation of society, a matter that has gained increasing importance in Russia. It focuses on the utilization of the World Ocean and its coastlines for resource extraction, logistics, military-strategic purposes, and settlement. Methodologically, this study combines modern socio-geographical approaches emphasising ...
Spatial differentiation of rural territories in the Kaliningrad region: implications for socio-economic policies
... Russian regions meet challenges that are much more radical than those described by Tatyana Nefedova [10]. Additional support measures are needed to promote the development of the agricultural sector in the exclave of Kaliningrad. This includes stimulating import substitution, which is vital for achieving food security. It is also essential to take into account not only imports being rendered more difficult but also the need for securing exports of vegetable oils, soybean meal, rapeseed and grain from the ...
Modern trends in paradiplomacy: a case of Russian-Finnish regional cooperation
... Lecours tend to accumulate and intertwine with one another.
Paradiplomacy trends mostly replicate the general tendencies of international relations. In particular, paradiplomacy reflects the globalization and regionalization processes that increase the importance of non-state actors in international relations, especially subjects of federations or regions of unitary states, and megalopolises [15], [16, p. 43].
Materials and methods
Methods of the research. A case study is a central method of this ...
The Swedish institute’s scholarship policy as a soft power instrument
... elements (Michael Brian, Christopher Hartwell, Wei Shanjing) [3, p. 64—75]. Another perspective within American academia regards soft power as a means of mitigating hostility towards the donor country in a specific region (William Rugh) [4]. It is important to note that Joseph Nye and his followers have criticized interpretations of his ideas as situations “without losing counterparts” [5]. Nevertheless, this perspective on soft power is discernible in the national Arctic strategies of the ...
Information and propaganda strategies in German non-state media discourse during the COVID-19 pandemic
... confidence, prompting the public to comply with the restrictions and measures consistent with the biopolitical agenda of the state.
In recent years, particularly since the onset of COVID-19, the principles of crisis communication have gained heightened importance. Government communication with the public through diverse channels has become vital for promptly disseminating essential information about public health measures and fostering public cooperation in the fight against COVID-19 [1]. The way communication ...
Setting up specially protected natural areas of local significance in Kaliningrad: problems and solutions
... data of a comprehensive environmental survey of land plots in several streets (i. e. Basseynaya, Lieutenant Katina and Sportivnaya) of the city of Kaliningrad for their compliance with the requirements for a specially protected natural area of local importance. It is shown that the territory of the indicated forest park zone meets the main criteria for designating a specially protected natural area of local importance. Given the urban environment, the territory has a high level of biological diversity,...
Evaluating the efficiency of the research sector in Russian regions: a dynamic data envelopment analysis
... 10 %, whilst, the cited work reports an over 20-fold difference between the best and worst-performing regions. Since we examine a narrower range of resources and only nonmonetary results, a slight difference in efficiency might be expected.
Another important difference is that, in the earlier work [25], Moscow is the leader by far, providing a benchmark for comparison. But, according to our calculations, Moscow is not the absolute leader in efficiency despite the considerable increase in publication ...
International heritage in the memorial landscape of the Kaliningrad region
... group-specific narratives about the past for understanding to which extent and in what manner the ‘greater Russian narrative’ is present in the historical consciousness of residents of selected regions [24, p. 8—10], [26], [27], [28]. Another important line of research is the exploitation and reformatting of memorial objects dating back to earlier periods, including the Soviet era, in constructing national identity (see [26]). Some works have also looked at how the perceptions of monuments ...
Expansionism in Poland’s strategic culture: historical retrospective and variations
... with third countries, such as France and, to a lesser degree, the UK in order to deter the main military threats.
A brief analysis of Rzeczpospolita’s foreign policy behaviour and political thought of the 10th—19th centuries has identified several important features of expansionism as it manifests itself in Polish strategic culture. Firstly, despite its medium size and repeated military defeats, the Polish state did not embrace a complex of ideas that can be categorised under besieged fortress ...
Efficiency analysis of seaports in Russia’s Baltic basin: performance evaluation
... companies engaged in various transport and logistics operations has revealed a lack of attention to the analysis and evaluation of performance from a strategic management standpoint. While significant research has been dedicated to other strategically important aspects such as designing logistics systems, planning performance indicators, and forecasting demand and supply, the analysis of effectiveness is often treated as a secondary element of management, which, in our opinion, is a misconception. ...
Comparative analysis of the territorial support frame of settlement in coastal areas: the case of St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad regions
... desired direction’ [12, p. 19]. Further questions that require investigation include how this can be achieved without turning the entire area into a continuous urban sprawl and how spillover effects can be initiated. The answer, which is particularly important for coastal regions, is broader participation in global trade. For instance, Carl Gaigné and Jacques-François Thisse write that the ‘main contribution’ of new economic geography was the idea that ‘[u]nder constant returns, firms find ...
Migration distances in Russia: a demographic profile of migrants
... they have accumulated, probably over a long period [2]. Amongst other significant factors are psychological considerations [3], attachment to the neighbourhood [4], and weaker awareness of distant territories than neighbouring areas [5], [6].
Of some importance, albeit lesser than that of potential economic gains, is the financial component of distance decay [7], [8], which does not grow in proportion to the distance but rises nevertheless. In large-area countries, such as Russia, not only does long-distance ...
France’s strategy in the Baltic region: military and political aspects
... regions, to which Paris hoped to formulate a balanced response combining “firmness and dialogue”. A significant part of this response should be defence and industrial cooperation with EU partners, and not only with Germany due to its traditional importance for French diplomacy [9], [10], but with other Baltic states like Sweden, Finland, Denmark and others. At the same time, special emphasis is still made on cooperation within NATO: France proposes to elaborate clear strategic guidelines for ...