Global value chains in the age of uncertainty: advantages, vulnerabilities, and ways for enhancing resilience
In this paper, we seek to explain the fundamental vulnerability of global value chains (GVCs) to sudden shocks, as revealed by the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, and outline ways for enhancing their adaptability to the increased uncertainty at both conceptual and policy levels. We consider the concept and a typical multi-structural ...
Analysing the dynamics of the Baltic States’s production linkages with Russia
... division of labour and trade exchange, all dating back to the Soviet Union. Today, this relationship is facing a tough test amid political and ideological challenges and risks. The last two years have seen a profound and large-scale crisis caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, the production linkages between Russia and the Baltic States have adapted in response to the existing problems, remaining resistant to the geopolitical and pandemic shocks. This article examines the production linkages ...
Billionaires and Millionaires of the Baltic Sea Region: A Comparative Analysis of National Business Elites
Local business elites make a major contribution to the development of the Baltic region’s countries, shaping their present and future. The Baltic business elites are an integral part of the transnational capitalist class — a product of the global economy and the global division of labour. Drawing on a sizeable body of statistics, the author conducts a comparative analysis of the Baltic states’ financial elites. The author considers such characteristics of business elites as their number,...
Saint Petersburg as a Global Coastal City: Positioning in the Baltic Region
... Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and Finland. The region’s hubs are the port cities located along the Baltic Sea coast. However, Peter Taylor and Saskia Sassen’s classification identifies higher status cities and ‘global cities’, which are to be considered in the global context. Seven coastal regions are distinguished within this region, whose organising centers are the global coastal cities of Stockholm, Copenhagen, Helsinki, Riga, Tallinn, St. Petersburg, and ...
The Swedish institute’s scholarship policy as a soft power instrument
... the corresponding elements in certain regional and national cases during the study period. It is concluded that the Institute is an effective tool of Sweden’s soft power, with its scholarship policy promoting the Government’s official position on global social, economic and political development. SI grantees complete their chosen programmes and get acquainted with the country’s social and political institutions. As of today, the educational component seems to be subordinate to nation branding ...
Transformation of global value chains in Russia and the Baltics amid Covid-19: prospects for regionalization and implications for economic policy
... and the Baltics have historically been economic partners, the economic relations between them are tense today. Nearly stagnating bilateral trade contributes little to the development of either side. The Baltics-Russian bilateral trade conducted within global value chains (GVC) and operations of multinational companies is much more resistant to geopolitical and economic shocks than traditional international trade. In particular, the accession of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania to the EU and NATO in 2004 ...
Reputation and status in Denmark’s strategic culture
... between 2002 and 2018,<3> whilst Norway lost only 10 service people during its years in Afghanistan.<4> Major General Gunner Arpe Nielsen, the Chief of the Royal Danish Army, stressed when discussing Denmark’s military involvement in the Global Coalition To Defeat ISIS:<5> ‘We have a group of employees who have undertaken an extraordinary effort. We engaged in Iraq in October 2014 and have flown more than 4,000 hours, more than 410 missions, and have dropped more than 350 bombs....
Introducing Sectoral Models into Regional Management: An Assessment of Regulatory Impacts on the Economy
... the issue of definition and methods of state administration in administrative law, Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo [Administrative Law and Administration Practice], no. 5, p. 430—439. (In Russ.)
13. Meshkova, T. A., Moiseichev, E. Ya. 2015, Global Value Chains: World Trends and the Russia’s Involvement, Vestnik Finansovogo universiteta [Bulletin of the Financial university], Vol. 1, no. 85, p. 83−96. (In Russ.)
14. On the development of regulatory impact assessment Institute in the regions ...
Modern indicators of urban development: challenges and opportunities for creating integral approaches to city management
... 20—24.
8. Озерова О. Ю. Интегральный индекс качества жизни населения региона // Вопросы территориального развития. 2015. № 1 (21). С. 1—10.
9. Kearney A. T. 2019 Global Cities Report. URL:
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global-cities/ (дата обращения: 10.08.2019).
10. Button K. City management and urban environmental indicators // Ecological economics. 2002. Vol. 40, № 2. P. 231—232.
11. Economist ...
Sanctions risks and regional development: Russian case
... Nenets, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Areas, Komi, and Murmansk region. The Kaliningrad, Kaluga, and Leningrad regions exhibit high import dependence in the production sector, particularly in the automotive industry, due to their active involvement in global supply chains. Sanctions against large legal entities created risks for the stability of regional economies but the increase in demand for domestic products offset this impact. Foreign enterprises exiting the market posed risks of disrupting production ...
The border as a barrier and an incentive for the structural economic transformation of the Kaliningrad exclave
... like any other formal demarcations, as dynamic social institutions. Notably, these institutions are not static lines but rather variable entities receptive to the ever-changing international landscape, bilateral relationships, currency exchange rates, global price structures, the daily practices of political institutions, cross-border interactions, and media narratives [2]. This process has been denoted as ‘bordering’ in the English literature.
In most cases, delimitation occurs smoothly, striking ...
Between the Eurasian and European subsystems: migration and migration policy in the CIS and Baltic Countries in the 1990s—2020s
... but also on the attractiveness and non-attractiveness of the migration policies prevailing in these migration subsystems at a given point in time.
1. Houtum, H. 2008, The War Against Unwanted Immigrants: EU’s Border Machine in Challenges of Global Migration: EU and its Neighborhood, Ankara, KORA & METU.
2. Massey, D., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., Taylor, E. 1993, Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal, Population and Development Review, vol. 19,...
Duty and Coercion in Kant’s Republican Cosmopolitanism
... into a republican civil union means according to Kant’s account of right the greatest contribution that a state could offer to enhance the cosmopolitan order.
1. Beck, V., Culp, J. 2013, Interview of K. Flikschuh, R. Forst and D. Moellendorf, in: Global Justice: Theory Practice Rhetoric 6, pp. 40—53.
2. Bernstein, A. R. 2008, Kant on Rights and Coercion in International Law: Implications for Humanitarian Military Intervention”, in: Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik 16, pp. 57—100.
3. Bernstein,...
Historical memory in the age of globalization: the case of Russian- Estonian relations
This article contributes to the discussion within the "Towards the Common Past" international academic network bringing together scholars from Russia, the Baltic States and the Nordic countries. It assesses the relationship between globalization and historical memory, thus contributing to the discussion on globalization and the roles and applications of history. On the basis of an analysis of academic discourses on globalization and historical memory, the author arrives at two conclusions....
Population change in global urban regions
This article focuses on the key aspects of population development in the historical cores of leading global urban regions at the stage of globalisation. The research sets out to identify and describe the common — model — and individual features of the demographic modernisation process.
1. Vallerstein, I. 2001. Tipologija krizisov v mirosisteme In: ...
Geopolitical Security of Russia: Remarks on the Problem Statement
... geopolitical space refers to a set of ideas that describe the power dynamics of international politics. At its core, it involves a competition among actors, primarily states, to compete and gain control (in various forms) over specific territories at the global, regional, and local scales, as well as within various sectors of international relations and security, including the political, military, socio-cultural, and economic realms. The structure of the geopolitical space is constantly evolving, reflecting ...
Countries of the Baltic Region in the Global Culinary Space
Globalisation is creating a global culinary space where culinary traditions of different countries interact and compete. The author sets out to explore characteristic features of the culinary space of nine Baltic States as part of the global culinary space. The author uses empirical ...
Societal security in the Baltic Sea Region: the Russian perspective
... embedded in the Russian formal and informal discourses as well as in the Russian strategic documents on national security and the Baltic Sea region. Particularly, the paper describes four paradigms of international relations (neorealism, neoliberalism, globalism and postpositivism) and theoretical approaches to the concept of societal security formulated in them. On a practical plane, Russia has managed to develop — together with other regional players — a common regional approach to understanding ...
Disease control and border lockdown at the EU’s internal borders during Covid-19 pandemic: the case of Finland
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4. Ingram A. The New Geopolitics of Disease: Between Global Health and Global Security // Geopolitics. 2005. Vol. 10, № 3. P. 522—545.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14650040591003516
5. Youde J. Global Health Governance. Cambridge, 2012.
6. Ng N. Y., Ruger J. P. Global Health Governance at a Crossroads // ...
Land Use Change and Economics of Land Degradation in the Baltic Region
... attractive.
1. von Braun, J., Gerber, N., Mirzabaev, A., Nkonya, E. 2013, The economics of land degradation, ZEF Working paper series, no. 109, Bonn, Germany.
2. Nkonya, E., Anderson, W., Kato, E., Koo, J., Mirzabaev, A., von Braun, J., Meyer, S. 2016. Global cost of land degradation / Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement, A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development Springer International Publishing, p. 117—165.
3. Winthner, T. Tlga, M., Valters, K. 2014, A Bioeconomy for the Baltic Sea ...
Global energy and environmental security in the current global economic crisis
This article considers the problems of the environmental impact of energy. Further reduction of this impact on the global environment can be achieved two ways. The short-term one implies the increase in energy efficiency. In the next 15—20 years, the increase in efficiency should become a priority of the energy policy of all states. The long-term one is based on ...
The geopolitical effect of the maritime factor on the spatial development of post-Soviet Russia: the Baltic case
... facilities, such as hubs, across Russia. It is imperative for the nation and its prominent corporations to actively engage in shaping the framework of emerging expansive international maritime socio-geographical structures, facilitating the shift toward global maritime polycentrism. The solution to these problems is closely linked to the priority goal of strengthening Russia’s geostrategic standing in the Baltic region, particularly with a focus on its maritime components. These developments are anticipated ...
The coasts we live in: can there be a single definition for a coastal zone?
... Marine and river environments: a pattern of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Calabria (Southern Italy), Ocean Coastal Management, no. 89, p. 71—78. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.12.007.
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5. Small, C., Nicholls, R.J. 2003, A global analysis of human settlement in coastal zones, Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 19, no. 3, p. 584—599.
6. Barbier,...
The moving boundaries of news translation
... London: Routledge.
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Bielsa, E. and Bassnett, S., 2009. Translation in Global News. London, New York: Routledge.
Bouko, C., et al., (in press) Being a Journalist in a Multilingual Country: Representations of Dutch among Belgian French-Speaking Journalists. Multilingua: Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication....
Security in the Baltic region as a Projection of Global Confrontation between Russia and the USA
... Steven Mann’s controlled chaos theory and the concept of Intermarium. Their starting assumption is that the situation in the Baltic depends largely on the politics of external powers — Russia and the United States, — being a projection of their global geopolitical confrontation. The US strategy thus becomes a major part of the equation. The authors believe that since the end of the second Iraq war the American elite has been divided along ideological lines into adherents of the chaos theory ...
Economic globalization, production internationalization, creation of international production networks
The article is devoted to economic globalization that is considered first of all as the process of formation and development of international production networks. The article shows the differences from the previous production internalization. The specific features of commodity chains and ...
On Estimation of Rainfall Variations over the European Part of Russia
The rainfall variations on the European part of Russia over the period of instrumental observations (1901-2005) are considered in comparison to the hemisphere and global rainfall variations. A positive rainfall trend is indicated over the observation period. The most significant increase in precipitation over the European part of Russia was recorded in the second half of the 20th century and amounted to 20.6 mm/10 ...
Confiscation Estonian style: legal and political aspects of potential seizure of Russian assets in EU countries
... frozen assets they hold is insignificant: given the negligible volume of investment in their economies, a lack of international trust will not have catastrophic consequences for these states.
Confiscating foreign property has been a recurring event in global practice [2]. However, the confiscation of Russian assets has some peculiarities: firstly, due to Russia’s status as a leading global power and a permanent member of the UN Security Council, and secondly, due to the amount of funds that could ...
Geography of the mobile internet in the border and interior regions of Russia
... geopolitical conditions.
Introduction
In the 21st century, digitalization took centre stage, fundamentally altering many spheres of life. As of June 30, 2022,<1> almost 68 % of the world’s population used the internet, which makes this technology globally significant for subsequent digital growth. The internet has facilitated swift data and information exchange, fuelling scholarly debates about the reconfiguration of our familiar geographical landscape. This development has led to the emergence ...
Modern trends in paradiplomacy: a case of Russian-Finnish regional cooperation
... governments’ diplomacy [3, p. 48]. Duhacek further developed the concept of paradiplomacy by identifying the following types of subnational initiatives in the international arena: (1) transborder regional microdiplomacy, (2) transregional microdiplomacy, (3) global paradiplomacy and (4) protodiplomacy [4]. Joenniemi and Sergunin identify two types of paradiplomatic methods. The first one is a direct method that implies the development of distinct foreign ties between cities and regions. The second one is ...
Artificial Intelligence: a catalyst for entrepreneurship education in the Baltics
... planned behaviour.
However, while these contemporary tools provide invaluable support for student entrepreneurship, it is imperative to weigh the strengths and weaknesses of the entrepreneurial potential concept in light of the pervasive influence of global mobility in the modern world.
Literature review. To shift the economy from a liberal to a socially-oriented model and strive for maximum employment, both the EU countries and Russia require a strong foundation of entrepreneurial activity, particularly ...
A typology of the Baltic region states according to excellence in science and technology
Global manufacturing systems function in such a way that countries develop industrial specialisation, which leads to territorial disparities. The countries of the Baltic region are no exception despite their strong economic ties and developed industries....
Attractiveness of the Kaliningrad region: pull factors and reasons for disappointments of migrants from Russian regions
... Rubiera Morollón, F. 2019, Determinants of immigrants’ concentration at local level in Spain: Why size and position still matter, Popul Space Place, vol. 25, № 7, art. e2247,
https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2247
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15. Economist Intelligence Unit, 2008, Global migration barometer: methodology, results & findings. Sponcored by Western Union, URL:
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(accessed 20.01.22).
16. Tuccio, M. 2019, Measuring ...
COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: information campaign, media, society
The Covid-19 pandemic has been a serious challenge to the entire global community. Globally, countries were forced to introduce restrictive measures to contain the infection, inevitably causing popular discontent. Germany introduced some of the most painful restrictions. In times of crisis, timely and reliable information ...
New opportunities for the Russian Baltic exclave in the context of changes in the country’s geopolitical situation
... Council, July 19, 2019, available at:
https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/interview/kakim-zadumyvalsya-inion-chto-budet-s-nim-dalshe-i-kto-delaet-nauku/
(accessed 13.11.2020) (in Russ.).
10. Lukin, A. 2021, The Right to Madness, Rossiya v global’noi politike [Russia in Global Affairs] № 15, September October, 01.09.2021, available at:
https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/pravo-na-bezumie/
(accessed 30.09.2021) (in Russ.).
11. Maergoiz, I. M. 1986, Territorial’naya struktura khozyaistva ...
An “ideal city”, its statics and dynamics
... context. The author offers the definitions of these two notions under historical and modern conditions, and determines the specificity of the ‘ideal city’ as a complex socio-biotechnical system both dependent on the scale of it (local, national, global) and its position within the dynamic global whole. Then, the ideal city notion is analyzed in two aspects: as a channel of presentation of a model of future living environment, and as a form of its application to the goal of making (constructing) ...
Geosituational Modelling of Coastal Marine Systems
... modelling of climate change and geo-ecological consequences, as well as to atlas mapping and landscape planning. As a result of the geosituational analysis the authors got new insights into the solar-terrestrial links, marine-terrestrial ecosystems, global and regional processes related to climate change, oceanization, the vulnerability of natural systems under the increasing pressure of anthropogenic activities, and continuously increasing risks presented by industrial agriculture and other types ...
Geopolitical regionalisation of the Baltic area: the essence and historical dynamics
... extra-regional players pursuing interests in the area.
Historical dynamics of the Baltic regional geopolitical system
It seems more reasonable to discuss the timeline of the geopolitical regionalisation from the perspective of historical dynamics within the global geopolitical system, of which the Baltic region is an integral component. This discussion should be based on a clear understanding of the historical types of geopolitical relations (geopolitical processes and their outcomes) throughout the system’s ...
Military and political cooperation between Germany and Lithuania in the late 2010s to early 2020s
... developed a dependence on Lithuania, driven by the increased desire of the former state to maintain the latter as a reliable junior partner.
Introduction
Since the beginning of the 21st century, Germany has consistently pursued the goal of becoming a global power. However, by the early 2020s, this objective had not been achieved. During the decade spanning from 2014 to 2023, Germany underwent radical shifts in its foreign policy priorities, especially concerning its military engagement. Germany scaled ...
Creative Potential of Artificial Intelligence in the Context of the Idea of the New Enlightenment
The modern world is confronted with a series of global problems, exacerbated by technological advancements. In this context, concerns arise in the public consciousness regarding the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to surpass humans in intellectual and creative activities. The topic of AI ...
Priorities for the development of manufacturing industries in the Kaliningrad region
... trade dwindled. This reduction occurred mostly in terms of physical volumes. In terms of value, as the RIA Novosti agency reports with a reference to Eurostat data, 2002 saw an increase in Russian—European trade by 2.3 %<5> due to the growing global prices of goods constituting Russia’s exports [3]. The country’s Baltic regions, once dubbed a ‘window to Europe’ were becoming less visible as economic players [13].
Western authors are increasingly viewing Kaliningrad from the geopolitical ...
The Visegrad Group and the Baltic Assembly: coalitions within the EU as seen through Russian foreign policy
..., the scale and diversity of the countries of the united Europe make the specifics of their foreign and domestic policies natural. The interests of groups of countries that are ‘embedded’ in common interests are de facto the norm in European and global policy. Busygina and Klimovich, well-known Russian Europeanists, proposed an interesting formula, “a coalition within a coalition”, which perfectly describes this situation [1, p. 7—26].
There are objective geographical, economic and political ...
Comparative analysis of the territorial support frame of settlement in coastal areas: the case of St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad regions
... require investigation include how this can be achieved without turning the entire area into a continuous urban sprawl and how spillover effects can be initiated. The answer, which is particularly important for coastal regions, is broader participation in global trade. For instance, Carl Gaigné and Jacques-François Thisse write that the ‘main contribution’ of new economic geography was the idea that ‘[u]nder constant returns, firms find it profitable to disperse their production to bring it closer ...
Territorial structure of inbound and domestic tourism in the Baltic States
... peripheral regions have lately improved their position, being integrated into national and cross-border tourism routes and increasing outreach in the tourism market.
Introduction
The Baltic States — Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia — entered the global tourist market quite recently, after gaining independence in 1991. Today, tourism is a major factor in their socio-economic development. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council,<1> the industry accounted for 12.1 % of Estonia’s ...
Internet diffusion and interregional digital divide in Russia: trends, factors, and the influence of the pandemic
... lowest values are in the Central African countries (in some countries — less than 10 %). In Russia, the value is about 77 % [5], but there are significant spatial differences [7].
The spread (diffusion) of technologies is spatially uneven, and the global risk of growing digital inequality is highly probable [8]. Differences between countries, regions, and households in access to ICT and the ability to use them grew. This limits the opportunities of a part of society to participate in modern economic ...
The sea factor in the federal regulation of Russia’s spatial development: post-Soviet experience and current priorities
... activity, including public policy. Careful and comprehensive consideration of the features of space, its determinants and possibilities is particularly important for Russia, a vast and very heterogeneous country, which has found itself in the epicentre of global geoeconomic and geopolitical tectonic shifts [2]. Russia has been increasingly focusing on the factors and priorities of its internal dynamics [3], including the socio-geographical situation. A prominent element of the latter is the so-called ...
Typology of world financial centers at the beginning of the 21st century
The study focuses on world financial centers (GFCs), which have different functions, and, forming a network of GFCs, ensure the integration of the countries into the world financial system (WFS). But within the framework of the GFC network, the global financial centers that are part of it, may differentiate significantly and experience inequality. The geography of the research is wide, covering the global and regional levels. The typology drawn up in the work focuses on the functional differentiation ...
Sustainable development of coastal regions: geographical and geopolitical factors and limitations
... Geograficheskie problemy strategii ustoichivogo razvitiya prirodnoi sredy i obshchestva [Geographical problems of the strategy of sustainable development of the natural environment and society], Moscow, RAS, p. 42—47 (in Russ.).
Kondratiev, K. Ya. 1997, Global Ecodynamics and Sustainable Development: Natural Science and the Human Dimension, Regional Research of Russia, vol. 129, no. 6, p. 1—12 (in Russ.).
Glazovsky, N. F. 1999, Goals, opportunities and mechanisms of sustainable development at different ...
Migration attractiveness of the coastal zone of Russia’s North-West: local gradients
... Geographicae, vol. 40, no. 2, p. 5—18. doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2021-0019.
9. Zelinsky, W. 1971, The Hypothesis of the Mobility Transition, Geographical Review, vol. 61, no. 2, p. 219—249.
10. Montanari, A., Staniscia, B. 2011, From global to local: Human mobility in the Rome coastal area in the context of the global economic crisis, Volltextausgaben, no. 3—4. p. 127—200. doi: https://doi.org/10.4000/belgeo.6300.
11. Iden, G., Richter, C. 1971, Factors Associated with Population ...
Transport connectivity as a factor in overcoming challenges of the periphery: the case of rural areas in the Kaliningrad region
... issledovaniya [Regional Studies], no. 10, p. 15—34 (in Russ.).
17. Gumenyuk, I.S. 2020, Geographic specificity of local mobility of the rural population of the Kaliningrad region. In: Baltijskij region — region sotrudnichestva. Regiony v usloviyah global’nyh izmenenij [The Baltic region — a region of cooperation. Regions in the context of global changes], Materials of the IV international scientific and practical conference, Kaliningrad, p.134—143 (in Russ.).
18. Levchenkov, A.V. 2006, Transformation ...