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... assume that the notion of freedom of will as freedom aimed at the good, being a condition for the possibility of morals, relates to the notion of a sentient being in general, including the notion of ‘human being’, whereas the notion of freedom as freedom of choice relates to a real human individual. However, the latter is capable of moral improvement through a “revolution in the disposition” and can correspond to the human determination — the ideal — despite one’s weaknesses. 1. Кант И. Религия ...

... the notion of culture — civilizedness, level of education, and civic virtue. He stressed that the personality and culture existed in a dialectical relationship. Hessen emphasised the primacy of personal freedom and the need to distinguish between freedom and power of choice. Acts of choice are random and unpredictable — they do not have a solid foundation, whereas acts of freedom are a prerequisite for creativity — an integral characteristic of personality. The creative essence of personality suggests individuality ...

The question of whether an artificial moral agent (AMA) is possible implies discussion of a whole ... ... to this day. First, I show the significance of the correlation between moral law and freedom. Since a rational being believes that his/her will is independent of external... ... moral principle would imply the necessity for the individual to choose it, making the choice of the principle itself immoral. Second, although AI has no will as such, which...

The prevailing interpretations of Spinoza’s ethical theory view it as an example of heteronomy in the Kantian sense ... ... recognition of the non-subjective notion of goodness. Added to this is my discussion of freedom and necessity in Kant and Spinoza in which I show that Spinoza’s overarching... ... Yovel, Y., 1998. Kant’s Practical Reason as Will: Interest, Recognition, Judgment and Choice. The Review of Metaphysics, 52(2), pp. 267-294. Zammito, J. H., 1992. The Genesis...

... Improvisation» by A. Mickiewicz and the legend of The Great Inquisitor by F. Dostoevsky. It is shown that F. Dostoevsky reduces the ideology of freedom and power, typical of F. Schiller and A. Mickiewicz, to the Evangelical archetype of the three temptations of Christ and the choice between freedom and power — to a metaphysical dispute about the human soul. 1. Кибальник С. А. «Легенда о Великом инквизиторе» Ф. М. Достоевского и «Дон Карлос» Шиллера // Русская ...

This article focuses on the problem of reconciling a priori and empirical dimensions of freedom, will, and action as the crucial point for understanding the relationship between theoretical and practical reason in ... ... same time, the possibility of reconciling the obligatory and a priori greatest good with a concrete, practical situation of choice remains an open question. 1. Gulyga, A. V. 1977, Kant [Kant], Moscow, 304 p. 2. Gulyga, A. V. 1986, Nemezkaja klassicheskaja ...

... examined the problem in the framework of a polemic on Crusian philosophy. This article presents Crusius’s arguments against the theory that this is the best of all possible worlds and in favour of the theory that there are several good worlds. God’s choice of the actual world owes therefore to the freedom of contradiction (libertas contradictionis) and to the freedom of contrariety (libertas contrarietatis), which are eliminated in the teaching of optimism. Anonym. 1753, Leipzig, in: Krause, J. G. (hg.), Neue Zeitungen von gelehrten Sachen ...

... upbring­ing, adolescence, maturity, his victories, lifetime deification and death. The correlation of the two genre forms helps to reveal and explore the biographic image of Plutarch’s main character as well as his human fate, the aim of life and the freedom of choice. These aspects are reflected in the hagiographic genre. I analyse the similarities and differences of the narrative strategies employed since the narrative (non-diegetic narrator) in the hagiography genre is clearly relat­ed to the non-diegetic ...

Kant’s concept of Gesinnung reveals the whole range of its problematic potential when it has to be ... ... a uniform translation of the term into Russian with a corresponding grounding of my choice. Abbott, T. K., 1883. First Part of the Philosophical Theory of Religion.... ... Theory of Ethics. London: Longmans, pp. 323-360. Alisson, H. E. 1990, Kant’s Theory of Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Anon., 1735. Gesinnet seyn. In: J. H...

According to Kant, “right in a state of nature is called private right” (MS, AA VI, S. 242). It is my claim that there ... ... benefits in the private right. Firstly, I will show how the concept of an innate right to freedom provides no conceptual foundation for a right to enforcement of alleged duties... ..., Oxford, pp. 166—217. 2. Byrd, B. S. 2010, Intelligible Possession of Objects of Choice, in: Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals: A Critical Guide, ed. by L. Denis, Cambridge...

Probability theory, which emerged as early as the 17th century thanks to the works of Pascal and Fermat, served for a long time as a tool of professional mathematicians.... ... predict the results of political elections and formed the basis for the theory of social choice. However, Condorcet’s ideas on the limits of mathematical constructs’ application... ... with Kant’s works, his general ideas on the autonomous subject, their reason and freedom, and history and social progress bear strong similarity to Kant’s views. However...

The hagiographical image of Svyatopolk is analysed as one determined by Christian anthropology. The author asserts that Svyatopolk performs an evil deed neither due to predestination, nor under the influence of fatal circumstances, but of his own free will. Svyatopolk embodies ...