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....ru/bgd/regl/b12_14p/Main.htm (accessed 12 August 2013). 30. Rozhkov-Yuryevsky, Yu. D. 2013, Politiko-geograficheskie osobennosti razvitija Kaliningradskoj oblasti kak jeksklavnogo regiona Rossii [Political and geographical features of the development of the Kaliningrad region as a Russian exclave region], PhD Thesis, Kaliningrad, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. 31. Smorodinskaya, N. V. 2001, Kaliningrad v uslovijah ob#edinenija Evropy: vyzov i otvet [Kaliningrad in terms of uniting Europe: challenge and response], Voprosy Economiki,...

... janvare — dekabre 2011 goda [Basic derived indicators of ruble exchange rate in January— December 2011], 2012, Central Bank of Russia, available at: http://www.cbr.ru/ statistics/print.aspx?file=credit_statistics/ex_rate_ind_11.htm&pid=svs&sid=analit (accessed 24.11.2013). Gareev T. R., Yeliseeva N. A. exclave, Kaliningrad region, special economic zone, export, import, interregional trade, commodity flow model. 54-68 10.5922/2079-8555-2014-1-5

Balanced economic and demographic development is vital for ensuring the dynamic and proportional development of the regions. However, Russia as a whole and the exclave region of Kaliningrad as its integral part demonstrate significant disproportions between the need for human resources and their availability. This article aims to assess the balance between the components of the regional system of demography, education and economy ...

... and introduced. The author offers a new classification of contemporary and historical enclaves and exclaves. The article identifies the specific features of the Kaliningrad region in comparison to other enclave territories. The difference between the exclavity of the Kaliningrad region in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods is emphasised. The author shows the evolution of the use of concepts of enclave and exclave for describing the fe atures of the Kaliningrad region’s positions from the perspective of the mother and surrounding ...

..., P. 2015, Regional Economic Development, Social Capital and Governance: A Buchanian Approach, CESIS Electronic Working Paper Series, no. 390, 38 p. 31. Wilson, J. 2008, Territorial competitiveness and development policy, Orkestra, Basque Institute of Competitiveness, Basque Country, Spain, 31 p. Kuznetsova A. Kaliningrad region, exclave, sustainable development, economy restructuring 83-95 10.5922/2079-8555-2015-3-7

This article considers the origin, development, change in the status, and extinction of enclave and exclave formations in the territory of the modern Kaliningrad region. The author offers information on their socio-economic and political features. The article identifies enclave (exclave) problems peculiar to them, including the land access (passenger and cargo transit) of the metropolis to the isolated territory,...

The Kaliningrad region is developing in complicated exclave conditions, which results in insufficient resilience of its economy to external impacts. There is a need for constant monitoring of the economic situation in the region and the adaptation of the regional strategy to changing conditions. This article sets out to evaluate the stages of regional economy development ...

Various studies of economic and geographical relations in Russian regions often overemphasise the role of economy. However, the quality and quantity of human resources is one of the key factors behind distribution and development of production. Human resources are of even more importance in the Kaliningrad exclave. This paper aims to increase understanding of the role of human resources in the economic development of the Kaliningrad ...

This work juxtaposes the analysis of the federal discourse on the exclave position of the Kaliningrad region in 1994—2012 based on the screening by the Nezavisimaya gazeta and the results of surveys of students at the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University and the Universities of Gdansk and Klaipeda using a similar questionnaire. Students of all three ...

This study undertakes a contextual analysis of economic and legal risks associated with investment in the Kaliningrad region. The authors emphasise the importance of public-private partnership (PPP) in minimising such risks in order to enhance ... ... available at http://www.raexpert.ru/database/regions/kalinin (accessed 15.04.2016). (in Russ.) 9. Klemeshev, A. P. 2009, Russian Exclave on the Baltic Sea: Evolution of Exclavity and Ways to Overcome It, Balt. Reg., Vol. 1, no. 2, p. 86—97. DOI: 10.5922/2079-8555-2009-2-11....

The author considers peculiarities of the emergence and evolution of exclavity of the Kaliningrad region. The article analyses the influence of exclavity on the connections of the region with the Russian mainland, its economic development, exclave administration, and Kaliningrad identity and examines the ways the existing disadvantages can be overcome....

After the World War II, the part of East Prussia taken by the Soviet Union was transformed into ... ... Eastern Baltics and domination in Poland. After the Cold War, Kaliningrad Oblast, a territory of 15,000 square metres with a ... ... ashore became isolated from the motherland and turned into an exclave. Gradually the exclave found itself first at the crossroads ... .... Lopata R . Relations with Russia; Lithuania’s Promotion of Regional Secu­ri­ty / R. Lopata, Č. Laurinavičius, E. Nekrašas ...

... под ред. В. В. Ивченко. Калининград: Изд-во КГУ, 2002. 40. Actual issues for Development of Semi-medium sized Cities in Kaliningrad Region / ed. by G.  М . Fedorov. Kaliningrad , 2008. 41. European Union and Russia : past, present and future / ed. by A.... ... Analitic Report / ed. by A. P. Klemeshev, S. V. Kortunov. Kaliningrad : Kaliningrad state University, 2003. 44. Klemeshev A. Exclavity under globalization. Kaliningrad : I. Kant University Press, 2007. 45. Klemeshev A., Fedorov G. From an isolated ...

... Vendina, O. 2019, Living in the Borderlands: Interpretation of Border Security Problems by Residents of Russian Border Towns, Laboratorium, no. 2 (11), p. 30—69. doi: 10.25285/2078-1938-2019-11-2-30-69 (in Russ.). 5. Sebentsov, A., Zotova, M. 2018, The Kaliningrad region: challenges of the exclave position and ways to offset them, Balt. Reg., no. 1 (10), p. 89—106. doi: 10.5922/2079-8555-2018-1-6. 6. Batyk, I., Semenova, L. 2013, Cross-border cooperation in tourism between the Warmian-Masurian voivodeship and the Kaliningrad region, Balt....

An exclave position makes the economic security problems of the Kaliningrad region more complex as compared with other Russian territories. Deteriorating relations between Russia and the West compound the situation. This has been especially so since 2014 when economic sanctions were imposed against Russia, and the country retaliated....

... and warranted a revision of the old ones. The article investigates the reaction of the region’s economy to the challenges of its exclave position and considers possible measures to offset related problems in the current geopolitical situation. The article employs statistics, regional strategies, cross-border cooperation programmes, and expert interviews conducted by the authors in Kaliningrad in 2012—2014. The vast body of empirical data is instrumental in analysing the views of different stakeholders and ...

... vozrozhdeniju) [Horizons of marine economic development of the Russian exclave (from stagnation to recovery)], Kaliningrad, RGU im. I. Kanta. Ivchenko Vladislav, Teplitsky Vladimir fishing fleet, fishing enterprises, innovative development, marine fisheries, exclave region of Kaliningrad Region 110-112 10.5922/2079-8555-2012-3-10

... status, as well as to the policy of the federal center in relation to the region. Using calculations of coefficient of loyalty of voting for election participants, the author identifies the main electoral features that have developed over 27 years. 1.... ... постсоветской России // Полития. 2005/2006. № 4. С. 161—202. Krishtal М. electoral geography, Kaliningrad region, exclave, elections, electoral behavior, political parties, center — periphery 93-108

The exclave and coastal position of the Kaliningrad region determines the development conditions that differ from other regions, including those of the regional innovation subsystem. The most important and integral part of this subsystem which actually ensures the interaction of its components, is trans­fer ...

... adversary in the Baltic, there are no comparable social and economic guarantees Here, paradoxically, the situation can open up opportunities for increasing the co­herence of the narrow, purely peripheral interests of the Russian exclave and the regions of neighboring countries, primarily Lithuania and Poland. Tarasov I. N. Kaliningrad region, exclave, foreign positioning 77-85

... of domestic production, but also the growth of food prices, the narrowing of the food range and deterioration of the quality of agricultural produce in the Kaliningrad region. 1. Алиханов ввел в Калининградской области ЧС из-за обильных осадков,... ... экономики. 2015. № 5. С. 63—78. Kozlyakovskaya E. Ya. import substitution, food security, special territory, exclave region, Kaliningrad region 36-43

The article studies coastal exclaves as a special type of enclave territories of the world. They are understood as territories separated from ... ... given. Coastal exclaves are compared to other ones in Russian typologies of enclave regions. The author has classified coastal exclaves according to several parameters... ... Anthropology, Geography and Environmental Studies (SAGES). Melbourne, 2004. 10. Nies S. Ach, Kaliningrad. Eine ungewönlich gewönliche Enklave // Osteuropa. 2003. № 53, 2—3...

... is shown to reflect the post-industrial nature of its economy and are comparable with those of other subjects of the Russian Federation being average in development. A special regional feature is fluctuations in volume and branch structure of the GRP of the Kaliningrad Region, which are more significant than the average for Russia, due to its small size and, most importantly, the exclave geographic location. 1. Бондаренко Н. А. Валовой региональный продукт в оценке экономического развития региона // Ученые заметки ТОГУ. 2017. Т. 8, № ...

... Crimean federal district) and compares them to other national and international enclaves. Another focus is the evolution of both territories from the national exclaves within the USSR into external ones. The author analyses general characteristics of the Kaliningrad region and Crimea from the perspective of their enclave/ exclave status. On this basis, Crimea is classified as a quasi-enclave. Special attention is given to the geographic and socio-economic situations in the two exclaves and particularities of their administration from the mainland. The article describes ...

This article focuses on the development of research in the exclave region. The authors offer a programme of research development in the Kaliningrad region. The article describes the principal lines of implementation of priorities of modernization and technological upgrade of regional industries. 1. Bil'chak, V. S., Duplenko, N. G. 2008. Predprinimatel'stvo regiona.Kaliningrad. 2. Bil'chak,...

... which has swept across the globe, is a serious challenge to the Russian labour market. This article examines the consequences of Covid-19 for Russia’s Kaliningrad exclave and how its territorially isolated and lockdown-affected small labour market responds to drastic changes in employment,... ... Another question is how the immigrant-rich labour market will rebalance the supply-demand equation. Official statistics from the regional government and its subordinate bodies shows that the Kaliningrad regional labour market has been severely battered by ...

... regionalization in the era of globali­zation. The author employs a wide range of methods — economic-statistical, economic-cartographic and graphoanalytical analysis — and critically reviews a wide body of literature on the problem. It is shown that the exclave position of the Kaliningrad region makes it difficult to justify a long-term strategy of its socio-economic development. Most of the previously developed strategies were based on export and / or import-substitution, proceeding from the advan­tageous geographical position in the ...

... within the World Ocean. In: Geografiya okeana: teoriya, praktika, problemy [Geography of the ocean: theory, practice, problems], Leningrad, p. 148—161. (in Russ.) 19. Sergunin, А. А. 2013, Russia and the European Union in the Baltic region: a treacherous path to partnership, Balt. Reg., no. 4, p. 38—47. doi: 10.5922/2079-8555-2013-4-4... ... M., Zverev, Yu. M., Korneevets, V. S. 1997, Rossiiskii eksklav na Baltike [Russian exclave in the Baltic Sea], Kaliningrad, 312 p. (in Russ.) 23. Fedorov, G. M., Zverev, Yu. M., Korneevets, V. S...

The development of the Kaliningrad region, Russian exclave in the Baltic, is significantly influenced by foreign policy factors. The deterioration of rela­tions between Russia and the West has led to a reduction in the region's eco­nomic ties with the neighbouring Baltic States. The coastal position ...

After the demise of the USSR the Kaliningrad region became a Russian exclave, geographically separated from the rest of Russia by foreign states. The development of the region became dependent on external factors, including Russia’s political relations with foreign countries, NATO and EU. Geopoliti­cal changes required ...

The border location of the Warmian-Masurian voivodeship and the Kaliningrad region is a prerequisite for active cooperation at different institutional levels. The development of cross-border cooperation ... ... doi: 10.5922/2079-8555-2013-1-3. 23. Klemeshev, A. P. 2007, Jeksklavnost' v uslovijah globalizacii: izbrannye publikacii [Exclave in the context of globalization: selected publications], Kaliningrad, Immanuel Kant State University of Russia, 354 p....

... general theory of polarized development, Ford Foundation, Urban and Regional Development Advisory Program in Chile. 8. Klemeshev, A., Fedorov, G. 2005, From an isolated exclave – to a “development corridor”. Alternative development strategies of the Russian exclave on the Baltic Sea, Kaliningrad, 194 p. Fedorov G., Korneevets V. coastal regions, socioeconomic typology, types of Russia’s coastal regions 89-101 10.5922/2079-8555-2015-4-7

... working towards new interregional collaborations and looking for partners in other markets. Russia’s outposts in the Baltic — St. Petersburg and the Kaliningrad region — play a central communicative role in relations with European countries. An exclave under transport and logistics blockade, the Kaliningrad region is increasingly seeking new areas and forms of cooperation with St. Petersburg. In this study, I consider the historical connections between the Kaliningrad region (once, part of East Prussia) and Saint Petersburg in terms of infrastructure, logistics, marketing, production, human resources, recreation,...

.... Russian statistical yearbook: 1994, 1994. 799 p. (In Russ.) 15. Russia and EU. Reference book. Russia and member countries of the European Union. 2015, 2015, 271 p. (In Russ.) 16. Federal State Statistics Service, available: http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b04_03/IssWWW.... ... (eds.), 1997, Rossijskij `eksklav na Baltike: Kaliningradskaya oblast' v baltijskom `ekonomicheskom prostranstve [The Russian exclave on Baltic: The Kaliningrad region in the Baltic economic space], Kaliningrad, 312 p. (In Russ.) 18. Fedorov, G. M., Zverev, Yu. M., Korneevets, V. S. 2012,...

... to address the issue. Its application at a subnational level is, however, limited by methodological problems. To analyse economic complexity at a subnational level, a basic methodology and special software were developed within this study. The object of the research is the exclave Kaliningrad region, whose location makes it possible to capture accurate and comprehensive data on international and interregional trade. Based on the EC analysis theory and practice, the study involved the development of methods, algorithms, and software to form ...

This article analyses possibilities for minimising energy threats to the economy of the Kaliningrad region — an isolated Russian exclave. The au-thors consider the key aspects of the region’s economic security, identify threats, and provide a critical assessment different solutions to this problems. The research is based on the data of Rosstat and international statistics (IEA),...

... working towards new interregional collaborations and looking for partners in other markets. Russia’s outposts in the Baltic — St. Petersburg and the Kaliningrad region — play a central communicative role in relations with European countries. An exclave under transport and logistics blockade, the Kaliningrad region is increasingly seeking new areas and forms of cooperation with St. Petersburg. In this study, I consider the historical connections between the Kaliningrad region (once, part of East Prussia) and Saint Petersburg in terms of infrastructure, logistics, marketing, production, human resources, recreation,...

The Kaliningrad region, being an exclave, needs an updated regional development strategy based on the national strategy of modernisation and innovation-based development and, at the same time, taking into account the geopolitical aspect. It is necessary to proceed with the implementation of large-scale projects that stimulate the development of both the regional economy ...

The Baltic Sea region is one of the most developed transnational regions. It comprises the coastal areas of Russia,... ... economic integration of the North-West of the Russian Federation and the European Union], Kaliningrad, 392 p. 2. Vasilyeva, N. A., Kosov, Yu. V. 2015, Evrazijskij region: dialektika... ...., Zverev, Yu. М., Korneevets, V. S. 1997, Rossijskij jeksklav na Baltike [Russian exclave on the Baltic Sea], Kaliningrad, 312 p. 13. Fedorov, G. M., Zverev, Yu. М...

This article evaluates the social wellbeing of rural municipalities of the Kaliningrad region. The degree of social wellbeing is assessed on the basis of an analysis of statistical data and expert evaluations. Rural ... ... specificheskie faktory razvitija jekonomiki rossijskogo jeksklava [General and specific factors of economic development of the Russian exclave], Vestnik ARGO, no. 2, p. 195—205, available at: www.vestnikagro.sfedu.ru (accessed 09.12.2013). 18. Definition of ...

... the managerial competencies that are crucial for the adequate and stable functioning of regional administration systems. An analysis of the components of managerial competencies and their factors is carried out to identify their status in the centre of an exclave region (Kaliningrad) and in Moscow. The study draws on the authors’ frame-based methodology (Rospatent No. 2012660535), which makes it possible to obtain objective empirical information on competency factors and their types. Sought-after competencies and their ...

The article is devoted to the topical issue of providing innovation security of the Kaliningrad region, Russia’s exclave on the Baltic Sea. The author discusses the importance of creating a favourable innovation environment in the region for sustainable implementation of the innovative model of economic development. The author assesses the innovation environment ...

... by foreign investors and identifies the position of the Kaliningrad region among the regions of North-West Russia 1. Официальный сайт Правительства... ... статистики по Калининградской области. URL: http://kaliningrad.gks.ru (дата обращения: 07.02.2015). 3. Прохорова... ... (дата обращения: 07.02.2015). Prokhorova O. foreign direct investment, exclave region, regions of North-West Russia. 118-123

The longstanding efforts of federal authorities aimed at the development of the Kaliningrad region did not meet the expectations. The region can be considered as depressed; it is characterised by the instability of the ... ... mechanisms of governmental regional development regulation that neglect the unique nature of this Russian territory: its enclave/exclave status, the settling history of the region, the dependence on external markets, etc. To solve the problems of the Kaliningrad ...

... Sravnitel'naja ocenka innovacionnogo potenciala stran Baltijskogo regiona [A comparative assessment of the innovative potential of the Baltic region countries], Balt. reg., no. 2, p. 48—54. doi: 10.5922/2079-8555-2011-2-5. 8. Klemeshev, A. P., Fedorov, G. M. 2004, Ot ... ... rossijskogo jeksklava na Baltike [From an isolated enclave — a "corridor development". Alternative to the Russian exclave on the Baltic Sea], Kaliningrad, Izdatel'stvo Kaliningradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 253 p. 9. Klemeshev, A. P., Fedorov, G. M., Zverev, ...

The article analyses expert influence on decision making process. The author argues that high uncertainty increases political elite’s attention to experts under the conditions of democratic transit. The case of the Kaliningrad exclave is taken as an example. 1.  Абрамов В.   Н. Калининградская область: социально-политические и гео­политические аспекты общественной трансформации ...

The Kaliningrad region is a border and a coastal area in one. Such a combination of geographic features affects the development of this exclave region of Russia. The maritime status has a direct and indirect positive impact on the sectoral structure and the pace of economic growth. The role of the borderline situation is ambivalent: if the relations with neighboring countries and the ...

The challenges of regional strategic development planning for contempo­rary Russia are of major socio-economic and political importance. With regard to the Kaliningrad region since when it was established, the problem of choos­ing a devel­opment ... ... the most important geopolitical factor in the life of the region. The dialectic of exclave is in the discretion of not only the obstacles, but also of the development...

... conditions. Gender differences are identified in the level and structure of competence. The authors believe that certain differences in competence components identified through mathematical methods are determined by the geographical characteristics of the Kaliningrad region — its exclave nature, a relatively small territory, and proximity to the EU countries. It is stressed that the regional conditions affecting motivation, forms and areas of activities, and structure of experience should be taken into account in selecting means ...

The authors consider peculiarities and methodological approaches to scientific maintenance of a branch taking as an example the agriculture of the Kaliningrad region being the exclave region of Russia. 1.  Бильчак В.   С., Дупленко Н.   Г. Предпринимательство региона / под ред. В.   С. Бильчака. Калининград, 2008. 2.  История сельского ...