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This article discusses the development of post-Soviet nationalist identity in Latvia under the influence of nationalist neo-Nazi organizations and persuasion. The ethnic component occupies a central place in today's political identification in Latvia. It is proved that major political groups and parties recognize and proclaim nationalist principles regardless of their basic ideology. 1. Parming T. Nationalism in Soviet Estonia since 1964 // Nationalism in the USSR and Eastern Europe in the era of...

This article examines legal conscience in view of its little-studied generating function. The author considers the ideas affecting legal consciousness in different types of cultures – humanocentric and sociocentric ones. The idea of power underlies legal consciousness in sociocentric cultures, and the idea of freedom that of person-oriented cultures. The deformations of legal consciousness characteristic of modern Russia are explained by an incomplete transition from socio- to himanocentrism. 1...

This article addresses certain issues of the legal regulation of collaterals in view of the civil law reforms. The author considers the problem of establishing the legal nature of the collateral, as well as the possibilities of using certain types of collaterals. 1. О совершенствовании Гражданского кодекса Российской Федерации : указ Президента РФ от 18 июля 2008 г. № 1108 // Собр. законодательства Рос. Федерации. 2008. № 29, ч. 1, ст. 3482. 2. Концепция развития гражданского законодательства...

This article discusses the application of tactics in the examination of witness. The author addresses the admissibility of tactics depending on the type of witness and investigatory situation. Special attention is paid to the admissibility of using methods of emotional and psychological pressure. 1. Всеобщая декларация прав человека [Электронный ресурс] : принята Генеральной Ассамблеей ООН 10 дек. 1948 г. Доступ из справ.-правовой системы «КонсультантПлюс». 2. О гражданских и политических правах...

This article considers the reception of the liberal concept of freedom in Russian conservatism as exemplified by K. N. Leontyev and L. A. Tikhomirov. Reasoning in the framework of Russian philosophical organicism, each philosopher insists on his own approach to analysing social phenomena. It is shown that Leontyev, in line with naturalistic aestheticism, sharply criticises the philistine ideal triumphing through the implementation of the liberal interpretation of freedom. Tikhomirov, under the influence...

This article addresses the problem of development of state archive institutions in Russian in the period of developed socialism in the USSR. It is shown that, despite certain professional achievements, Russian state archives were faced with unfavourable conditions explained by the ideological and political requirements of the Soviet party and state mechanism. The issue of the inequality of the RSFSR in terms the possession and use of national documentary heritage. 1. 20 лет архивного строительства...

This article identifies the features of analytical approach to studying the sectoral structure of economy, including the general economic, socio-economic, and investment performance. It is concluded that the gross regional product shows steady growth, structural differences from the national average are insignificant, manufacturing produces the greatest output, and wholesale and retail trade is dominated by real estate operations. 1. Развитие экономики Калининградской области в ключевых показателях...

This article discusses the problem of correlation between the two fundamental concepts of Kantian philosophy — transcendental reflection and the ideal of pure reason. Based on the analysis of Kant’s three Critiques, the author demonstrates that the ideal of pure reason can be described as a goal that defines the shape of knowledge in any field of activity, whereas transcendental reflection is a means to embody the ideal of pure reason in practice, i. e. to apply it to concrete disparate and multifarious...

This article presents a semiotics-oriented methodology of analysing images of states. Based on the results obtained in the field of structural semiotics of narration, the author introduces a scheme for analysing the syntactics of images suggesting their consideration from the perspective of actantial roles characteristic of the states in question in certain discourses. A. J. Greimas's model of narrative syntactics is used to demonstrate how syntactic descriptions of images of states can be built...

This article examines changes in the federal laws governing the institution of citizenship in the Russian Federation. Proposals on improving the existing legislation are made based on the analysis conducted. 1. Европейская конвенция о гражданстве от 6 ноября 1997 г. ETS № 166 [Электронный ресурс]. Доступ из справ.-правовой системы «КонсультантПлюс». 2. О гражданстве Российской Федерации [Электронный ресурс] : федер. закон от 31 мая 2002 г. № 62-ФЗ : ред. от 20.04.2014 г. Доступ из справ.-правовой...

This article analyses the basic norms of international law on the protection of marine environment from vessel-source pollution. The universal and regional levels of legal regulation of preventing marine environment pollution are identified. Special attention is paid to the status of the Baltic Sea as a “special area” and as a “particularly sensitive sea area”. 1. Meeresumweltschutz für Nord- und Ostsee: Sondergutachten, Februar 2004 /SRU, Der Rat von Sachverständigen für Umweltfragen. Baden-Baden...

This article considers the tactics of examining the victim, suspect, and witnesses and the on-site verification of testimony in cases related to crimes against public officers based on the criminal cases studied by the author. 1. Волчецкая Т. С., Осипова Е. В., Киселев Д. Г. Структура и особенности криминалистической характеристики преступлений, совершенных в отношении представителей власти // Вестник Балтийского федерального университета им. И. Канта. Калининград, 2011. Вып. 9. С. 93—100. 2....

This article analyses Fedor Stepun’s idea of social Christianity. The au¬thor identifies the axiological context of the Baden School of Neo-Kantian thought in Stepun’s interpretation of Christian God. The significance of Christian politics in the philosopher’s assessment of socio-political processes is stressed. 1. Степун Ф. А. Борьба либеральной и тоталитарной демократии вокруг понятия истины // Степун Ф. А. Соч. М., 2000. С. 557—564. 2. Степун Ф. А. Бывшее и несбывшееся. СПб., 1994. 3. Степун...

The article gives an overview of German fine arts of the late 1930s as exemplified by the murals painted by a professor of the Königsberg Academy of Arts Eduard Bischoff in the East Prussian town of Insterburg. The themese of monumental paintings created a national socialism are considered in the ...

This article analyses possibilities for minimising energy threats to the economy of the Kaliningrad region — an isolated Russian exclave. The au-thors consider the key aspects of the region’s economic security, identify threats, and provide a critical assessment different solutions to this problems. The research is based on the data of Rosstat and international statistics (IEA), analytical materials, and publications on the problems of global and regional energy security. The articles suggests that...

This article is devoted to the investigation of forensic and psychological features of persons sentenced to restriction of liberty on the basis of a psychological and sociological analysis of persons sentenced to restriction of freedom registered at penal institutions of the Kaliningrad region. An analysis of the results of the study suggest that, during the sentence period, those sentenced to restriction of freedom either do not reject the commonly accepted norms, values, and behavior patterns or...

This article considers the legal content of the concept of "leaving the community" though analyzing the legal nature of the farmstead and district land tenure formed through placing land in personal ownership, individual allotments, and complete division of rural lands into farmsteads and isolated land plots. It is shown that the reform legislation did not suggest legal discrimination of the community, which retained its administrative, economic, and land-related functions. 1. Вронский...

This article considers the tariff policy issues serving as the focus of economic discussions, since their solution has a profound effect on the opportunities of the country’s economic development. The tariff policy problems impair the efficiency and competitiveness of national business and lower living standards. The government declares its readiness to limit the growth of tariffs, which, however, suggests “manual operation” and stopgap measures. The author emphasizes the need to reconsider the methodology...

This article considers the method of cluster formation through applying the principles of hierarchical cluster analysis of multidimensional statistical data of factors affecting the competitive advantages of hotel firms and its testing in the Kaliningrad hotel services market. The authors identify the clusters in the Kaliningrad hotel services market and describe the objects most involved in competition, as well as the objects potentially possessing both similar and unique factors affecting their...

This article examines the development of draft resolutions of the USSR Council of Ministers “On the Priority Measures for the Population of Districts and the Development of Agriculture in the Kaliningrad Region.” The author considers the reasons behind a reduction in financial benefits and food support for settlers in the Kaliningrad region. 1. История края (1945—1950) : учеб. пособие для студентов-историков Калининградского государственного университета / В. Г. Бирковский и др. Калининград, 1984...

This article discusses the features of application of the free customs zone procedure in the Kaliningrad region, draws attention to the problems arising in the judicial practice relating to the application of the said customs procedure, and proposes measures to improve the mechanism of the customs zone procedure applied in the Kaliningrad region in the conditions of the Customs Union. 1. Об Особой экономической зоне в Калининградской области и о внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты...

This article considers the application of witness personality doctrine when investigating crimes against public officials. The cases of crimes against employees of correctional facilities help describe the features of different categories of witnesses and propose tactics of interrogating witnesses of each type. 1. Информационный бюллетень Прокуратуры Калининградской области. 2008—2012. 2. Волчецкая Т. С., Осипова Е. В., Киселев Д. Г. Структура и особенности криминалистической характеристики преступлений...

This article analyses the process of development and functioning of the state system of support for World War I refugees from the western territories of the Russian Empire in case of the central provinces of European Russia. It is concluded that the state system of refugee support proved to be efficient and managed to solve the problem of evacuation and relocation, as well as that of meeting the basic needs of millions of refugees throughout the war period. 1. Белова И. Б. Первая мировая война и...

This article argues that the globalisation of markets and the transition to the information society requires the management of modern organisations to develop new solutions and approaches to management. The development of network society suggests a transition to management in the conditions of growing market turbulence and interdependence of market actors. Therefore, the ability of managers to align the diverse interests of stakeholders — groups, organizations, and individuals that affect or may...

In the framework of the research problem of increasing the effectiveness of marketing activities, the authors describe a layered approach to assessing marketing effectiveness with the use of a balanced scorecard system, as well as the results of its practical application in the case of large industrial enterprises of the Kaliningrad region. The article presents the authors’ layered system of models of development of an information base for assessing marketing effectiveness. 1. Jeffery M. Data-driven...

This article analyses the changes to the legal status of various categories of allotment during P.A. Stolypin’s agrarian reform. It is shown that the introduction of the institution of personal property (which is not identical to private property) did not mean the elimination of rural community’s ownership of a significant part of the allotment land. 1. Анфимов А. М. Неоконченные споры // Вопросы истории. 1997. № 6. 2. Дубровский С. М. Столыпинская земельная реформа: Из истории сельского хозяйства...

This article analyses the ethnonymy and other ethnocultural markers (denomination, language) of the residents of Belarusian lands during the partitions of Poland on the basis of works by S. Plescheev, H. F. Hackmann, L. M. Maksimovich, V. M. Severgin, and other scholars. The urban population was ethnically identified as Polish, whereas the rural peasant one as predominantly Lithuanian. 1. Вуглік І. Р. Этнаніміка беларусаў XVII—XVIII ст.: экзаэтнонімы // Весці БДПУ. 2009. Сер. 2. Гісторыя. Філасофія...

This article considers the cession or transfer of rights of claim under a credit agreement and the cases of cession restriction established by law. The author analyses the judicial practice of commercial courts and courts of general jurisdiction. It is stressed that the current legislation does not contain provisions that forbid a bank to cede rights under a credit agreement. The conclusion is made that the law provides an opportunity for alienating the bank’s rights (claims) in respect of borrowers...

This article analyses an efficient method of interacting with customer, which is aimed at the successful adaptation of innovations. It is noted that, in hi-tech markets, such interaction with all groups of customers can be carried out through a strong brand, whereas special importance is attached to the creation of the brand’s ecosystem, which would make it possible to offer the customer package solutions and include them into the value added chain. 1. Аакер Д. Создание сильных брендов. М., 2003...

This article analyses the historical prerequisites for the development of the legal framework for local self-governance in the last years of the USSR and RSFSR and the first years of the Russian Federation, as well as its role in the political system and the social life of modern Russia. The author identifies the key contradictions in power relations between public and local authorities. 1. Конституция Рос. Федерации [Электронный ресурс]. Доступ из справ.- правовой системы «КонсультантПлюс» (дата...

This article considers the issues of trust in banks in terms of the rationality of clients’ behavior and behavioural economy. The author’s empirical study of 370 owners of small and microfirms located in the Warmian-Masurian voivodeship suggests that approximately 69 % of the respondents prefer the services of Polish banks (or those dominated by Polish capital) and 10.1 % prefer banks with foreign capital. The rest of the respondents (20.9 %) have no particular opinion on the subject. 1. Akerlof...

The subject of this study is the influence of area factors on the innovation activities of small enterprises. The main theoretical aspects of regional asymmetry of economic development are analyzed. The article presents the author’s method of assessing regional asymmetry of small enterprise innovation development and the mechanism of its diagnostics tested in the case of the regions of the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation. The most meaningful factors affecting innovation activities...

This article is devoted to the Department of Awareness of the Don Government and its activities during the Russian Civil War. The author describes in detail the structure of the organization, it principal activities, and the reasons behind its closure. The author pays special attention to the political situation in Russia in 1919 and the importance of agitation during the disintegration of the old foundations of the state. 1. Государственный архив Российской Федерации (ГАРФ) Ф. Р-440. Оп. 1. Д....

This article explores the parallels between the Lithuanian movements for national independence in 1917—1920 and 1988—1991 as analyzed in the Anglo-American historiography of the first half of the 1990s. Such scholars as A. Lieven and other authors characterize some main similarities and differences between those movements. These scholars emphasize the ambiguity of the Soviet experience, as well as the internal conflicts within the Lithuanian political elite and demonstrate the productivity of the...

This article considers the topical issues of modern Russian notary system and the prospects of its development. The author formulates certain recommendations on the improvement of legislation pertaining to the legal status of the notary. The draft federal law ‘On the Notary System and Activities in the Russian Federation’ is analysed. 1. Основы законодательства Российской Федерации о нотариате / (утв. ВС РФ. 1993 № 4462-1) (ред. от 05.04.2013 № 43-ФЗ) // Ведомости СНД и ВС РФ. 1993, № 10. Ст. 357...

This article considers the problems of studying the strategic potential of organisations in the modern conditions. The authors analyse the methods of allowing for the uncertainty factor within the programming solution development procedures. 1. Друкер П. Ф. Задачи менеджмента в XXI веке / пер. с англ. М., 2004. 2. Нельсон Р., Уинтер С. Эволюционная теория экономических изменений. М., 2002. 3. Обен Ж.-П. Нелинейный анализ и его экономические приложения. М., 1988. 4. Чуйкин А., Блёх Ю. Анализ...

This article considers the events of the 1930—1940s in the Baltics. The authors analyse changes in the political systems and international priorities of the ruling elites of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. The influence of domestic factors on solving the problem of independence preservation in the conditions of world war is identified. 1. Anušauskas A. Teroras ir nusikaltimai žmoniškumui. Pirmoji sovietinė okupacija. Terror and Crimes against Humanity. The First Soviet Occupation. Vilnius, 2006...

This article analyses the need for, and barriers to, the replacement of fixed assets for enterprises. The author presents a business model of renovation funds for the replacement of enterprises’ fixed assets based on the optimal ratio between an increase in depreciation expense and growth in the expected revenue from an opportune technological upgrade. Special attention is paid to the integration of the innovative mechanism of depreciation charges and savings in regulating the depreciation policy...

This article analyses the problems of civil law regulation, identifies contentious issues, and states that the dispositive principle can act as a basis for economic relations development. 1. О внесении изменений в главы 1, 2, 3 и 4 части первой Гражданского кодекса Российской Федерации : федеральный закон от 30.12.2012 № 302-ФЗ : ред.от 04.03.2013 // Собрание законодательства РФ. 2012. № 53, ч. 1, ст. 7627. 2. Зорькин В. Д. Выступление на Международной научно-практической конференции в г. Москве...

This article focuses on the eradication of Latvian khutors in Bashkiria as a result of the state plan for total collectivization. The author arrives at a conclusion that it resulted in the elimination of conditions for ethnicity development. 1. Архивный отдел администрации Иглинского района Республики Башкортостан. Похозяйственная книга колхоза Баложи за 1940—1942 гг. 2. Бежкович А. С. Этнические особенности земледелия у народов Башкирии (XIX — XX в.) // Археология и этнография Башкирской АССР...

Historically, the magistrates’ court — being a public institute in its nature — has co-existed with community (communal) authorities, including judiciary institutions. As a result, under certain conditions, community courts are subject to the magistrates’ court or even included in its structure, absorbed by it. This article investigates the background and course of this process in the history of the Russian Empire of the 19th/early 20th centuries. The author explains how volost courts gradually became...

This article considers the current problems of fight against corruption in Russia. The author analyzes the capacity of the state and society to combat corruption. It is concluded that the scale of criminal factors affecting corruption is not proportional to the means of combating this phenomenon. In the current conditions, the most effective anti-corruption measures are the upgrading of criminal penalties. 1. Клейменов М. П., Клейменов И. М. Престиж криминологии в мире и в России // Криминологический...

This article proposes a practical method for estimating the regional asymmetry of small and medium business development and presents the results of its approbation in the Northwestern Federal District of Russia. The author makes a conclusion that small and medium business is developing unevenly. The author's method can be used in studying other aspects of the asymmetry of economic development as well as in drawing up small and medium enterprise stimulations programs. 1. Бухарова Е. Б. Оценка стратегического...

The main purpose of this article is to answer the question of the role of Kantian political philosophy for the theory of international relations. The answer is giving through the examination of the main trends in the interpretation of Kant's place in one of the major paradigms of the theory of international relations: realism, idealism, liberalism, and institutionalism. Author shows that Kant’s inclusion in a particular paradigm of international relations cannot be directly done. Otherwise, inevitably...

An entrepreneur is regularly faced with the problem of reducing potential economic risks; however, the assessment of risk hedging effect is often complicated. This article presents a typology of economic risks and a methodology for commodity risk hedging. The author proposes a model of open position hedging and introduces the problem of presenting hedging results 1. Брейли Р., Майерс С. Принципы корпоративных финансов. 2-е рус. изд.М., 2008. 2. Меламед Л. Бегство во фьючерсы. М., 2010. 3. Agriculture...

This article analyses civil and educational legislation as to the use of concepts pertaining to economic activities in education. Special attention is paid to the concepts of economic, entrepreneurial, and profit generating activities, as well as the criteria of its implementation in the field of education. The author emphasizes the need to standardize these concepts in the framework legislation. 1. Об образовании в Российской Федерации : федеральный закон от 29.12.2012 г. № 273-ФЗ // Собрание законодательства...

This article analyses the process of development of Russian population’s business activities during the early Perestroika period. The case of Central Black Earth regions helps examine the outcomes and complications associated with the establishment and functioning of cooperatives producing consumer goods and providing personal services. 1. Об индивидуальной трудовой деятельности // Ведомости Верховного Совета СССР. 1986. № 47. 2. К 15-летию принятия закона «Об индивидуальной трудовой деятельности...

This article considers the improvement of the federal legislation on elections of the highest official of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. The author analyses the legislation of the Kaliningrad region regulating the election of the governor of the Kaliningrad region. An analysis performed helps formulate certain recommendations on the improvement of the current federal and regional legislation on the election of principal officers of constituent entities of the Russian Federation....

This article describes the procedural features of the judgement of the European Court of Human Rights in case of Romokhov vs Russia. The author describes the sophisticated and inhomogeneous structure of this case as well as its and precedent features. 1. Конвенция о защите прав человека и основных свобод (с изм. от 13.05.2004) // Собрание законодательства Российской Федерации». 2001. № 2. Ст. 163. 2. Статистическая информация // Интернет-сайт Европейского суда по правам человека. URL: http://www...

This article presents recommendations on the modelling of a functional and object development of coastal regional systems that would ensure the system adaptation and manageability in the conditions of environment uncertainty. To this end, the author employs the method of system definition, which makes it possible to identify the connection between the basic elements of the regional system ensuring its integrity and stability. Such approach to the system modelling ensures continuity and flexibility...