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In this article, I consider Kant’s dichotomy between general and transcendental logic in light of a retrospective reconstruction of two approaches originating in 14th century scholasticism that are used to demarcate formal and material consequences. The first approach (e. g., John Buridan, Albert of Saxony, Marsilius of Inghen) holds that a consequence is formal if it is valid — because of its form only — for any matter. Since the matter of a consequence is linked to categorematic terms, its formal...

... politicians violate legal rules. Thus, they are subject to the same propensities that they find so frightening in the population. The philosopher, although agreeing with the grim opinion of human nature, tries to dissuade politicians and instil moderate optimism in them. The article collates and systemises politicians’ and lawyers’ ideas of humans, the world, and politics. According to Kant’s philosophy of law, the model of an ideal society can be pictured as a mechanism. However, his philosophy ...

The early reception of Kantianism in Russia took place at Moscow University at the turn of the 18th century and was connected with the endeavours of two graduates of Göttingen University. J. W. L. Mellmann was the first adherent of Kant's critical philosophy in Russia and thus provoked a philosophical-theologicaladministrative conflict, which led to his untimely death. J. G. Buhle taught one of the first courses on Kant's philosophy of the critical period and safely returned to Germany after a 20...

This article is dedicated to the ideas, expressed in manuscript R 3706, where Kant criticizes traditional refutation of ontological argument, which is based on distinction of “ideal” and “real” judgments. The relation of this criticism to Kant’s argumentation in “Nova dilucidatio” and the preceding polemic over ontological argument is analyzed. 1. Descartes R. Razmyshlenija o pervoj filosofii // Descartes R. Sochinenija : v 2 t. М., 1994. Т. 2. S. 3—417. 2. Yermolaev V. K. Argumentacija Kanta...

The study of territory branding as a part of communicative process requires the detailed analysis of advertising and PR-texts placed on accessible Web-portals. The current study presents a linguistic analysis of means of the territory management optimizing and of defining the role of linguistic means in the branding discourse. The material of the study is the number of texts (original and translated) in Russian, English and German placed on accessible Web-portals of different regions or on accessible ...

... Scientific Study of Religion. 1988. Vol. 27. P. 411—420. 14. Reker G. T., Woo L. C. Personal meaning orientations and psychosocial adaptation in older adults // SAGE Open. 2011. Vol. 1 (1). P. 1—10. 15. Steger M. F. Experiencing meaning in life: Optimal functioning at the nexus of well-being, psychopathology, and spirituality // The human quest for meaning: Theories, research, and applications. 2nd ed. N. Y., 2012. P. 164—184.

This article considers a number of cell indicators of the organism that can be potentially used for the individual monitoring of selecting graduated exercises, which contributes to an increase in the efficiency of athlete’s training. A number of the most reactive indicators (hematologic and biochemical indicators, subpopulation structure), which alter to a degree in comparison to the reference parameters, are identified. 1. Лакин Г. Ф. Биометрия. М., 1980. 2. Чередеев А. Н. CD-маркеры в практике...

The article considers the competence approach introduction as one of the priorities and main features of education modernisation. The author outlines methods and activities aimed at the competence approach introduction to education process, considers a model of students’ independent work. A concrete example is drawn to show the specificity of the competence training of students of the “Business Administration” field of study in the framework of the “Fundamentals of Management” discipline. 1. ...

Cultural heritage sites play an important role both in terms of the study and preservation of the culture and history of a particular territory, and in terms of their importance in recreation and tourism as a “soft power” for shaping a positive image in the geopolitical arena. These two components are directly related: the maintenance of cultural heritage objects in proper condition allows them to be used in economic activities, for example in tourism; and the economic well-being of their owners...

... account the specifics of urban management and the scale of regional economy. In this regard, the paper pro­vides a critical analy­sis of approaches to urban development indicators, index­es and rankings. The author drew conclusions about the most optimal ap­proaches towards the for­mation and use of data in city management in Russia. The author used gen­eral scientific research methods (logical and structural analysis and the meth­od of generalization), and statistical analysis (grouping, ...

... and criminal law. The author demonstrates the growing attention to the crime situation, and this awareness contributes to crime prevention both at the level of regular practice and the legislation. The situational crime prevention was chosen as the optimal theo­retical framework for practical and legislative measures that affect the crime situation. The purpose of situational crime prevention is to neutralize or re­duce the external factors which let the criminal commit crimes more easily and ...

... sociological methods used in the work are narrowed down to the idea that the problem of transport accessibility within the frame "center-rural periphery" is interdependent with the residents’ standard of living. The settlements work in an optimal regime when the distance to the administrative and public-business center of the re­gion — Kaliningrad, is reduced. The implementation of programs on the Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation and regional programs is an in­strument ...

... scientific work scientometric indicators are used to compare the achievements of countries, regions and individual researchers. Thus spatial scientometrics makes it possible to organize data on the information flow of scientific publica­tions and to optimize navigation in the publication space at various spatial levels. The aim of this work is to identify centers for the generation of scien­tific knowledge in Russia using scientometric methods, as well as to classify regions by the level of scientific ...

... productions. The authors propose a method and calculation of the share of imports and the balance of export-import flows in mechanical engineering products of the Kaliningrad region to its consumption. Such methodology makes it possible to determine the optimal import-replacing proportion of mechanical engineering in the region, which corresponds to a value of ≥ 50%. The established import-replacing share of regional engineering industry can be achieved due to a mechanism for ensuring the spatial and ...

... maps with a breakdown of the pogroms' speeches by time inter­vals in accord­ance with the main stages of the revolutionary process of 1917—1918 and the com­position of participants. One of the objectives of this work is to demonstrate the need to optimize the databases and offer the most illustra­tive thematic maps. The study resulted in the analysis of practical experience gained in the “adaptation” of ready-made databases to the formation of geo­graphic information systems. 1. Амосов ...

This article discusses legal aspects of self-defence based on the Russian legislation and judicial practice data. The author proposes ways to optimise the legislation governing the citizens' right to self-defence against socially dangerous assaults. 1. Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации от 13.06.1996 г. № 63-ФЗ (ред. от 06.07.2016 г.). [Электронный ресурс]. Доступ из справ.-правовой системы «Гарант». 2. О применении судами законодательства о необходимой обороне и причинении вреда при задержании...

This article addresses advanced training of teachers in the period between the reforms of 1960—1970 and 1984. Special attention is paid to the prereform optimization of teachers’ theoretical background and practical skills. The achievements and problems of the system of teachers’ advanced training in the Kaliningrad region are demonstrated in the case of the Guryevsk district. 1. Внедрение ...

The article considers the critique of the works of historian Stefan Kieniewicz by modern Polish researchers. The author analyses his role in the Polish historical science. Special attention is paid to the reasons behind Kieniewicz’s turn to Marxism after the Second World War. The author gives examples of differences in the persepctive of historiographers on the historian’s methodological views and the degree to which they were influenced by Marxism. S. Kieniewicz’s characteristic of his own theoretical...

The advance of the population aging process leads to new socioeconomic consequences, including the formation of the so-called sandwich generation — 55-65 year olds, predominantly females, who care for their elderly parents, raise children (or grandchildren), and perform their professional duties. One of the key problems faced by people in this situation is psychological adaptation to the changing life conditions. This article considers changes in the 50-65 year old population in Russia and identify...

... assessment different solutions to this problems. The research is based on the data of Rosstat and international statistics (IEA), analytical materials, and publications on the problems of global and regional energy security. The articles suggests that the optimal solution to the energy security problem is to integrate the region in the common energy market of the Baltic Sea region, which would serve the interests of all Baltic Sea states. 1. Dolzer M. How the Russian nuclear plant in Kaliningrad can help ...

1.Bloech J., 2012, Editor (Coeditor) JoMaC — Journal of Management Control (Former “Zeitschrift fuer Planung & Unternehmenssteuerung”, “Journal of Planning”). 2.Blöch J., Bogaschewsky R., Buscher, Daub A., Götze U., 2008, Roland: Einfuehrung in die Produktion. 6. Edition, Springer, Heidelberg, 2008. 3.Götze U., Bloech J. Investitionsrechnung / 3. Edition. Heidelberg: Springer, 2002. 4.Götze U., Mikus B., Blöch J. (Editors). Management und Zeit. Heidelberg, 2000. 5.Блёх Ю., Гётце У. Инвестиционные...

This article analyses the need for, and barriers to, the replacement of fixed assets for enterprises. The author presents a business model of renovation funds for the replacement of enterprises’ fixed assets based on the optimal ratio between an increase in depreciation expense and growth in the expected revenue from an opportune technological upgrade. Special attention is paid to the integration of the innovative mechanism of depreciation charges and savings in regulating ...

This article addresses the issues of rational resource management as the priority areas of modern Russian public policy. The study focuses on vital resources and the identification and optimization of losses associated with such resources. The authors propose a system of indicators for assessing loss management designed to facilitate the solution of problems of increasing resource utilization efficiency. 1. Об электроэнергетике ...

... P. 778—787. 10. Kalemli-Ozcan S., Sørensen B. E., Yosha O. Economic integration, industrial specialization, and the asymmetry of macroeconomic fluctuations // Journal of International Economics. 2001. Vol. 55. P. 107—137. 11. Kim Y.-H. The optimal path of regional economic integration between asymmetric countries in the North East Asia // Journal of Policy Modeling. 2005. Vol. 27.P. 673—687. 12. OECD Factbook 2013: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics. OECD Publishing, 2013....

.... P. 778—787. 6. Kalemli-Ozcan S., Sørensen B. E., Yosha O. Economic integration, industrial specialization, and the asymmetry of macroeconomic fluctuations // Journal of International Economics. 2001. Vol. 55. P. 107—137. 7. Kim Y.-H. The optimal path of regional economic integration between asymmetric countries in the North East Asia // Journal of Policy Modeling. 2005. Vol. 27. P. 673—687.

... changes to the tax law; the author analyses major issues pertaining to specific tax exemptions granted to organizations, pays attention to legal disputes relating to the application of the tax law, and comes to a conclusion about the current need to optimize the taxation of educational institution activities. 1. Об образовании в Российской Федерации : федер. закон от 29 дек. 2012 г. № 273-ФЗ // Официальный интернет-портал ...

This article examines transformation of the social administrative resources through different historical periods. The author suggests criteria for analyzing evolution of scientific views on public administration: sociological time and the volume of the social ties. On the basis of these criteria, the author identifies the stages of cardinal changes in public administration. The optimum administrative model is suggested for each of these stages. The article emphasizes the dependence of the changes...

... The author analyses the German practice of teaching the Staatsrecht (State (Constitutional) Law of Germany) course and the main structural elements of the course. On the basis of the research conducted, several conclusions and proposals regarding the optimization of the structure of the Constitutional (State) Law of Russia course are made. 1. Авакьян С. А., Несмеянова С. Э. Беседа профессоров С. А. Авакьяна и С. Э. Несмеяновой // Российский ...

This article deals with the issue of the food supply problems on the territory of the Novgorod land in the 11th-16th centuries. Despite permanent bread budget deficit, Veliky Novgorod managed to maintain political and economic independence and avoid purchasing significant amounts of grain. The reconstruction of a budget of a peasant agricultural farm shows that, in the then conditions, it could not rest solely on own-grown corn and livestock products in the Novgorod land. For centuries, peasant diet...

This paper considers the dynamics of different scientific opinions on the correlation between endogenous and exogenous factors in the choice of national modernization model. The authors formulate the question about the urgency of searching for the optimum in the choice between general and unique features for the construction of a more efficient modernization model. 1.  Алексеев В.   В., Побережников И.   В. Опыт российских модернизаций XVIII — XX вв. М., 2002. 2.  Бокарев Ю.   П. Теории...

Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the relations within the USA-USSRChina triangle had strong influence on the whole system of international relations. The turnaround in Russian-Chinese relations from sharp confrontation in the Soviet era to current rapprochement, which started to take shape after the collapse of the Soviet Union, became a significant factor in world politics. The gradual strengthening of ties between Beijing and Moscow stood out against the background...

... democratic dynamics in Russia in February-October, 1917. The author focuses on the forms of the participation of population in the establishment of new political regime, the activity of political parties and local government bodies and attempts to build an optimal model of the formation of a republic in the conditions of diarchy. 1.      Андреев А.   М. Местные Советы и органы буржуазной власти ( 1917 г .). М., 1983. 2.      Вестник Временного ...

This paper addresses the problem of optimizing a company's cost performance under heterogeneous constraints. The author proves the appropriateness and efficiency of applying the Lagrange multipliers to this end, which makes it possible to move from the conditional to the unconditional extremum....

... Identification of strain isolated from dates (Phœnix dactylifera L.) for enhancing very high gravity ethanol production //Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017. Т. 24, №. 11. P. 9886—9894. 10. El Harchi M., Kachkach F. Z. F., El Mtili N. Optimization of thermal acid hydrolysis for bioethanol production from Ulva rigida with yeast Pachysolen tannophilus //South African Journal of Botany. 2018. Т. 115. P. 161—169. 11. Esteves M., Barbosa C., Vasconcelos I., Tavares M.J., Mendes-Faia ...

... intraspecific taxa, which belong to 35 genera. The species of Actinocyclus, Aulacoseira, Fragilariforma and Staurosira were recorded as dominant taxa in the bottom sediment samples. The studied sediments contain a large number of species, which demonstrate optimal development at a high pH value. Most of the identified species are freshwater inhabitants, less often the brackish-water species, that is due to be associated with the simultaneous influence of the continental runoff and water exchange with the ...

... Hall M., Dondo T. B. et al. Long-term excess mortality associated with diabetes following acute myocardial infarction: a population-based cohort study // J. Epidemiol Community Health. 2016. Jun 15. 10. Boden W. E., ORourke R. A., Teo K. K. at al. Optimal medical with and without PCI for stable coronary disease // N. Engl. J. Med. 2007. Vol. 356. P. 1503—1516. 11. Capes S. E., Hunt D., Malmberg K., Gerstein H. C. Stress hyperglycemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in ...

... differentiation in landscape areas. The prospects for agrarian wildlife management in steppe, forest-steppe and mountain-forest zones are favorable. Steppe regions are most likely to develop alternative energy while mountain-forest and mountain-meadow zones are optimal for recreational purposes. 1. Абаев А. А., Адиньяев Э. Д., Шорин П. М. Деградационные процессы горных территорий и пути их предотвращения // Устойчивое ...

... the linear dimensions of the organ according to the most common formulae, was 1720 ± 687, 1474 ± 639, 1513 ± 516, 1620 ± 702 and 1238 ± 470 cm³, respectively. The authors concluded that the formula given by J.T. Chides and his co-authors is the optimal one for calculating liver volume based on the organ linear dimensions considering the least deviation of the calculation result from the real liver volume. 1. Bora A., Alptekin C., Yavuz A. et al. Assessment of liver volume with computed tomography ...

... existing norms are rather controversial. The article aims at standardization of techniques and the development of protocols for the AFRI elastometry of the liver. The study identifies factors for a more accurate ARFI elastometry imaging of the liver: the optimal position of the patient, access to the liver and the area of initial elastographic assessment. 1. Борсуков А. В., Крюковский С. Б., Покусаева В. Н. Эластография в клинической гепатологии ...

... with anthropogenic pressure on natural and cultural landscapes created during seven hundred years. It has a negative effect on the environment. The author considers several nature management practices and suggests using the landscape approach for the optimization of nature management of in the region. Landscape planning makes it possible to introduce key achievements of the landscape science into the existing economic practices and environmental policies in the region. 1. Антитпов А. Н....

... the plots) than the Moorhen (13.6 %). The population density of the Coot reaches 10—15 pairs per km2 in the most suitable habitats with an average density of only 4.0 pairs per km2. The population density of the Moorhen reaches 5 pairs per km2 in optimal habitats with an average density of 2.0 pairs per km2. A negative correlation between the number of birds and the urbanisation rate of the city territory is observed in the Moorhen (r s = — 0.44; P <0.05). The breeding area of the Moorhen ...

We studied the features of altricial trophism in the barred warbler and red-backed shrike in 2004—2013. The collection of data on the nutrition of altricial chicks was carried out in the Ryazan region both in natural (Spas-Klepiki district) and in manmade (Ryazan outskirts) habitats. A comparative analysis of the data showed that both species are characterized by considerable dietary plasticity. In each station, the species composition of prey and the mass concentration of trophic groups differed...

... and Matrosovka as a background for fishery regulation. The authors identify the period and extend of spawning migration in the rivers in 2011, the dynamics of catches per unit effort, and species composition of commercial catches. The calculation of optimal fishing effort in case of the transition of fishing into the rivers as a result of the ice conditions is presented in the article. 1. Манюкас И. Ихтиофауна, состояние запасов и промысел рыб в заливе ...

The article examines the conflict situations, caused by the anthropogenic transformation of forest landscapes in some areas of the Kaliningrad region. The ways of timber exploitation optimization, including the possibilities of the development of forest bee-keeping are examined. 1.  Доклад о состоянии и об охране окружающей среды Калининградской области в 2003 году....

... conditions for hybrid lily bulbs in the course of forcing. The authors come to the conclusion that taller plants are obtained after a three week storage at a constant low temperature. The time span between planting and flowering is 60—75 days. The optimal temperature for plant storage during forcing rages from 18 to 20 °С. 1. Интродукция растений в Главном ботаническом саду им. Н.   В. Цицина: к 50-летию основания / С. ...

... industrial units, organizations and communications, which support the life cycle of a CHPP. The author conducted an analysis of the basic features of an integral CHPP AIZ and its elements. This concept may have a certain theoretical significance in solving optimizing environmental problems at the level of individual territories and the country in whole. 1.      Брюхань А.   Ф., Брюхань К.   Ф., Хныкин И.   А. Об идентификации зон техно­генного ...