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... formation of the EU Banking Union and its current activities are inextricably linked with the efficiency of the ECB. EU member states gave the ECB a certain credit of confidence by giving up part of their mandates and transferring powers to a supranational level in the hope that the ECB has sufficient resources and experience to increase the transparency, stability and security of the EU banking sector. 1. Европейский банковский орган : [официальный сайт]. URL: ...

... nature – fines and community services. Special attention is paid to a low effectiveness of fine enforcement, in particular, due to the inflexibility of the legislative norm. The author presents several suggestions, in particular, reducing the minimum level of progressive fines. It is stressed that imposition of community service penalties is complicated by the possible unemployment of the sentenced person. 1. Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации : федеральный ...

This article analyses the basic norms of international law on the protection of marine environment from vessel-source pollution. The universal and regional levels of legal regulation of preventing marine environment pollution are identified. Special attention is paid to the status of the Baltic Sea as a “special area” and as a “particularly sensitive sea area”. 1. Meeresumweltschutz für Nord- und ...

This article is devoted to the urgent issue of analyzing the innovative potential of an organisation’s employees. The study aims to develop a methodology for identifying the potential at the level of enterprises. The author presents an original method for assessing the innovative potential of an organisation’s employees and a mechanism of its identification. The most significant factors affecting the innovation potential of personnel are ...

This article considers the public control institution at the federal level and that of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Based on an analysis of the current legal regulation of public control in different constituent entities, the authors formulate recommendations for the development of a relative legal ...

This article discusses the functions of anagrams in the philosophical discourse in terms of their general cultural functioning. Thus the study is brought to a more general level, which makes it possible to identify the cognitive mechanisms of anagrams. General conclusions about the functioning of anagrams in the philosophical discourse are made. The author stresses the originality of their structuring (text forming) function,...

This article proposes a practical method for estimating the regional asymmetry of small and medium business development and presents the results of its approbation in the Northwestern Federal District of Russia. The author makes a conclusion that small and medium business is developing unevenly. The author's method can be used in studying other aspects of the asymmetry of economic development as well as in drawing up small and medium enterprise stimulations programs. 1. Бухарова Е. Б. Оценка стратегического...

... result of the practices of logistic structure formation. Alongside general laws, the system of logistic knowledge includes the laws of philosophy, general economic theory, as well as the laws, categories, and concepts identified and brought to a certain level of generalization by logistics itself. 1. Афанасенко И. Д. История Русской цивилизации. Изд. 2-е, доп. СПб., 2007. Кн. 2: Россия в потоке времени. История предпринимательства....

This article offers an approach to the typology of regions based on competitiveness as an integral index of socioeconomic development. The author justifies the key criteria of systematization – the level and dynamics of competitiveness.The regions of three federal districts of the Russian Federation were grouped and competitive and problem regions were identified on the basis of earlier (2002-2011) calculated data on competitiveness. 1. Чернова ...

... addresses a number of pressing problems of the creation of a favorable investment climate in Russia as a major factor of modernization and justifies the need to improve the investment legislation. The investment potential of Russia is ensured through a high level of demand of the producing sector for capital and the existing prerequisites for its implementation. Another way to improve the state economic policy is to ensure smooth functioning of the market infrastructure and the development of private enterprises....

... author focuses on the current problems faced by social advertising in the Kaliningrad region and demonstrates a lack of variety in topics, as well as a limited range of the techniques applied. The paper tackles the problem of identifying the quality level of advertisements addressing various social needs. 1. Николайшвили Г. Г. Социальная реклама: теория и практика. М., 2008. 2. Савельева О. О. Социология рекламного воздействия....

English-Russian state-to-state relations in the second half of the 19th/ beginning of the 20th century are distinguished by complex character and dramatic shifts from cooperation to confrontation and vice versa. Different circumstances and factors, including the level of trade and economic contacts, affected the condition of English-Russian relations. The author analyses the principal stages of the evolution of trade and economic contacts between Great Britain and Russia from the Crimean war to the agreement ...

... practical activity as one of the criteria of development of society. The author analyses the efficiency of education as a social institution in this context. Education distinguishes between training and upbringing and emphasises the need to increase the level of rationality of education in order to overcome crisis phenomena in the society. Special attention is paid to the higher education reform implemented in Russia. 1. Автономова Н. С. Рассудок, разум, рациональность....

... Procedure of Recognising a Citizen as a Person with Low Income for the Purpose of Providing Municipal Accommodation in the Framework of a Social Rent Contract serves as a basis for the consideration of issues of introducing a mechanism of assessing the level of a citizen’s income and the value of their property for the purpose of recognising them as persons with low income and providing them with municipal accommodation in the framework of a social rent contract. 1. О порядке признания ...

This article offers an overview of the basic characteristics of the Baltic Sea and stresses the need for closer cooperation between states in the Baltic Sea environment protection. The author identifies the universal and regional levels of cooperation between states in marine environment protection. Special attention is paid to the activity of the European Union in the field of the Baltic Sea environment protection. 1. Resolution A.982(24) of the Assembly of International Maritime ...

This article focuses on the theoretical and methodological aspects of analyzing social potential of economy. Is shown that it includes: a) certain social networks and social structure determining the appropriate social roles (statuses); b) certain public relations between the performers of these roles; c) certain social institutes as norms of behavior according to the social structure and position in the hierarchy, which determine the lifestyle of a person; d) social environment and the relevant...

This article considers the basic provisions of the methodology for providing telecommunication infrastructure for business activities at different management levels. The author proves that it is possible to develop this methodology on the basis of queuing theory. The author proposes an algorithm of forecasting changes in infrastructure provision for business activity. 1. Бирман И. Я. Оптимальное ...

This article considers the aspects of foreign investment in the region on the basis of a study into the dynamics of foreign direct investment (FDI) and their role in regional economy. The author proposes a model of regional development concept based on FDI attraction. 1. Официальный сайт Правительства Калининградской области. URL: http://www.gov.kaliningrad.ru. 2. Территориальный орган федеральной службы государственной статистики по Калининградской области. URL: http://kaliningrad.gks.ru 3....

... support for strategic management of regional development. The author offers an empirical analysis and proposes recommendations for updating and establishment of institutions of strategic management of socio-economic development at the federal and regional levels. 1. Лопатников Л. И. Экономико-математический словарь. М., 2003. 2. Новиков К. Добрый совет // Российская газета. 2011. 17 нояб. 3. Розманский И. Неопределенность ...

This article examines the results of municipal reform, analyses the budgetary policy of the Kaliningrad region, and identifies the problems of formation of local budget revenues. The author described the methods to improve budgetary policy, which could level the differences in economic and social development of municipalities and solve the problem of stability and independence of local budgets. 1. Об областном бюджете на 2010 год и плановый 2011 и 2012 годы : закон ...

The article examines the role of Kaliningrad region’s government in managing market infrastructure development on the regional level. Special attention is given to the foreign experience concerning the role of regional authorities in formation and development of small- and medium-sized business supporting infrastructure. 1.  Антикризисные меры. Правительство ...

This article analyses Kaliningrad hotel market through examining the level of incoming tourism in 2000–2010. The authors calculate the critical zone of hotel room availability in Kaliningrad and the maximum number of tourists that can be accommodated in the city 1. Вавилова В.   Е. Основы международного ...

The authors suggest differentiating between integral and industrial zoning. Correspondingly, regions (integral regions) and industrial regions are distinguished within a state. The interaction of several states results in the emergence of transnational regions, while the development of mutual connections between international regions brings to the formation of transboundary regions. Regions, including international (transboundary and transnational) ones have a certain hierarchy but, unlike national...

This article is dedicated to the problem of zoning at the level of local administration. The author determines and analyses the main complications arising at the determination of municipality borders and offers solutions to these problems.

This article is dedicated to the new form of governance — the open method of coordination — in the EU system of governance. This method is considered in the framework of the ‘new governance’ approach as opposed to the Community Method. The author justifies new modes of governance, offers their key characteristics and outlines their possible ways of development. 1.      Sundholm M. The open method of co-ordination: the Linux of European inte­gration? A theoretical and empirical study of the method...

... advantages of organisation, this article stresses the need for the examination of the category of the "strategic potential of an organisation. The author considers the ability of the management of organisation to cooperate at the international level, or the international cooperation capability (ICA), in the framework of a more advanced version of the resource approach — the dynamic capabilities concept. 1.  Андреева Т.   Е., Чайка В.   А. К дискуссии о сущности ...

... knowledge regarding their rights and their protection and information about goods (works, services) and their quality, requirements for such information, and responsibility for the violation of these requirements both at the legislative and judicial levels. 1.  О защите прав потребителей [Электронный ресурс]: закон РФ от 07.02.1992 г. №   2300—1. Доступ из СПС «КонсультантПлюс». 2.  Управление ...

This article considers the category of economic consciousness as a key category of social philosophy. The consumer consciousness is distinguished as one of the main levels of economic consciousness. In a consumer society, the economic consciousness is manifested in such characteristics as pluralism, В uncertainty, fragmentariness, variability, contextuality and orientation to excessive consumption, commodification ...

... case and should be regarded as an exception to a number of general rules. As a result, they should not be classified as taking a direct part in hostilities and must be treated according to the principle of proportionality provided that the permissible level of excessiveness of collateral damage can be lowered. 1.  Об улучшении участи раненых и больных в действующих армиях; об улучшении участи раненых, больных и лиц,...

This article is devoted to the analysis of influence of a certain set of factors on human capital reproduction financing. The basic factors are as follows: demographical factor, public sector development level, technological development, labor market situation, political factor, and the state of economy. 1.  Демографический ежегодник: стат. сб. Калининград, 2010. 2.  Казарян М.   А. Факторы ...

This article focuses on the key levels of internationalisation of higher education in Russia against the background of implementation of Bologna process principles. The authors analyse the experience of the Faculty of Economics of the Mikhail Lomonosov Moscow State University of putting ...

This article reveals the specific features of the transformation of functional approach when characterizing the multi-level system of functioning and managing of foreign economic activity (FEA). The author describes the adjustment of traditional management functions (planning, organization, motivation and control) to current trends of FEA development through the example of the Kaliningrad region. 1. Официальный сайт Правительства Калининградской области. URL : http :// www . gov 39. ru 2. ...

... base, which is almost completely absent for the polder lands of the region. The aim of the work is to develop a methodological approach for obtai­ning a geoecological indicator represented by a quantitative indicator of pollu­ting chemicals in water, leveling the information deficit, by means of a coup­led analysis of available, but very limited hydrological, hydrochemical and geoecological data. To achieve the goal, hydrological calculations, full-scale and retrospective hydro-chemical researches ...

Environmental and land management systems at the regional level are the main object of management at large. The scripts for developing manage­ment programs include analysis and assessment of the regional environmental ma­nagement system and the history of its setup, identification of the main trends, development ...

... more favorable decades of the 21st century, as well as an acute manifestation of the polarization concepts and location of agricultural production within a separate territory compared to the country’s interior regions. The study which relied on the level of agricultural development and specialization of the territory of the region, the degree of use of land and labor resources in crop production, animal husbandry, hunting and the provision of services in these areas, substantiated to distinguish ...

Rural territories of the Kaliningrad Region are affected by polarization processes, which can characterize all regions of Russia. But at the same time, due to the small size of the region, they have their own features. In particular, they have a higher level of transport connectivity and a more developed infrastructure, compared with an average rural territory of Russia. The purpose of this article is to assess the degree of influence of agricultural development on the rural settlement process (the ...

... diversity and distribution of macrophytes has its own characteristics. The maximum species diversity (29 species), as well as the biomass of macrophytes, are characteristic of the eastern region, characterized by mini­mal salinity values and a high level of nutrients.

... mitochondrial dysfunction, which underlie the pathogenesis of obesity-associated diseases, i. e., type 2 diabetes and NAFLD. The study included 130 patients with morbid obesity and comorbid diseases (NAFLD and type 2 diabetes). The gene expression level (NRF2, TFAM, AMPK, HSF1, HSP70) was determined by real-time PCR and the detection of protein products was confirmed by Western blot. The concentration of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8) was measured in plasma by multiplex analysis in flow fluorometry format....

... It was revealed that in the 100-km border zone, fewer than 40 % of sett­lements with a population of 1 thousand people in Lithuania and 2 thousand people in Poland were the object of a targeted search for residents of the Rus­sian region. A higher level of frequency and variety of search queries is typical for larger cities, while their territorial proximity to the border did not signi­ficantly affect the dynamics of Internet search. Only five cities — Polish Gdansk, Olsztyn, Gdynia and Lithuanian ...

... технического университета. 2013. № 28. — С. 87—94. 12. HELSINKI COMMISSION (2013): Implementation of Baltic Sea Joint Comprehensive Environmental Action Programme, 1992—2013: — Final report. — 44 р. 13. Kabailiene M. Water level changes in SE Baltic based on diatom stratigraphy of Late Glacial and Holocene deposits // Geologija. 1999.№ 29. P. 15—29. 14. Krammer K., Lange-Bertalot H. Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Bacillariophyceae (Teil 1—4). Ettl H, Gerloff J,...

... study, a questionnaire was developed to identify the main factors of respondents ' distress. An anonymous survey was conducted in the form of an online survey of 212 students of the Smolensk state medical University. The data obtained recorded a high level of emotional exhaustion of the majority of respondents, and the leading causes of anxiety for medical students were also identified: the fear of bringing an infection home to their loved ones and the remote format of exams. 1. Аскатова ...

The development of territories at the micro level is a topical research issue due to emerging trends in the development of small towns and districts. So, on the territory of the Kaliningrad region, several micro-districts are distinguished (according to socio-economic zoning), including the territory ...

... financial system (WFS). But within the framework of the GFC network, the global financial centers that are part of it, may differentiate significantly and experience inequality. The geography of the research is wide, covering the global and regional levels. The typology drawn up in the work focuses on the functional differentiation of the GFC, which occurred as a result of their formation and development. The spatial aspect of the transformation of the GFC network is manifested through the use of ...

In Russia, the polarization of the centers of human-geographic research is increasing. The role of Moscow as a leading center of human geography is growing. One of the centers of the secondary level, where the research is actively developing, is Kaliningrad. Its scientists collaborate with the other research centers and actively participate in network projects studying the socio-economic geography of Russia. Based on the eLibrary database, ...

... Curhan G. Soft drinks, fructose consumption, and the risk of gout in men: prospective cohort study // BMJ. 2008. Vol. 336. P. 309—312. 10. Choi J. W. J., Ford E. S., Gao X., Choi H. K. Sugar-sweetened soft drinks, diet soft drinks, and serum uric acid level: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examina­tion Survey // Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2008. Vol. 59. P. 109—116. 11. Kim J. W., Kwak S. G., Lee H. et al. Prevalence and incidence of gout in Korea: data from the national health claims database ...

The innovation development dynamics of coastal regions is under the growing influence of the agglomeration factor and the coastalization factor, which results in polarizing the innovation space around large cities and urban agglomerations in the coastal zone. Coastal agglomerations act as drivers for regional development, concentrating a significant part of the population, eco­nomic entities, scientific, technological, and financial infrastructure, drawing resources from other municipalities. This...

... interests along the state border of Russia. The article presents the author's version of the typology of small towns in the Western borderlands of Russia, based on the statistical and analytical databases. Due to the limited research tools for assessing the level of development and quality of life in individual cities, the proposed assessment methodology may be interesting for conducting similar studies in some other regions of Russia. The results of the typological research showed that only 10 % of small ...

A northern storm with a wind speed of up to 23 m/s, lasting 10 hours, with a wave height of 7—8 m, accompanied by a rise in sea level by 0.7 m, hit the coast of the Southeastern Baltic Sea in January 2019. The coast of the Rus­sian part of the Curonian Spit was selectively eroded. The most significant erosion was recorded in the near border part of the coast (the foredune retreat­ed ...

The aim of the article is to analyze the level and frequency of the psycho­pathology prevalence (stress-related disorders) in adolescent girls and women of fertile age and to identify the relationship with contextual factors that ad­versely affect health. The research found that the most ...

... con­clusions on the state of the settlement system both in the region as a whole and in the context of individual municipalities. The main conclusion is that the relatively small size of the region and high transport connectivity (along with a high level of economic development) generally smooth out negative so­cio-demographic processes, making the gap between agglomeration and pe­ripheral municipalities not as significant as initially thought. 1. Алексеев А. И., Краснослободцев ...