University performance and regional development: the case of Russia’s North-West
... despite the overall trend of GRP growth, regions of Russia’s Northwestern Federal District underperform on education-related measures. These include the share of education in GRP, the percentage of individuals employed in the education sector and the number of universities and students. These trends pose a substantial challenge to regional development, especially in the context of the fourth industrial revolution and the rise of the knowledge economy. The lack of attention to the education sector ...
Knowledge and innovation dynamics of the Northwest Russia under geopolitical changes
... to trace the knowledge production and innovation process from research findings to the commercialization of new technologies. The study finds that there are strong correlations between innovation activity and R&D investment, patent activity, and the number of innovative organisations. The study also identifies three types of regional innovation systems in Northwest Russia: core, semi-periphery, and periphery. The nature of the regions’ involvement in R&D determines the dynamics and specialization ...
Geography of the mobile internet in the border and interior regions of Russia
... development of regions in the digital age. The foundation for such a transformation is the information and communication infrastructure and, first of all, the mobile Internet. The technological growth of mobile networks has provided a rapid increase in the number of users around the world, contributing to further digitalization. With the development of digital technologies, research in the field of human geography has received a new impetus. The impact of the Internet on all spheres of life has necessitated ...
A typology of the Baltic region states according to excellence in science and technology
.... In fact, the state is primarily responsible for promoting scientific and technological progress in Russia, as it is considered to be lagging behind leading countries due to an economy that is heavily reliant on exporting raw materials [1; 2; 5]. A number of papers substantiate the need for collaboration for the sake of scientific and technological development at the level of national industry and science [1], as well as at the level of the CIS member states [6] and the EAEU [7].
Having analyzed ...
The Swedish institute’s scholarship policy as a soft power instrument
... states, Poland, and Ukraine but also Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.<14> The allocation of scholarships between 1997 and 2020 exhibited some fluctuations. In the initial year, there were 240 successful applications, but this number gradually declined to 64 in the academic year 2002/03. Subsequently, between 2004 and 2011, there was a gradual increase, with the number of scholarships fluctuating between 186 and 250. However, the numbers then declined again, reaching 92 successful ...
Information and propaganda strategies in German non-state media discourse during the COVID-19 pandemic
..., along with the recurrent utilization of specific speech clichés, in shaping the resulting impact. The intimidation strategy is considered one of the leading techniques of propaganda [13], [14]. The publication of intensive care statistics and the number of deaths from the coronavirus was aimed at instilling fear of the disease. This fear played a role in motivating people to adhere to the imposed restrictions and seek vaccination [15]. At the same time, propaganda corresponds to a sequence of ...
Territorial structure of inbound and domestic tourism in the Baltic States
... rate, a relatively high level of the locals’ ICT skills and affordable prices of services. Constraints to competitiveness include insufficient openness towards international travel and the paucity of natural and cultural resources.
In 2019, the total number of arrivals in Estonia was 3.3 million; in Latvia, 1.9 million; in Lithuania, 2.9 million.<3> The length of stay in the Baltic states varies from year to year, due to both global events and the low-base effect. In 2019, 4.2 million tourist ...
The spread of the COVID-19 infection in Russia’s Baltic macro-region: internal differences
... the dependence of excess deaths rate on the share of people employed in contact-intensive wholesale and retail, manufacturing (large teams working at continuous production facilities), as well as on the proportion of the population over 65 and the number of retail outlets per 1,000 population [19].
The description of the situation in Russia differs significantly from, for example, that in the United States, where excess mortality was associated more with racial composition and political preferences ...
Spatial differentiation of rural territories in the Kaliningrad region: implications for socio-economic policies
... that witnessed an increase in the rural population, with the growth rate reaching 0.89 % in 2022. This rise is attributed to migrants from other, mostly eastern and northern, regions of the country, as well as from the CIS.
Despite this growth, the number of people employed in agriculture rapidly declined in the region from the mid-2000s to 2020. Only in 2021—2022 did a small increase occur (Fig. 1). Between 1990 and 2022, the region’s rural population increased by 49,000 people (26 %), whilst ...
Evangelical Lutheran church of Denmark: socio-economic and territorial-organisational aspects
... characterized by the active implementation of social responsibility [1; 2]. Moreover, there are examples of countries and regions where the church partially duplicates government responsibilities and functions.
At the same time, there has been a decline in the number of adherents of traditional Christian denominations in Europe, along with a decrease in the activity of religious behaviour. Transformational shifts are occurring in the religious structure of the population at different levels as well, which can ...
The modern economy of Russia’s Baltic regions in the municipal context
... impediment lies in the revision of population data at the municipal level based on the 2021 census. For instance, population growth was underestimated in the Guryevsk MD, a suburb of Kaliningrad, where, according to the statistics, as of January 1, 2022, the number of residents was 146.6 % compared to that of January 1, 2021. In the Baltiysk UD, the situation was the opposite and the same indicator was 77.4 %. These are the most striking but not the only examples. In the Leningrad region, the current population ...
Migration distances in Russia: a demographic profile of migrants
... distance between 130,000 geocoded Russian settlements was computed to estimate migration distances. These geospatial data enabled us to obtain estimations of migration distances by weighting the total distance of all migrations based on their respective numbers. The distance of internal migration was similarly estimated, taking into account age, sex, and type of residential registration. The findings revealed that 31.3 % of domestic residential relocations occurred within very short distances not exceeding ...
Evaluating the efficiency of the research sector in Russian regions: a dynamic data envelopment analysis
...
dynamic data envelopment analysis (DDEA), a variant of this method, has gained significant attention. This article applies dynamic analysis to evaluate the efficiency of the research sector in Russian regions. Traditional input variables such as the number of research staff and R&D expenditure are considered, while publication and patent metrics serve as output indicators. The analysis covers a substantial time period, spanning from 2009 to 2020. Notably, the proposed evaluation method incorporates ...
Efficiency analysis of seaports in Russia’s Baltic basin: performance evaluation
..., we consider diversified technical metrics relevant to the port performance analysis in order to verify the proposed methodology for tactical and strategic management levels [28; 29]. It includes the tasks of facility allocation, process intensity, number of technical vehicle service zones and so on [30], [31], [32]. The generalized results of the analysis of technical-related features are presented in Table 1.
The basic technical characteristics of the Baltic seaports, 2022 year
Port
Throughput
...
Artificial Intelligence: a catalyst for entrepreneurship education in the Baltics
... findings, plays a vital role in facilitating this transformation. Consequently, we will analyze how the issue of utilizing AI for enhancing entrepreneurial potential is reflected in the databases of Scopus and Web of Science. In the period 2019—2023, the number of publications related to the issues of entrepreneurial potential of students using AI amounted to 25 articles published in scientific journals indexed in the Scopus scientometric database, and 62 articles — in Web of Science. According to data ...
The border as a barrier and an incentive for the structural economic transformation of the Kaliningrad exclave
... the focus of much research. The most relevant studies draw on the theory of exclaves — territories whose geographical situation predetermines their economic and sociocultural isolation and necessitates tailored support measures [3, p. 297—319]. A number of studies examine the transformation of border functions in Crimea after 2014 and how the population and the economy adapt to this process [4], [5]. These and other works describe a wide range of tools for a successful adjustment of a border’s ...
Internet diffusion and interregional digital divide in Russia: trends, factors, and the influence of the pandemic
... 2010—2017, the digital sector of the Russian economy grew by 17 %, almost twice outpacing GDP growth [4], and the costs of developing the digital economy reached 3.7 % of GDP by 2019 (in developed countries — 2—3 times higher) [5]. An increase in the number of broadband Internet access subscribers by 1 % on average leads to a 0.1 % increase in GRP in the Russian regions, and an increase in the intensity of use leads to an additional increase in output by 0.05 % [6]. Thus, the spread of the Internet ...
The adaptation of Russian regions’ economies to the rupture of relations with Europe: the case of Baltic Sea ports
... avoid a significant recession, experiencing recovery growth. The situation in the regions earlier involved in cooperation with Europe was more complicated. Yet, these territories have also succeeded in reviving their economies and returning to growth. A number of growth areas have emerged in the Russian regions, which continue to develop under sanctions. A prime example of this is Russian seaports. This article examines the factors that enabled Russian businesses, including those operating in Baltic ...
Economic development of Russia’s north-western regions and migration to the St. Petersburg agglomeration
... agglomerations. The outward migration of the younger and more dynamic population increases with the distance from the regional centre, which often serves as the region’s education nucleus [18], [20]. Unlike the previous era of the USSR, where a considerable number of graduates from higher and secondary vocational education institutions would leave the regional capital for more remote areas in exchange for certain social advantages, the prevailing trend among today’s graduates is to either stay put, often ...
Billionaires and Millionaires of the Baltic Sea Region: A Comparative Analysis of National Business Elites
... the global economy and the global division of labour. Drawing on a sizeable body of statistics, the author conducts a comparative analysis of the Baltic states’ financial elites. The author considers such characteristics of business elites as their number, total wealth, gender composition, average number of children in their families, geographical distribution, global mobility, industry specialization, a tendency towards oligarchy, and others. Germany’s business elites are strong and are characterized ...
Military and political cooperation between Germany and Lithuania in the late 2010s to early 2020s
... airfield (Table 1). However, while these steps by Germany were tactical in nature and significance, they were unable to address the underlying disconnect in general.
The scheme of FRG’s participation in the Baltic Air Policing
Dates
Duration, months
Number and type
of aircraft allocated
from the German Air Force
Airbase
30.06.2005—11.10.2005
3.5
4 fighters F-4F Phantom II
Šiauliai
30.06.2008—29.09.2008
3
4 fighters F-4F Phantom II
Šiauliai
01.09.2009—02.11.2009
2
4 fighters Eurofighter Typhoon
...
Statistical analysis of tourism flows between Ukraine and the Baltic Sea Region countries in 2012—2019
... trends in inbound and outbound tourism flows between Ukraine and the Baltic Sea region (BSR) countries in 2012—2019. The research question is whether inbound our outbound tourism prevailed and how visa-free travel to the Schengen Area affected the number of Ukrainians travelling to the Baltic Sea Region. Two data sources were used in the study. These are the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index of the World Economic Forum and data from the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine on the number ...
The impact of the food embargo on consumer preferences and cross-border practices in the Kaliningrad region
... studied content were current and archival data on food shopping tours to Poland and Lithuania, information about food delivery services from Poland and Lithuania, and data on trade in “sanctioned” goods in the region. The unit of measure was the number of subscribers in social networks as of November 8, 2022.
The third block involved assessing the changes in consumer preferences for food products and cross-border mobility after 2014 according to a major regional survey conducted in September ...
Population change and the settlement system transformation in Poland, as revealed by the 2021 census
... of 2021 to 2011 population
Compiled from: Population change — Demographic balance and crude rates at the national level, 2022, Eurostat, URL:
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_gind/default/table?lang=en
(accessed 14.02.2022).
The number of men (17.9 million in 2021, 18.4 million in 2011) and women (19.1 million in 2021, 19.6 million in 2011) both decreased by approximately 0.5 million (the approximation is the result of the rounding). Thus, we can assume that the main reason for ...
Comparative analysis of the territorial support frame of settlement in coastal areas: the case of St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad regions
... branch of the Federal State Statistics Service (FSSS), and Kaliningradstat, the Kaliningrad regional branch of the agency.<1> Particularly, it looks at data on the total population from 2005 to 2022 as of January 2 of the corresponding years, the number of settlements and size of urban population as of 1 January 2022, the length of federal, regional and municipal public roads,<2> the length of public railways<3> and the length of inland waterways.<4> The information was retrieved ...
Semyon Frank and the German Neo-Kantianism: Aspects of Debate
... the decisive role in Frank’s abandonment of Marxism in favour of religious ontology. Frank’s fundamental disagreement with German Neo-Kantianism was expressed in his work The Object of Knowledge in which he criticised the Neo-Kantian concepts of number and time. Although Frank rightly points out the one-sidedness of the Neo-Kantian definition of number, most notably in the works of the Marburg philosopher Paul Natorp, on the whole his criticism of the Neo-Kantian concept of number and time as ...
Reputation core of Russian authorities: the case of the regional level of executive power
... asked the question, “Can we say that the above conceptual attributes (in the public survey they were called characteristics) can equally apply to all levels and branches of Russian power?” Let us explain that experts had previously identified a number of the essential attributes and substantive characteristics of the concept ‘reputation of Russian authorities’. This list of characteristics was then given to respondents in the pilot regions of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation....
Estonian ‘Balticness’ as a social construct: meanings and contextual specifics
... (Estonian: keel), culture (Estonian: kultuur), theatre (Estonian: teater), (an) intellectual (Estonian: intellektuaal), festival (Estonian: pidu), science (Estonian: teadus), research (Estonian: uuring).
The method chosen for corpus formation has a number of limitations: some of the words coming from the root balti are used to refer to geographical areas beyond the Baltic States. The most obvious example in the study sample is the term Nordic-Baltic countries (Estonian: Pohja-Balti ruum, Balti-Põhjala ...
The two-party tendency in Poland’s political system: manifestations, causes and prospects
... partners in a coalition, in a best-case scenario. In the Senate, the dominance of the two parties is absolute: since 2007 they have controlled more than 90 % of the seats (however, the Senate of Poland does not have broad powers). The difference in the number of seats won by the two parties in the Sejm and in the Senate is mainly explained by the use of different voting systems: proportional and majoritarian, respectively. As for the European Parliament elections, since 2009 deputies from PiS and PO ...
Migration of researchers in the Baltic region: a forecast and factors
... for assisting the spatial development of the country, particularly, its border areas. This study tests several hypotheses. The first one holds that the outflow of researchers will reduce over the next few years. Others concern factors affecting the number of researchers in the Russian Federation in general and its Baltic part in particular. These factors include salaries and workplace environment. Methodologically, the study draws on Russian and international sources on the migration of researchers ...
The Flow of Gas with Dispersed Particles in a Cylindrical Channel at a Subsonic Speed
... of a study of changes in gas parameters along the channel at different gas flow rates. The graphs show dimensional variables. We consider the distributed density of the dispersed phase, the temperatures of the carrier and dispersed phases, the Mach number M, the Reynolds number Re, the Nusselt number Nu, and the Stokes number Stk.
1. Великанов Н. Л., Наумов В. А., Корягин С. И. Течение газа в цилиндрическом канале при дозвуковой ...
The Visegrad Group and the Baltic Assembly: coalitions within the EU as seen through Russian foreign policy
... 1993—1998, the association was not active (3—4 events per year) since the prevailing point of view was that countries of the region developing independently could achieve their goals much faster. Since 1998, the V4 has significantly increased the number of activities organised. For example, in 2000, there were more than 25 events, that is, two events per month. The reference to the 2000s was not accidental and made to show that the potential of the V4 has not been exhausted and the group is operating ...
Changes in the structure and geography of tourist flows during the COVID-19 pandemic
...,<9> Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,<10> Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg.<11>
Regional annual and monthly data on 2019—2021 international and domestic arrivals were used. For Sweden, where data on arrivals by region are not available, the number of overnight stays in the regions was considered along with the average number of overnight stays in the country.
The index of substitution of domestic tourism for the inbound flow was computed according to the formula:
ISdomtour=
Tourdom2021– ...
Cross-border tourist mobility as seen by residents of the Karelian borderlands: COVID-19 restrictions
... respectively. The distribution of respondents by municipalities also corresponds to the regional population breakdown (Table 2).
Respondent distribution by Karelian municipalities
Area
Population, people
Proportion
in the total regional population, %
Number
of respondents, people
Proportion
of respondents, %
Petrozavodsk
280,711
46.1
257
44.7
Interior municipalities
214,240
35.2
202
35.1
Border municipalities, including
114,120
18.72
116
20.1
Kostomuksha district
30,273
5.0
26
4.5
Kalevala district
...
An elementary solving of cubic Diophantine equations
... full solving for all values s is received.
1. Айерлэнд К., Роузен М. Классическое введение в современную теорию чисел. М., 1987.
2. Cao Z. F. Diophantine equations and divisibility of class number of real quadratic fields // Acta Mathematica, Sinica. 1994. Vol. 37. P. 625—631.
3. Dong X. L., Cao Z. F. Diophantine Equations and Class Numbers of Real Quadratic Fields // Acta Arithmetica, XCVII. 2001. Vol. 4. P. 313—328.
4. Jacobson M. ...
Confiscation Estonian style: legal and political aspects of potential seizure of Russian assets in EU countries
... assets have been frozen in EU countries, along with approximately 24 billion euros belonging to private individuals.<5> Additionally, around 40 billion US dollars is frozen in the US and approximately 20 billion US dollars in the UK [3]. These numbers stem from reports by the Central Bank of Russia, whilst Western nations lack precise knowledge regarding the whereabouts of the majority of frozen assets. Despite the apparent unity of Western countries regarding sanctions pressure on Russia, ...
Priorities for the development of manufacturing industries in the Kaliningrad region
... generation, the author was unable to access such data. The motor vehicle industry employs fewer than 5 % of all local residents engaged in the economy, which is significantly below employment in the food industry (28 %) and some other sectors (Table 3).
The number of those employed by manufacturing companies in Kaliningrad compared to national levels
Industry
Kaliningrad region
Russia
A
B
C
B
C
Manufacturing
0.72
100.0
104.3
100.0
100.3
Foodstuffs
1.17
29.3
101.8
17.9
102.1
Beverages
0.5
1.1
117.7
1.6
110....
The Accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: Geopolitical implications for Russia’s position in the Baltic Sea region
... Russian borders and Russian military bases on the Kola Peninsula. This, in particular, is a project to electrify the long-frozen railway link (Tornio — Haparanda) between these two countries in the polar region.<12>
However, publications of a number of experts in the Nordic countries (in particular, from the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences) express concern that the entry of Finland, and in the future Sweden into NATO will highlight the problem of splitting the Northern European flank ...
Reputation and status in Denmark’s strategic culture
...
After the Cold War, Denmark went beyond the minimum NATO membership requirements, striving to forge unique ties with the US, which could once meet the American-British benchmark. This partly accounts for the country’s disproportionately high troop numbers, operational spending and casualties per capita in US-led and NATO operations. An acknowledgment of Denmark’s successes was the appointment of the former Prime Minister of the country, Anders Fogh Rasmussen, as NATO Secretary-General (2009—2014) ...
Societal security in the Baltic Sea Region: the Russian perspective
... this rebuilding effort in the context of continued democratization and market development. In particular, the document focused on the dangers posed by Russia’s economic problems, which were described frankly and at length. The concept highlighted a number of major threats to economic security, such as a substantial drop of production and investments; destruction of the R&D capacity; disarray in the financial and monetary systems; shrinkage of the federal revenues; growing national debt; Russia’s ...
Achievements and challenges in the Kaliningrad healthcare system during “real socialism”
The article identifies and examines a number of trends in the development of healthcare system in the Kaliningrad region in the second half of the 1960s and the first half of the 1980s in comparison with the national tendencies. The processes of this time, unlike the years of early development ...
The economy of Russian Baltic regions: development level and dynamics, structure and international trade partners
... Leningrad region, on the contrary, all non-market services, except culture, account for lower proportions of GRP than in an average Russian region; the same holds true for service production per capita. Culture is the exception here because of the large number of historical and cultural sites in the suburbs of St. Petersburg.
In the Kaliningrad region, the contribution to GRP of only expert services, research and technology is below the national average. The service output per capita, however, is below ...
The influence of urbanization on the morphometric indicators of women (the case of the indigenous peoples of the north)
The period of the development of the Northern Territories, the process of urbanization, the mixing of blood had a negative impact on the way of life formed for centuries, morphometric indicators and, accordingly, on the health of the indigenous peoples of the North. The authors compared the morphometric indicators of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the north living in camps, in rural areas and migrating to the city. A retrospective analysis of the birth histories selected by the continuous...
Coastal and western border centers in the system of large cities of modern Russia: socio-economic and innovation development.
... of regional capitals), emphasizing two strategically important groups: coastal centers and cities of the Western borderlands of Russia. Having applied economic-statistical analysis for 6 indicators (average salaries and per capita measures of the number of organizations and enterprises, retail trade turnover and public catering, commissioning of houses and the number of publications in peer-reviewed journals, indexed in Scopus) the study confirmed the hypothesis on ‘coastalizing’ socio-economic ...
An efficient implementation of an exponential point-counting algorithm on Jacobians of genus 2 hyperelliptic curves
... present an overview of approaches to accelerate Gaudry-Schost point counting algorithm that is the fastest known algorithm for computing the order of Jacobians of hyperelliptic curves of genus 2. This algorithm consists of two stages: 1) computing the number of points (equivalently, the characteristic polynomial of the curve) modulo some small primes and combining the result into a large module using CRT (polynomial-time part); 2) restoring the number of points utilizing modular data using algorithms ...
Youth unemployment in the Latgale region of Latvia: causes and consequences
Youth unemployment is a serious problem in Latvia, as unemployed young people make up 16.3 % of the total number of unemployed in the country, while in the Latgale region the number of unemployed young people aged 15—24 years was 18.8 % of the total number of unemployed in the country in 2015. The purpose of this study is to identify the main current causes ...
The optimisation of athletes’ training process through controlling individual immune-regenerative and biochemical blood parameters
This article considers a number of cell indicators of the organism that can be potentially used for the individual monitoring of selecting graduated exercises, which contributes to an increase in the efficiency of athlete’s training. A number of the most reactive indicators ...