The Accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: Geopolitical implications for Russia’s position in the Baltic Sea region
The article examines Sweden’s and Finland’s motives for ending their long-time non-aligned policies and joining NATO after Russia had launched a special military operation in Ukraine in February 2022. The two countries’ decision is shown to be in the interest of the United States,...
Modern trends in paradiplomacy: a case of Russian-Finnish regional cooperation
... main trends in paradiplomacy. The author concludes that paradiplomacy intensifies globalisation and regionalisation processes. In the past years, the main paradiplomacy trends in cooperation between Russia and the Baltic Sea region states, particularly Finland, were as follows: (1) project activity gathering momentum; (2) diversification of paradiplomatic actors; (3) equal and symmetrical partnership between Russia and the European states.
Introduction
During the past few decades, EU-Russian regional ...
A typology of the Baltic region states according to excellence in science and technology
... despite their strong economic ties and developed industries. A significant element of any manufacturing system is its scientific and technological subsystem, which is described in this article for ten countries (Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia), based on an analysis of a clustered set of national characteristics: R&D financing and staffing in the scientific and technological subsystem. A total of ten indicators, absolute and relative,...
Cross-border tourist mobility as seen by residents of the Karelian borderlands: COVID-19 restrictions
... dynamics, volume and structure) and travellers’ expenditure, the changes taking place in the borderlands remain unclear.
As to the Russian-Finnish borderlands, the effect of transboundary tourist mobility of Russian citizens on the development of Finland’s border areas has been investigated from the economic, socio-cultural and other perspectives, particularly by Finnish colleagues [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23]. Many of these works look at the Russian tourist flow coming to the country ...
Three Russian Baltic regions in the context of confrontation between Russia and the West
... in the West, Berlin decided to abandon its special policy toward Russia. Special relations between the two countries completely dissipated after the start of the special military operation in Ukraine.
2. Countries not supporting additional sanctions: Finland, and to a lesser extent Denmark, fall into this category. Although Denmark obstructed the construction of the “Nord Stream-2” gas pipeline, these countries did not advocate for additional sanctions against Russia beyond those imposed by the ...
Lutheranism in Finland: past and present
The article focuses on the spatial and temporal differentiation of Lutheranism in Finland. The study aims to identify historical and geographical features of the development of Lutheran space in Finland, as well as modern trends in its transformation. This study is very relevant, since Lutheranism is currently the major confession ...
Russophone immigration to Finland: new forms, trends, and consequences
Until the 1960s, Finland was more often the country of origin than the country of destination. Once a depressed area, it soon turned into a welfare state, becoming with international migrants. Since Finland’s labour market and society are beset with demographic problems,...
Changes in the structure and geography of tourist flows during the COVID-19 pandemic
... pandemic. Yet, domestic tourism burgeoned in most of the region’s countries. In 2021, the most dramatic increase in domestic arrivals occurred, year on year, in the border regions of Russia’s Northwest Federal District; the growth was also notable in Finland and the Baltic States. Domestic tourist flow compensated, partially or even fully, for the decrease in inbound tourist flow in most regions. The structure of inbound tourism changed markedly during the pandemic, with the share of tourists from ...
Economic development of Russia’s north-western regions and migration to the St. Petersburg agglomeration
... these countries are concentrated in urban agglomerations, particularly Helsinki [2], [9].
The share of intangible products with low logistics costs, mostly related to information and communication technologies (ICT), is growing in Nordic economies. In Finland, game software development companies tend to concentrate in university cities, as staff communication and inter-firm contacts are essential for them. In Helsinki, knowledge-based firms are usually located closer to the urban core and to universities,...
A ‘Secret alliance’ or ‘Freedom from any alliances’? NATO accession debate in Sweden and Finland, 1991—2016
The authors analyze the policy of NATO towards Sweden and Finland, the neutral states of Northern Europe, in 1991—2016. The authors emphasize that Finland and Sweden have always been of high strategic importance for NATO and the EU defence policy. The authors investigate the main areas of cooperation between ...
Finland’s policy towards the USSR in the 1980s—at the beginning of the 1990s in the Finnish historiography
The article is a review of the body of literature published in Finland during the 1990s — 2010s, describing the evolution of Finland's foreign policy towards the USSR in the last decade of the Cold War. The author identifies chronological stages of the study of Finland’s policy towards the Soviet Union and ...
On the international cooperation of North-West Russia in the field of innovations in the Baltic
This article focuses on the cooperation between the constituent entities of the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation and the Baltic countries (Finland, Estonia, and Norway) in the field of innovations at national and regional levels, as well as at the level of corporate cooperation. The author reviews successful implementation of innovation projects within cross-border and transnational cooperation ...
The economy of Russian Baltic regions: development level and dynamics, structure and international trade partners
The article explores the challenges encountered during the formation of the Baltic macro-region comprising Russia and eight EU countries (Germany, Poland, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) in the context of the ongoing geopolitical and geo-economic changes. The article aims to assess the dynamics, level, structure and pace of economic development of three Russian regions located on the Baltic Sea ...
Development of Aland Islands: major trends and challenges
... Åland, 2013, available at: http://www.finlex.fi/sv/laki/kaannokset/1991/en19911144.pdf (accessed 26 January 2013).
2. Posol'stvo Finljandii, Moskva. General'noe konsul'stvo Finljandii, Sankt-Peterburg. Obshhaja informacija o Finljandii [Embassy of Finland, Moscow. Consulate General of Finland, St. Petersburg. General information about Finland], 2013,
available at: http://www.finland.org.ru/public/default.aspx?nodeid=37009&contentlan=15&culture=ru-RU (accessed 26 January 2013).
3. Deryabin, ...
Territorial differences in the innovative development of Sweden, Finland, and the North-western federal district of the Russian Federation
This article considers the innovative component of the economies of Sweden, Finland, and the Noreth-western federal district (NWFD) of the Russian Federation. The authors present the results of a comparative analysis of research and technological potential of the regions and their administrativeterritorial units in terms of innovative ...
The adaptation of Russian regions’ economies to the rupture of relations with Europe: the case of Baltic Sea ports
... leadership and business of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania resisted this development in every possible way, trying to maintain their pricing and political influence on Russian-European trade relations. The construction of new large ports in the Gulf of Finland can be considered one of the main successes of Russian spatial policy in recent decades. This success made it possible to largely get rid of the dictates of the disloyal transit countries of Eastern Europe and gave a serious impetus to the economic ...
France’s strategy in the Baltic region: military and political aspects
... example, French forces still participate in the NATO air policing programme as well as in naval exercises, keeping the troops in Estonia within the Lynx mission. France’s further activity in the region includes enhanced cooperation with Sweden and Finland after they accede to NATO, an already planned increase in military contingent in the Baltic States in 2023, and the development of the European Political Community project. The author concludes that even if France’s presence in the Baltic does ...
Estonian ‘Balticness’ as a social construct: meanings and contextual specifics
... consideration in this study. Striving to provide a rationale for excluding their state from the Baltic region, Estonian politicians pursue two main narratives. The first one stresses the cultural and linguistic proximity of Estonia and the Nordic State of Finland. Today’s difference in living standards in the two countries is principally explained by Estonia having been part of the USSR for decades [15, р. 58—73], [16, р. 289]. The alternative narrative focuses on deliberate distancing from the image ...
Disease control and border lockdown at the EU’s internal borders during Covid-19 pandemic: the case of Finland
The article discusses the lockdown of the EU’s internal borders during the Covid-19 pandemic in Finland. Special attention is paid to bordering as a means of disease control and the governments’ aim to “protect the population and secure functions of society”. Not only did the government restrict flights and ‘non-essential’ travel from ...
Towards a classification of transboundary tourist and recreation mesoregions in the Baltic region
... to 500,000 arrivals); three, the third order (from 50,000 to 100,000 arrivals). The most substantial fall in tourist flows occurred in 2020—2021 in the mesoregins including Sweden and Russia and the least marked in those involving Denmark, Germany, Finland, Estonia and Latvia. The findings may help track the future restoration of transboundary tourist flows in the countries of the Baltic region.
1. Korneevets, V. 2008, The concepts of “countries of the Baltic region” and “Baltic region”,...
Development of cross-border tourist and recreational regions on the Karelian section of the Russian-Finnish border
... recreation in the Baltic Sea Region have been extensively studied, there are still areas, which require further research. The aim of this article is to identify regions having active cross-border tourism and recreation in the adjacent territories of Finland and the Republic of Karelia. The authors propose to use an indicator characterizing the volume of incoming tourist flows. The number of tourists is not only indicative of the development of cross-border tourism and recreation; it is also one of ...
The potential for expanding inter-cluster cooperation between the ship-building industries of Estonia, Finland, and North-West Russia
The shipbuilding industry clusters in the Eastern Baltic Sea region, i. e. Estonia, Finland and North-West Russia, may benefit significantly from increased mutual cooperation; however, the international networks between the clusters are still poorly developed. The aim of this article is to analyse the preconditions for cluster internationalization ...
Geopolitical regionalisation of the Baltic area: the essence and historical dynamics
... Kaliningrad and Novgorod regions, parts of Karelia and small parts of the Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and Tver regions meet this criterion. The region includes the entire territories of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, almost all of Poland, large parts of Sweden and Finland, over half of Denmark and almost half of Belarus, north-east Germany, small sections of Norway, Ukraine, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia (see the map scheme in [16, p. 10]). The Baltic University programme placed the Baltic region in approximately ...
Reputation and status in Denmark’s strategic culture
... however, continues to benefit from its special relationship with the US and its privileged access to American officials, which provides Denmark with a clearer picture of the US position on issues of national interest [12]. At the same time, Sweden and Finland are pursuing NATO membership and, like Denmark, are striving for a special status in relations with the US, having obtained security guarantees from it. Against this backdrop, maintaining the ‘super-Atlanticist’ status will call for tools ...
Geography of inbound tourism and transboundary tourism-and-recreation region-building in Sweden
Sweden’s tourism industry stands out for its large contribution to the development of the national economy. The vast size of the country makes it possible to trace differences in incoming tourist flows from neighbouring countries. This circumstance accounts for the novelty of this study, which lies in viewing national tourism geography from the perspective of the theory of transboundary tourism-and-recreation region building. Interregional differences in the structure of incoming tourist flows...
The features of teacher professional training in Finland
An overview of the distinctive features of teacher training in Finland, which has had high international student assessment scores for more than 20 years, is presented. The authors adapted the interdisciplinary method of PEST analysis to identify the political, economic, and social aspects of teacher training that ...
Analysing the dynamics of the Baltic States’s production linkages with Russia
... Russia and the Baltic countries, investigating the export-import flows of consumer and intermediate goods in 2003—2020. A comparative study of the Baltic States’ production linkages with Russia and their main partners in the EU — Germany and Finland — is carried out. It is concluded that, before the introduction of sanctions in 2014 and the world trade crisis of 2015—2016, Russia was a more promising market than Germany and Finland for the Baltic States’ companies trading in intermediate ...
Trends in the development of cross-border trade in the Russian-Finnish borderlands
... historical periods and juxtapose the pertinent institutional, organisational and infrastructural settings. We explain why the direction of the flow of finance and goods changed. Until the early 20th century, goods were brought to and money collected from Finland’s borderlands. Since the 1920s, the opposite situation has been observed. The latter trend has been growing in recent years. In this article, we aim at providing a periodisation and detecting the trends in and features of the evolution of cross-border ...
The Denominational Space of Modern Sweden: Christianity
... 150—152. (In Russ.)
6. Murashova, T. V. 2013, Marginality factor in the structure of confessional space of Pskov area, Pskovskii regionologicheskii zhurnal, no. 10, p. 177—183. (In Russ.)
7. Balabeykina, O. A. 2014, Traditional Christian confessions of Finland territorial aspect, Izvestiya Russkogo geograficheskogo obstchestva, Vol. 146, no. 5, p. 56—62. (In Russ.)
8. Balabeykina O., Martynov V. 2015, Lutheranism in Finland: Past and Present, Balt. Reg., Vol. 7, no. 4, p. 113—121. DOI 10.5922/2079-8555-2015-4-9....
The contribution of V. I. Lytkin to the establishment of scientific ties between the Komi Republic and Finland
This article is devoted to the development of cooperation between the Komi Republic and Finland in the 20th century and the contribution of one of leading specialists in Finno-Ugric studies V. O. Lytkin to this process.
1.
Вихман Э.
Краткий очерк научной поездки к зырянам в 1901—1902 гг....
On the development of the "Greater Finland" iIdeology
This article focuses on the role of Länsipohja and Ruija in the "Greater Finland" ideology. The growing interest in the closely related peoples in the 1920s became a prerequisite for the foundation of the Academic Karelia Society (AKS). The author addresses the activity of the AKS concerning Länsipohja and Ruija.
1....
Gas infrastructure development in the countries of East Baltic as a way to increase energy security
... gazoviki hotjat stroit' terminal v Jestonii [Latvian gas companies want to build a terminal in Estonia],2012, REGNUM, 6 July, available at: http://www. regnum. ru/news/1548989.html (accessed 25 December 2012).
19. Finljandija planiruet import SPG [Finland plans to import LNG], 2012, Informacionnyj portal «Gornaja jencilopedija» [Information Portal «Mountain entsilopediya»], 4 April, available at: http://news-mining.ru/news/finlyandiya_ planiruet_import_spg/ (accessed 25 December 2012).
20....
Serge Korff, the Last Acting Governor-General of the Great Duchery of Finland
... видный русский государствовед, административист и юрист-международник (К 130-летию со дня рождения) // Государство и право. 2007. № 3.
6. National archives of Finland. Chancellery of governor-general of Finland, personal folder 121, box FH9, Korff.
Petrov E.
53-60
Knowledge and innovation dynamics of the Northwest Russia under geopolitical changes
... of contacts, the largest share of the publications in 2018—2022 was co-authored with researchers from unfriendly countries. The top 25 countries by the number of joint publications include 20 unfriendly (Germany, USA, France, Great Britain, Italy, Finland, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Netherlands, Australia, Sweden, Austria, Japan, Canada, Greece, Ukraine, Portugal, South Korea) and five friendly (China, Brazil, India, Belarus, Turkey) countries.
The regions of the second group have ...
Project approach in transboundary tourism-and-recreation region building: the case of Karelia
This article considers international projects as a factor in building and developing transboundary tourism-and-recreation regions. The Karelian part of the Russian-Finnish border and the adjoining areas of Russia and Finland were the model site for the study. The research aims to measure the contribution of international projects run in 1990—2020 to transboundary region building in the Karelian borderlands. The analysis of 80 international municipal projects shows ...
Population change and the settlement system transformation in Poland, as revealed by the 2021 census
... countries in the Baltic macroregion, people per 1,000 inhabitants
Country
Migration gain
Birthrate
Mortality
Natural increase
Total gain
2021
Germany
3.6
9.6
12.3
– 2.7
1
Poland
0.1
8.8
13.8
– 5
– 4.9
Sweden
4.9
11
8.8
2.2
7
Denmark
4.6
10.8
9.8
1
5.7
Finland
4.1
9
10.4
– 1.4
2.6
Lithuania
12.4
8.3
17
– 8.7
3.7
Latvia
– 0.2
9.2
18.4
– 9.2
– 9.3
Estonia
5.3
10
14
– 4
1.3
2011
Germany
3.7
8.3
10.6
– 2.3
1.3
Poland
– 0.3
10.2
9.9
– 0.3
0
Sweden
4.8
11.8
9.5
2.3
7.1
Denmark
2.4
10.6
9....
Population Change in the Neighbouring Regions of Russia and the European Union States
... and EU statistical offices and map the results obtained. I identify significant differences between border regions and cities. The most adverse demographic situation is observed in the borderlands of the Baltics, a slightly better one in Poland and Finland. As to Russia’s border regions, a population increase is characteristic of Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions. Yet, a number of cities in the immediate vicinity of the border face a population decline. The demographic ...
Geopolitical and Geo-economic Changes in the Baltic Sea Region at the Turn of the XX—XXI centuries
... socialist countries in the Baltic Sea region. They were signatories of the Warsaw Pact and members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (the Soviet Union, Poland and East Germany). The Baltic Sea region housed four market economies (Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Germany). Only two of them were members of NATO and the EU (Germany and Denmark). At present, there are eight EU countries in the region; six of them are NATO members (Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia),...
The Baltic Finnish Peoples Divided by State and Administrative Borders: Territorial Development of the Karelians, Vepsians, and Setos
... state and administrative borders on the territorial and demographic development of small ethnic groups. The article analyses the case of three Baltic Finnish peoples living in the Russian North-West and divided by borders of different levels: Karelians (Finland, the Republic of Karelia, and the Leningrad and Tver regions), Vepsians (the Republic of Karelia and the Leningrad and Vologda regions), and Setos (Estonia and the Pskov region). The analysis is based on the cartographic and statistical demographic ...
Cross-border Tourism in the Russian Northwest: General Trends and Features of Development
....php%3Farchivo%3Drev12ing%2F4.pdf&ei=yG9FUv69JsaN4gSS6YCIBQ
& usg=AFQjCNGi7ShTHTB6uG8iT2LbDKhdTFxlEw&bvm=bv.53217764,d.bGE (дата обращения: 14.10.2013).
19. Miettinen E. Border areas as tourist destination for Russian travellers: russian tourists in Finland // Pearls of the coniferous forest. 20th anniversary of North Karelia Biosphere Reserve. October 30 — November 2, 2012. Finland, Joensuu.P. 86—87.
20. Palmowski T. Problems ofcross-border cooperation between Polandand THE Kaliningradoblast ...
Major infrastructure projects and the foreign policy of the Baltic states in 2010—2014
... at:http://rus.postimees.ee/2570070/nachalos-testirovanie-morskogo-kabelja-estlink-2 (accessed 22.10.2013).
25. V Jestonii jelektrojenergija dorozhe pochti v dva raza, chem v Finljandii [In Estonia, the more electricity is almost two times higher than in Finland], 2013, Postimees: Värsked uudised Eestist ja välismaalt, available at: http://rus.postimees.ee/1280100/v-jestonii-jelektrojenergija-dorozhe-pochti-v-dva-raza-chemv-
finljandii (accessed 25.06.2013).
26. Pavuk, О. 2013, Pohozhe na demagogiju ...
Innovation Capacity of Russia and the Baltics: a Comparative Approach
... comparative analysis of innovative development in Russia and the Baltic Sea countries based on the calculation of an integral research and technological potential index for the Russian Federation, the Northwestern Federal District of Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Germany, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia. The paper describes the level of research and technological development of Russia in 2008—2010 in terms of human resources, R&D, material and technical components, and the transformation ...
Universities of the North-western federal district in Russian-Finnish research cooperation
This article focuses on the cooperation between universities of the North-western federal district (NWFD) of the Russian Federation, Sweden, and Finland, its intensity and territorial differentiation. The analysis was conducted on the basis of public domain information on the international activity of universities available on their official websites. The authors identify the principle areas and ...
The innovative process in the Baltic Sea region
....eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/statistics/themes (accessed 9 July 2012).
5. Federal State Statistics Service of Russian Federation 2011,Russia in figures— 2011, available at: http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b11_12/Main.htm (accessed 9 July 2012).
6. Finland’s Ministry of Employment and the Economy 2012, Innovative environments,
available at: http://www.tem.fi/index.phtml?l=en&s=2362 (accessed 9 July 2012).
7. Schwab, K. (ed.). 2011, The Global Competitiveness Report 2011—2012, World Economic ...
Innovative economy in the Baltic Sea region
Innovative activity is carried out at three levels — those of the state, region and a company or a university. This article considers the level of development of knowledge-based economy in Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland at each of the three levels, as well as descripes the spatial differentiation of innovative activity within the Baltic region. The analysis is done on the basis of national and international research, as ...
Transborder corporate integration in the Baltic Sea Region
... Russian business in the Baltic part of the European integration area is still rather weak despite Russia’s considerable foreign direct investment in the Baltic States.
1. Burnaeva, E. M. 2007, Finljandija: tendencii zarubezhnogo investirovanija [Finland: trends of foreign investment], Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [World Economy and International Relations], no. 7, p. 30—39.
2. Volkov, A. M. 2005, Shvecija: investicionnaja model' v dejstvii [Sweden: The investment model in ...
The geochemical characteristics of the bottom sediment in the pockmark area of the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland
It is the first time pockmark-like structures have been detected in the south-eastern part of the Gulf of Finland with the help of a side-scan sonar and a profile recorder. The analysis of the distribution of microcomponents in the bottom sediment indicates that the pockmark area is located in the geochemical barrier border zone where the reducing medium ...
The characteristics of the biogenic element of the runoff fr om the drainage areas of the Gulf of Finland basin experiencing a lim ited anthropogenic impact
This article analyses characteristics of 25 rivers of the Gulf of Finland basin where the monitoring of the streamflow chemical composition was performed. The authors consider the dynamics of biogenic element content in the streamflow, the relation of the drainage areas to certain landscapes, the share of agricultural ...
Military and political cooperation between Germany and Lithuania in the late 2010s to early 2020s
... from Germany. Already in 2004, Germany supported the NATO Baltic Air Policing mission,<3> Standing NATO Maritime Group 1 (SNMG 1) and Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group 1 (SNMCG 1). The latter ones cruised in the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland for part of the calendar year. Germany has sent fighters, corvettes, and minesweepers to three missions on a rotational basis [15].
Germany’s military contribution to these groupings rarely exceeded 0.2 thousand military personnel, and at times,...