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Until the 1960s, Finland was more often the country of origin than the country of destination. Once a depressed area, it soon turned into a welfare state, becoming with international migrants. Since Finland’s labour market and society are beset with demographic problems,...

The article focuses on the spatial and temporal differentiation of Lutheranism in Finland. The study aims to identify historical and geographical features of the development of Lutheran space in Finland, as well as modern trends in its transformation. This study is very relevant, since Lutheranism is currently the major confession ...

The authors analyze the policy of NATO towards Sweden and Finland, the neutral states of Northern Europe, in 1991—2016. The authors emphasize that Finland and Sweden have always been of high strategic importance for NATO and the EU defence policy. The authors investigate the main areas of cooperation between ...

The article is a review of the body of literature published in Finland dur­ing the 1990s — 2010s, describing the evolution of Finland's foreign policy to­wards the USSR in the last decade of the Cold War. The author identifies chronological stages of the study of Finland’s policy towards the Soviet Union and ...

This article focuses on the cooperation between the constituent entities of the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation and the Baltic countries (Finland, Estonia, and Norway) in the field of innovations at national and regional levels, as well as at the level of corporate cooperation. The author reviews successful implementation of innovation projects within cross-border and transnational cooperation ...

... Åland, 2013, available at: http://www.finlex.fi/sv/laki/kaannokset/1991/en19911144.pdf (accessed 26 January 2013). 2. Posol'stvo Finljandii, Moskva. General'noe konsul'stvo Finljandii, Sankt-Peterburg. Obshhaja informacija o Finljandii [Embassy of Finland, Moscow. Consulate General of Finland, St. Petersburg. General information about Finland], 2013, available at: http://www.finland.org.ru/public/default.aspx?nodeid=37009&contentlan=15&culture=ru-RU (accessed 26 January 2013). 3. Deryabin, ...

This article considers the innovative component of the economies of Sweden, Finland, and the Noreth-western federal district (NWFD) of the Russian Federation. The authors present the results of a comparative analysis of research and technological potential of the regions and their administrativeterritorial units in terms of innovative ...

... metropolis: Analyzing the tourist experience of Sherlock Holmes’ London, Philip Marlowe’s Los Angeles and Lisbeth Salander’s Stockholm, Annals of Tourism Research, no. 57, p. 113—125. 15. Kozlova, K. S. 2020, Development of educational tourism in Finland and Sweden. In: Nedelya nauki SPBPU. Materialy` nauchnoj konferencii s mezhdunarodny`m uchastiem [SPBPU Science Week. Materials of a scientific conference with international participation], p. 244—247 (In Russ.). 16. Majorov, N. N. 2020, Development ...

The article discusses the lockdown of the EU’s internal borders during the Covid-19 pandemic in Finland. Special attention is paid to bordering as a means of disease control and the governments’ aim to “protect the population and secure functions of society”. Not only did the government restrict flights and ‘non-essential’ travel from ...

... recreation in the Baltic Sea Region have been extensively studied, there are still areas, which require further research. The aim of this article is to identify regions having active cross-border tourism and recreation in the adjacent territories of Finland and the Republic of Karelia. The authors propose to use an indicator characterizing the volume of incoming tourist flows. The number of tourists is not only indicative of the development of cross-border tourism and recreation; it is also one of ...

The shipbuilding industry clusters in the Eastern Baltic Sea region, i. e. Estonia, Finland and North-West Russia, may benefit significantly from increased mutual cooperation; however, the international networks between the clusters are still poorly developed. The aim of this article is to analyse the preconditions for cluster internationalization ...

This article considers international projects as a factor in building and developing transboundary tourism-and-recreation regions. The Karelian part of the Russian-Finnish border and the adjoining areas of Russia and Finland were the model site for the study. The research aims to measure the contribution of international projects run in 1990—2020 to transboundary region building in the Karelian borderlands. The analysis of 80 international municipal projects shows ...

... historical periods and juxtapose the pertinent institutional, organisational and infrastructural settings. We explain why the direction of the flow of finance and goods changed. Until the early 20th century, goods were brought to and money collected from Finland’s borderlands. Since the 1920s, the opposite situation has been observed. The latter trend has been growing in recent years. In this article, we aim at providing a periodisation and detecting the trends in and features of the evolution of cross-border ...

... 150—152. (In Russ.) 6. Murashova, T. V. 2013, Marginality factor in the structure of confessional space of Pskov area, Pskovskii regionologicheskii zhurnal, no. 10, p. 177—183. (In Russ.) 7. Balabeykina, O. A. 2014, Traditional Christian confessions of Finland territorial aspect, Izvestiya Russkogo geograficheskogo obstchestva, Vol. 146, no. 5, p. 56—62. (In Russ.) 8. Balabeykina O., Martynov V. 2015, Lutheranism in Finland: Past and Present, Balt. Reg., Vol. 7, no. 4, p. 113—121. DOI 10.5922/2079-8555-2015-4-9....

This article is devoted to the development of cooperation between the Komi Republic and Finland in the 20th century and the contribution of one of leading specialists in Finno-Ugric studies V. O. Lytkin to this process. 1. Вихман Э. Краткий очерк научной поездки к зырянам в 1901—1902 гг....

This article focuses on the role of Länsipohja and Ruija in the "Greater Finland" ideology. The growing interest in the closely related peoples in the 1920s became a prerequisite for the foundation of the Academic Karelia Society (AKS). The author addresses the activity of the AKS concerning Länsipohja and Ruija. 1....

... gazoviki hotjat stroit' terminal v Jestonii [Latvian gas companies want to build a terminal in Estonia],2012, REGNUM, 6 July, available at: http://www. regnum. ru/news/1548989.html (accessed 25 December 2012). 19. Finljandija planiruet import SPG [Finland plans to import LNG], 2012, Informacionnyj portal «Gornaja jencilopedija» [Information Portal «Mountain entsilopediya»], 4 April, available at: http://news-mining.ru/news/finlyandiya_ planiruet_import_spg/ (accessed 25 December 2012). 20....

... видный русский государствовед, административист и юрист-международник (К 130-летию со дня рождения) // Государство и право. 2007. № 3. 6. National archives of Finland. Chancellery of governor-general of Finland, personal folder 121, box FH9, Korff. Petrov E. 53-60

... and EU statistical offices and map the results obtained. I identify significant differences between border regions and cities. The most adverse demographic situation is observed in the borderlands of the Baltics, a slightly better one in Poland and Finland. As to Russia’s border regions, a population increase is characteristic of Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions. Yet, a number of cities in the immediate vicinity of the border face a population decline. The demographic ...

... socialist countries in the Baltic Sea region. They were signatories of the Warsaw Pact and members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (the Soviet Union, Poland and East Germany). The Baltic Sea region housed four market economies (Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Germany). Only two of them were members of NATO and the EU (Germany and Denmark). At present, there are eight EU countries in the region; six of them are NATO members (Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia),...

... state and administrative borders on the territorial and demographic development of small ethnic groups. The article analyses the case of three Baltic Finnish peoples living in the Russian North-West and divided by borders of different levels: Karelians (Finland, the Republic of Karelia, and the Leningrad and Tver regions), Vepsians (the Republic of Karelia and the Leningrad and Vologda regions), and Setos (Estonia and the Pskov region). The analysis is based on the cartographic and statistical demographic ...

....php%3Farchivo%3Drev12ing%2F4.pdf&ei=yG9FUv69JsaN4gSS6YCIBQ & usg=AFQjCNGi7ShTHTB6uG8iT2LbDKhdTFxlEw&bvm=bv.53217764,d.bGE (дата обращения: 14.10.2013). 19. Miettinen E. Border areas as tourist destination for Russian travellers: russian tourists in Finland // Pearls of the coniferous forest. 20th anniversary of North Karelia Biosphere Reserve. October 30 — November 2, 2012. Finland, Joensuu.P. 86—87. 20. Palmowski T. Problems ofcross-border cooperation between Polandand THE Kaliningradoblast ...

... at:http://rus.postimees.ee/2570070/nachalos-testirovanie-morskogo-kabelja-estlink-2 (accessed 22.10.2013). 25. V Jestonii jelektrojenergija dorozhe pochti v dva raza, chem v Finljandii [In Estonia, the more electricity is almost two times higher than in Finland], 2013, Postimees: Värsked uudised Eestist ja välismaalt, available at: http://rus.postimees.ee/1280100/v-jestonii-jelektrojenergija-dorozhe-pochti-v-dva-raza-chemv- finljandii (accessed 25.06.2013). 26. Pavuk, О. 2013, Pohozhe na demagogiju ...

... comparative analysis of innovative development in Russia and the Baltic Sea countries based on the calculation of an integral research and technological potential index for the Russian Federation, the Northwestern Federal District of Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Germany, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia. The paper describes the level of research and technological development of Russia in 2008—2010 in terms of human resources, R&D, material and technical components, and the transformation ...

This article focuses on the cooperation between universities of the North-western federal district (NWFD) of the Russian Federation, Sweden, and Finland, its intensity and territorial differentiation. The analysis was conducted on the basis of public domain information on the international activity of universities available on their official websites. The authors identify the principle areas and ...

....eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/statistics/themes (accessed 9 July 2012). 5. Federal State Statistics Service of Russian Federation 2011,Russia in figures— 2011, available at: http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b11_12/Main.htm (accessed 9 July 2012). 6. Finland’s Ministry of Employment and the Economy 2012, Innovative environments, available at: http://www.tem.fi/index.phtml?l=en&s=2362 (accessed 9 July 2012). 7. Schwab, K. (ed.). 2011, The Global Competitiveness Report 2011—2012, World Economic ...

Innovative activity is carried out at three levels — those of the state, region and a company or a university. This article considers the level of development of knowledge-based economy in Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland at each of the three levels, as well as descripes the spatial differentiation of innovative activity within the Baltic region. The analysis is done on the basis of national and international research, as ...

... Russian business in the Baltic part of the European integration area is still rather weak despite Russia’s considerable foreign direct investment in the Baltic States. 1. Burnaeva, E. M. 2007, Finljandija: tendencii zarubezhnogo investirovanija [Finland: trends of foreign investment], Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [World Economy and International Relations], no. 7, p. 30—39. 2. Volkov, A. M. 2005, Shvecija: investicionnaja model' v dejstvii [Sweden: The investment model in ...

It is the first time pockmark-like structures have been detected in the south-eastern part of the Gulf of Finland with the help of a side-scan sonar and a profile recorder. The analysis of the distribution of microcomponents in the bottom sediment indicates that the pockmark area is located in the geochemical barrier border zone where the reducing medium ...

This article analyses characteristics of 25 rivers of the Gulf of Finland basin where the monitoring of the streamflow chemical composition was performed. The authors consider the dynamics of biogenic element content in the streamflow, the relation of the drainage areas to certain landscapes, the share of agricultural ...

The paper describes some aspects of English loanwords top- and VIP- in the modern Russian language. The morphological status of the components depends on their derivative value in the donor language (analytical adjective, prefixoid) or according to the derivational model of the recipient language (ra­dixoid, affixoid, root). It is substantiated that the prepositive component top- acts as a sociopragmatic marker with the value of the highest position held by the compared objects in various ratings...

Khudoley K. K. 180-183

... principal tool of the EU’s integrated policy. Many European countries of the Baltic region are seeking cooperation with Russia to preserve the natural and economic environment of the Baltic Sea. Most joint spatial planning projects have been initiated by Finland, Sweden, Germany, and Poland. Palmowski T., Tarkowski M. Baltic Sea region, European Union, integrated coastal area management, spatial planning, Poland, Russia 100-113 10.5922/2079-8555-2018-2-7

... pretext for increased military presence in the region is the alleged need to defend the Baltic states from the Russian threat. Special attention is paid to the attempts of Western military strategists to encourage the neutral Nordic states — Sweden and Finland — to accede to NATO. This would lead to the organisation’s northern enlargement. The current situation suggests that to ease tension in the Baltic Sea region Russia has not only to respond adequately to emerging military threats but also to ...

The paper explores how the common economic space, a product of the EU, influenced the economies of the Baltic Sea Region states in 1995—2015. The authors investigate changes in the economic performance of the developed (Germany, Denmark, Finland, and Sweden) and Eastern European countries (Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) during the integration of the latter states into the EU. Performance dynamics is analyzed for eight EU Baltic Sea Region countries. Three Russian Baltic regions constitute ...

... closer ties migration-wise with other russian regions and foreign countries, and are characterized by increased migration efficiency. A distinctive feature of the migration geography is intense migration turnover with neighboring countries: first of all, Finland, Estonia and Norway. The coastal position becomes an attractive factor for all the studied regions, except for the northern ones. The border can also affect the migration adversely both in the northern regions, and in the Leningrad region, St....

... Ев­ро­пей­ского союза // Проблемы развития морского флота : сб. науч. тр. СПб., 2004. С. 66—75. 5. Research Report VAL34-013153. The Implementation of the VTMIS System for the Gulf of Finland. VTT Industrial Systems, 2002. P. 45—57. Vaganova V. V., Tkachenko S. N., Novikova E. P., Bodnya A. V. safety, wave propagation, GMDSS, module 5-12

... bringing, and may continue to bring advances to the study of the reception of audiovisual texts in translation. Abdallah, K., 2012. Translators in Production Networks. Reflections on Agency, Quality and Ethics. Ph. D. Joensuu: University of Eastern Finland. Bourdieu, P.,1971. “Le marché des biens symboliques”. Année Sociologique, 22, pp. 49—126. Bourdieu, P., 1979. La distinction. Critique sociale du jugement [Distinction. A social critique of the judgment of taste. Cambridge]. Translated ...

... dis­cussed, but the main tendency has been one of fragmentation. Perhaps this does not matter? Abdallah, K., 2012. Translators in Production Networks. Reflections on agency, quality and ethics. Joensuu: Publications of the University of Eastern Finland. Arrojo, R., 2002. Lessons learned from Babel. Target, 14 (1), pp. 137—143. Bartsch, R., 1987. Norms of Language. London: Longman. Bassnett, S. and Lefevere, A., 1996. Constructing Cultures. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Chesterman, A., 1997....

... densely populated territories located in moderate seismic regions. We perform a brief engineering analysis of the consequences of the Kaliningrad earthquake of September 21, 2004. The earthquake was felt across the Sambia Peninsula, in the Baltics, Finland, some parts of Poland and Belarus, and even in Saint Petersburg. Earthquakes occurred on the territory of today’s Kaliningrad — in the city of Konigsberg — in 1803 and 1904. For many years, the Kaliningrad region’s seismic risks were underestimated....

... ращения : 28.10.2010). 6. Statistical Office of Estonia. URL: www.stat.ee ( дата обращения : 07.10.2010). 7. Statistics Denmark. URL: http://www.dst.dk/HomeUK.aspx ( дата обраще ­ ния : 11.10.2010). 8. Statistics Finland. URL: www.stat.fi/index_en.html ( дата обращения : 11.10.2010). 9. Statistics Lithuania. URL: http://www.std.lt/web/main.php ( дата обраще ­ ния : 11.10.2010). 10. Statistics Sweden. URL: www.scb.se ( дата ...

... туризма в СССР. URL: http://www.permgani.ru/publikatsii/stati/proniknovenie-nashe-po-planete-osobenno-zametno-vdaleke.htm... (дата обращения: 20.10.2017). 14. Kostiainen A. Mass Tourists, Groups and Delegates: Travel from Finland to the Soviet Union from 1950 to 1980. URL: http://www.genealogia.fi/emi/art/article242e . htm (дата обращения: 27.11.2017). Kostiuk A. tourism, outbound tourism, specialized tourist groups, groups of related jobs, international ...

... 39. A fascinating journey through the Via Hanseatica, available at: https://euro-pulse.ru/euroexpress/uvlekatelnoe-puteshestvie-po-via-hanseatica (accessed 14.02.2017). (in Russ.) 40. Finns intend to open the tourist water route from Krasnoyarsk to Finland, available at: https://www.votpusk.ru/news.asp?msg=543200 (accessed 14.02.2017). (in Russ.) 41. Chub, M. A. 2012, Heilongjiang Amur region: projects and prospects of international tourism, Evrazijskaya integraciya: ehkonomika, pravo, politika ...

... Vol. 86, no. 2, p. 77—85. 11. Expert 400 — rating of leading Russian companies, Expert, available at: http://expert.ru/ratings/rejting-krupnejshih-kompanij-rossii-2014-po-ob_emu-realizatsii-produktsii/ (accessed 13.2.2017). (in Russ.) 12. Bank of Finland, 2017, Russia statistics, available at: https://www.bofit.fi/en/monitoring/statistics/russia-statistics (accessed 24.08.2017). 13. Merriam, S. 2009, Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (Revised and expanded from 'Qualitative ...

... region — a narrow, an extended, and a broad one, each serving a different purpose and being characterised by a different density of internal connections. According to the narrow definition, the region comprises the whole territories of Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia and the coastal parts of Russia, Germany, and Poland. The extended definition adds the remaining part of Poland, most Russian and German regions, and Belarus and Norway. The broad definition of the Baltic region ...

... article aims to identify the features of Muslim migration to the Baltic States in the aftermath of the Arab Spring. The authors analyse the timeline of Muslim immigration to the Baltic region. It is stressed that, despite current difficulties, Germany and Finland are more successful in integrating immigrants than, for instance, Sweden and Denmark. Just like other Western European countries, the Baltic States have not developed a conceptual framework for their migration and integration policies towards ...