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... period of time embracing, on the one hand, a combination of political, social, and legal conditions of the development of justice of the peace and, on the other hand, the system of justice of the peace (court system, judicial institution, types and forms of state activity). 1.  Дорошков В.   В. Мировой судья. Исторические, организационные и про­цессуальные аспекты деятельности. М., 2004. 2.  Каширский ...

This article considers the development and conceptual content of university education in the diachronic and synchronic dimensions; the author analyses its role in the formation of critical thinking. The latter is interpreted in the value-instrumental rather than logical-methodological sense. 1.  Антология педагогической мысли христианского средневековья: пособие для учащихся педагогических колледжей и студентов вузов: в 2 т. М., 1994. 2.  Ашин Г.   К., Панфилова Т.   В. Перспективы высшего образования...

Transfer pricing proofs to be an effective organizational management mechanism under the new economic conditions. This article deals with the main transfer pricing formation models and the interaction of financial participants contributing to harmonizing their economics interests. The application of these models to ensure competitiveness of public sector organizations is of special interest. 1.  Anthony R.   N., Dearden J. Management Control Systems. R.   D. Irwin, 1984. 2.  Erwert R., Wagenhofer...

This article analyses the evolution of aesthetic ideals of baroque as the reflection of changes that took place in social consciousness. The author formulates the content standards of aesthetic ideal of baroque music and focuses on the history of spread of baroque music in East Prussia in the 17th century. 1.  Панофский Э. Галилей: наука и искусство. У истоков классиче­ской нау­ки. М., 1968. 2.  Буркгард Я. Культура Италии в эпоху Возрождения. Смоленск, 2002.

This article considers two approaches to studying social phenomena — the naturalistic approach, which was formed within the natural scientific tradition, and the action-oriented approach, which was developed by the Russian methodological school. The author assesses the role of organization and system categories in the framework of these approaches as well ...

... uncertainty. The author carries out an analysis of social phenomena (personality, organizations and institutions) on the basis of anthropological presuppositions about the nature and features of uncertainty. The analysis rests on the concepts of multiple forms of capital, different orders of value, and field and habitus theory. 1.  Becker G. Human Capital. Chicago, 1964. 2.  Boltanski L., Thévenot L. On Justification. The Economies of Worth. Princeton, 2006. 3.  Dequech D. Uncertainty and ...

This article focuses on the key levels of internationalisation of higher education in Russia against the background of implementation of Bologna process principles. The authors analyse the experience of the Faculty of Economics of the Mikhail Lomonosov Moscow State University of putting into practice the models of joint master's degree programmes. 1.  Смирнягин Л. Восьмая культура капитализма // Кредит Russia . №   24. 2000. Де­кабрь. 2.  Совместные программы и программы двойных дипломов в странах...

The analysis of existing rule of International humanitarian law governing the cases of use of human shields by the parties of armed conflict justifies the conclusion that these persons are a sui generis case and should be regarded as an exception to a number of general rules. As a result, they should not be classified as taking a direct part in hostilities and must be treated according to the principle of proportionality provided that the permissible level of excessiveness of collateral damage can...

This article considers the main aspects of the methodology of formation of object-functional approach to regional development, which makes it possible, due to taking into account the patterns of regional function distribution, to choose strategic regional objects and ensure their interaction on the basis of incentives for economic agents. 1.  Бильчак В.   С. Мотивационный механизм развития посткризисной эконо­мики регионов России   // Вестник Балтийского научного центра. Калинин­град,   2003...

This article analyzes the definition and content of criminal policy. Special attention is paid to the criminological aspect. The authors scrutinize the trends of development of criminal policy in theory and practice and formulate a number of key elements of the criminal policy concept. 1.  Степанов В.   В. Условно-досрочное освобождение от отбывания наказания: теоретические и правоприменительные проблемы: монография / под науч. ред. Н.   А. Лопашенко. М., 2010. 2.  Валентукевич А.   В . Уголовная...

This article is an attempt at a comparative analysis of legal documents regulating social services commissioning in a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Furthermore, the authors specify the concept of the given form of interaction of public authorities and noncommercial organizations and describe the advantages of social services commissioning as a mechanism of the implementation of regional socioeconomic policy. 1.  О взаимодействии органов ...

This paper attempts to summarise the established in Russian legal science conceptions of legal regulation of contract forms of public administration implementation and offers a model of legal regulation of preparation and conclusion of administrative contracts. 1.  Гражданский кодекс Российской Федерации от 30 ноября 1994 ...

This article explains the need for the construction of an integral legal framework for Russian economy and considers its principal problems. 1.  Ойкен В. Основы национальной экономики. М., 1996. 2.  Зорькин В.   Д. Тезисы о правовой реформе в России // Законодательство и экономика. 2004. №   2. 3.  Норт Д. Институты, институциональные изменения и функционирова­ние экономики. М., 1998.

This article attempts to elucidate the fundamental connection between law and morals. The authors substantiate the thesis about the spiritual nature of law as a methodological principle of theoretical and practical jurisprudence. The subject content of spiritual foundations of law is demonstrated through the triunity of dignity, autonomy, and mutual respect and trust. Alongside factual and legal aspects, the article addresses the moral aspect of legal relationship. 1. Большая советская энциклопедия...

This article formulates the problems of concept process analysis. The author analyses a set of concept procedures and identifies the bases for their classification. Different classifications of concept procedures are presented in article. 1.  Бойко А.   П. Логический анализ структуры классификации: авто­реф. дис. ... канд. филос. наук. М., 1983. 2.  Брюшинкин В.   Н. Логика. Мышление. Информация. Л., 1988. 3.  Войшвилло Е.   К., Дегтярев М.   Г. Логика как часть теории познания и науч­ной методологии...

Obesity is a global health problem. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese patients is 62—93 %, in type 2 diabetes is prevalent and reaches 55.5 %. The development of chronic subclinical inflammation in obesity contributes to the development of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which underlie the pathogenesis of obesity-associated diseases, i. e., type 2 diabetes and NAFLD. The study included 130 patients with morbid obesity and comorbid diseases (NAFLD and type 2 diabetes)...

... the modern territory of the Russian-Belarusian border area. Transport is noted for its special role in regional development and its contribution to the develop­ment of interregional ties, the formation of cross-border regions. The transport net­work forms a certain infrastructure in the regions, thanks to it con­nec­tivity and integrity are achieved. The development of the transport system ref­lects the main stages of the development of civilization as a whole and within individual regions. The ...

The period of the development of the Northern Territories, the process of urbanization, the mixing of blood had a negative impact on the way of life formed for centuries, morphometric indicators and, accordingly, on the health of the indigenous peoples of the North. The authors compared the morpho­met­ric indicators of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the north living in camps, in rural ...

... sectoral composition of the economy and the thresholds for GDP. The article also analyzes relation between type of sectoral composition of the economy and income of the population expressed in GDP per capita. The economic types proposed the article form homogeneous areas, which include several countries. Types of sectoral structure of the world’s economies are located on the world map with certain patterns.

The tourism industry of the Kaliningrad region is one of the most dynamically develop­ing components of the regional economy. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the region's tourist volume was formed mainly due to external tourist flows. With the onset of the pandemic, there was a fear of an increase in the crisis situation in the industry, caused by a sharp de­crease in the number of tourists visiting the region from other regions of Russia....

The study focuses on world financial centers (GFCs), which have different functions, and, forming a network of GFCs, ensure the integration of the countries into the world financial system (WFS). But within the framework of the GFC network, the global financial centers that are part of it, may differentiate significantly and experience inequality....

... Conference, however, deportation in the Kaliningrad region was carried out on the basis of German citizenship, while exceptions were made for Poles and Lithuanians from the original population in the Klaipeda region, Warmia and Mazury. The population formed as a result of the resettlement action in all three regions turned out to be very diverse, with different historical and cultural experiences. Though the majority of population of the Kaliningrad region, more than two-thirds, was made up of Russians,...

... underrepresented in modern Russian conditions. Spatial planning documents concerning agglomerations usually do not reflect the realities and relations within these formations, which have de facto existed for a long time. Moreover, the experience in managing such forms of settlement is accumulated abroad, where active reorganization of the management system is regularly taking place, the paradigms and principles of development of spatial planning documents of large urban agglomerations are changing, and the legislative ...

... permeability, paleo-incisions, pockmarks) made it possible to identify areas of the bottom that are promising for further research. In the coastal zone, this is an area of bedrock outcrops on the northern underwater slope of the Kaliningrad Peninsula, forming a Paleocene-Eocene aquifer. On the rest of the bottom area of the Southeast Baltic, aquifers are overlain by a thick layer of Quaternary formations. Only a combination of these factors makes possible the submarine discharge of groundwater at great ...

The paper presents the results of a study on species composition of diatom assemblages in a sediment core from the southwestern part of the Curonian Lagoon. There have been identified 56 species and intraspecific taxa, which belong to 35 genera. The species of Actinocyclus, Aulacoseira, Fragilariforma and Staurosira were recorded as dominant taxa in the bottom sediment samples. The studied sediments contain a large number of species, which demonstrate optimal development at a high pH value. Most...

... was to determine the main causes of mental stress of medical students in the current situation. In the course of the study, a questionnaire was developed to identify the main factors of respondents ' distress. An anonymous survey was conducted in the form of an online survey of 212 students of the Smolensk state medical University. The data obtained recorded a high level of emotional exhaustion of the majority of respondents, and the leading causes of anxiety for medical students were also identified: ...

In the late XX — early XXI centuries, the growth of marine activity is one of the most obvious and significant global trends. The multidimensional "turn" to the Sea is fully inherent in modern Russia. The article attempts to comprehend and conceptualize the effects of the spatial concentration of the national "marine" economy, as well as its complex formation and clusteriza­tion in the framework of the conceptual development of the "strongholds of coastal borderlands"...

A northern storm with a wind speed of up to 23 m/s, lasting 10 hours, with a wave height of 7—8 m, accompanied by a rise in sea level by 0.7 m, hit the coast of the Southeastern Baltic Sea in January 2019. The coast of the Rus­sian part of the Curonian Spit was selectively eroded. The most significant erosion was recorded in the near border part of the coast (the foredune retreat­ed from 1 to 4.7 m), as well as in the root section, where the foredune broke through and the adjacent territory was flooded...

... entire post-Soviet history has shown the presence of fairly stable core regions of attraction of migrants in the basins of the Baltic and Black Seas. Durng the study period they increased their migration attractiveness. Areas of outflow of migrants, formed mainly within the Pacific, Arctic and Caspian Seas basins, for the most part demonstrate a decrease in the intensity of migration loss, mainly due to international immigration. Here, the role of the emerging and most dy­namically developing local ...

... P. 379—395. 18. Verbraeken R., Luykx J. J. Persistent catatonia following epileptic seizures: a case report and systematic literature search // BMC Psychiatry. 2018. Vol. 18. P. 350—355. 19. Alisky J. M. Is the immobility of advanced dementia a form of lorazepam-res­ponsivе catatonia? // American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Demen­tias. 2004. Vol. 19. P. 213—214. 20. Orum M. H., Aksoy I. Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) in Hysterical Catatonia: Case Reports of Two Women,...

... the environmental conditions in the Gdansk basin in the Post-Litorina stage of the Baltic Sea were reconstructed. According to the correlation of sediment analysis data with published reconstruction results, the sediments of the stud­ied cores were formed during the last three millennia (from the Roman Warm Pe­riod to the Modern Warm Period). Intensified water exchange between the Baltic and North Seas was recorded before the Roman Warm Period, during the Roman Warm Period itself, the Dark Ages ...

A review of the skin ultrasound publications shows that this examination is one of the most popular diagnostic procedures in dermatology, cosmetology and oncology. Current research data defined the concept of "ultrasound ana­tomy of the skin", it is noted that an ultrasound examination of healthy skin with modern sensors can visualize three of its layers, appendages of skin and ves­sels of small diameter, located in the dermis and the upper layer of sub­cu­ta­neous fat tissue. The significance...

... glob­al pipelines and the process of knowledge creation // Progress in Human Geogra­phy. 2004. № 28 (1). P. 31—56. doi: 10.1191/0309132504ph469oa. 16. Caragliu A., Nijkamp P. Space and knowledge spillovers in european regions: The impact of different forms of proximity on spatial knowledge diffusion // Journal of Economic Geography. 2016. № 16 (3). P. 749—774. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbv042. 17. Coenen L., Asheim B., Bugge M. M., Herstad S. J. Advancing regional innovation systems: What does evolutionary ...

The areas of disturbed bedding, which are considered as glaciodislocations are one of the structural features of the Quaternary strata of the Kaliningrad Region. Known for a century and a half and characterized by a variety of forms, they have not yet been practically studied, and there is very little knowledge of their formation mechanisms. Meanwhile, some of the disloca­tions, such as the glacial blocks, may be of interest as amber deposits. The aim of the work is to characterize ...

... properties by introduc­ing various substituents into the structure. The aim of this work is to aminate quinoid structures with dibenzothiazine to produce condensed heterocycles with a bridged nitrogen atom. It is the N-substituted derivatives that form a bridge between the dibenzothiazine molecule and the substituent that are con­sidered as the most promising substances. When aminating benzoquinone and its derivatives with dibenzothiazine, we can expect an increase in the potential biological ...

... measurements and shear wave velocity in the liver tissue. Considering the discrepancy between the re­sults of normal liver stiff­ness values in the sonographic equipment of various manufacturers dynamic observation upon liver stiffness values should be per­formed using the same machine in the same individual on the depth of 2—5 cm from liver capsule, preferably by the same operator. Caution should be given while using thresh­old values of the normal liver stiffness on different equipment because it influ­ences ...

... triggered by external economic shifts. Empirical research shows a decrease in several economic indicators and the response of the re­gion's economy to external challenges. The Rostov region is capable of the mobilization of its productive forces while forming new market niches in the process of import substitution. The research shows that the Rostov region is relatively stable economically and has enough potential for progressive devel­opment. However, over the past 4 years, some negative trends have ...

... canal, because currently the unanimous assessment of the results during ultrasound and ENMG seems to be problematic. The purpose of the work is to propose a standard for the most effective algorithm for diagnosing patients with CCS. The study was per­formed on 98 patients examined in the Kaliningrad regional clinical hospital, the department of traumatology and orthopedics at the IKBFU Clinical and Diagnostic Center in 2013—2019. Diagnostics was performed on a Toshiba Aplio 500 ultrasound machine ...

Spleen, as a lymphoid organ, can activate itself in certain diseases, which is macroscopically manifested by splenomegaly. At certain stages of a disease development, splenomegaly may be an only symptom. There are different ways to detect splenomegaly with physical diagnostic methods and instru­mental studies, but their results can be rather contradictory. The aim of the research is to provide a critical analysis of a varity of instruments. The article offers a good review of a varity of papers and...

The combination of two major economic and geographical factors — the presence of the border and access to the sea — largely determine the features of socio-economic development of the coastal regions of the Western borderlands of Russia and, as a consequence, the migration processes here. The purpose of the article is to identify the importance of these factors for migration in the coastal regions of the Western borderlands of Russia. The study showed that almost all the studied regions use their...

In each historical period, regional models of agricultural practices are affected by a combination of natural, political, and economic factors. Such models incorporate indicators of changes in the cultivated land area, land structure, and the intensity of agricultural practices. At early stages, the evolution of a model is affected by natural conditions. Later, political (wars, revolutions, changes in national borders) and economic factors (economic crises, changes in the overall economic situation...

... 361—372. 35. Pyć D. Supraregion Morza Bałtyckiego // Regiony / red. Z. Brodecki. Warszawa, 2005. S. 338—350. 36. The Baltic Sea Region. Cultures, Politics, Societies / ed. by W. Maciejewski. Uppsala, 2002. 37. Williams L.-K. The Baltic Sea Region: Forms and Functions of Regional Cooperation // BaltSeaNet Working Papers, Gdańsk — Berlin. Berlin, 2001.

The article explores the intersection of the concepts of spatial networking and territorial community. The author offers a typology of various forms of spatial networking and describes the main characteristic features of each type. It is substantiated that any form of spatial networking is based on territorial сommunity. The article describes a theoretical approach to studying the formation ...

The article focuses on the urgent issues of the labour resourses repeoduction in the Kaliningrad region as a result of interregional and international labor migration for the last years. Reducing the number of own labor resources in changing external and internal conditions for the regional socioeconomic system determines the urgency of migration monitoring and analysis. The aim of the study is to analyze the position of the Kaliningrad region in the labor migration within the transforming geopolitical...

The article is devoted to the topical issue of providing innovation security of the Kaliningrad region, Russia’s exclave on the Baltic Sea. The author discusses the importance of creating a favourable innovation environment in the region for sustainable implementation of the innovative model of economic development. The author assesses the innovation environment in the Kaliningrad region and performs a retrospective analysis of its transformation. Special attention is paid to the institutional aspects...

The article discusses the semi-medium-sized cities (with a population from 20 to 50 thousand people) and their functions in five regions of the North-West Federal District of the Russian Federation; the socio-economic areas formed by the semi-medium-sized cities are clearly represented. As an example, five semi-medium-sized cities of the Kaliningrad region are considered, the role of each city in regional development and regional settlement system is revealed. The author ...

... authors study the bile duct microbiota of infected and healthy animals and perform the metagenomics analysis. The microbiota is assessed by metagenomic analysis of bile duct samples of intact animals and animals with opisthorchiasis. Samples of mature forms of O. felineus are also included in the study. In accordance with the results obtained, hemozoin accumulates mainly in the liver during the invasion of O. felineus. The invasion of O. felineus leads to an increase in the alpha diversity of the bile ...

... over a specific time interval. It is important to have a reasonable choice of a marker, i. e. an element of the relief, the change in position of which makes it possible to obtain the magnitude of deformations of the shore as a whole or its individual forms. The choice of marker depends on the purpose of the study. The disadvantage of this method is the local nature of the works while its accuracy, objectivity and comparability create a certain advantage. 1. Басс О. В., Жиндарев Л. ...

... (Novorossiysk, Ust-Luga, St. Petersburg, Murmansk, etc.) cross-border activity of large business acquires trans-aquatorial properties and characteristics; clustering, thus, receives additional impulses, while the clusters demonstrate networking, dispersed forms in their development. 1. Agenda 21 of ocean geography // Geography, oceans and coasts towards sustainable development / Vallega A. [et al.]. (eds.) Milano, 1998. P. 17—116. 2. Pak A., Majd F. Integrated coastal management plan in free trade zones,...

The article focuses on the approaches that explain the essence of scien­to­metrics as a set of methods for studying science. The paper also discusses the use of scientometric instruments in the spatial analysis of the geography of knowledge. The countries of the Baltic region were taken as an example. The empirical base of the research was the international database Scopus and an analytical tool for monitoring and analyzing scientific research — SciVal. On the basis of three methods of spatial scientometrics...