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... subtype they are sup­plemented by high indicators of scientific connectivity, citation and quality of publications. For the second subtype, these indicators are significantly lower. The second type of cities, “medium” or “transitional” have significant publi­cation experience. However, the insufficient average citation level and very few publications in high-ranking journals do not allow them to be attributed to the leading national scientific centres of the first group. The third type “be­low average” with the lowest values of all indicators is divided into three sub­types: the first group includes cities whose scientific groups publish ...

This article is devoted to so-called “small portraits” (“petits portraits”) of the famous French painter Louis-Léopold Boilly. We based it on published and archive French sources to show the importance of "small portraits" as the sources to explore the period of the Premier Empire and Restoration. Identification of these portraits with the help of historical and comparison method provides the possibility to explore specific social group of this epoch. The author made analysis of the portrait...

... creating an image of the desired future. It is shown that in terms of em­ployment, returning officers had clear advantages being appointed to leader­ship positions in various institutions, young officers could return to universi­ties and technical ... ... unable to socially provide for and employ such a large number of demobilized people in a single step. Gradually, over time, a significant part of the demobilized was able to adapt socially to a peaceful society.

... contributed to the securitization of the western vectors of their foreign policy. And the factor of "Baltic unity" was largely based on stereotypes formed during the struggle for Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian independence and gradually lost its significance as they were integrating into the EU and the NATO.

... parliamentarism as France or Great Britain, or federalism like the United States of America, but German history was not de­prived of certain prerequisites for both democracy and federalism. Of course, the state-territorial structure of Kaiser Germany was significantly different from the United States and had its own specifics. In this article, the author at­tempts at illuminating the historical origins of German federalism that devel­oped at the end of the 19th century during the formation of the North ...

The development of the Kaliningrad region, Russian exclave in the Baltic, is significantly influenced by foreign policy factors. The deterioration of rela­tions between Russia and the West has led to a reduction in the region's eco­nomic ties with the neighbouring Baltic States. The coastal position of the re­gion has enabled ...

... regional economic development in different years. The achieved level and structure of the Kaliningrad regional GRP is shown to reflect the post-industrial nature of its economy and are comparable with those of other subjects of the Russian Federation being average in development. A special regional feature is fluctuations in volume and branch structure of the GRP of the Kaliningrad Region, which are more significant than the average for Russia, due to its small size and, most importantly, the exclave geographic location. 1. Бондаренко Н. А. Валовой региональный продукт в оценке экономического ...

... national security typology. The article reflects on the empirical data on the scale of mechanical engineering development in industrialized countries. The analysis of import flows of the North-Western subjects of the RF revealed that regional enterprises significantly lack technologically innovative machines and equipment. It brings about the conclusion that the local industry must be more focused on some import replacing productions. The authors propose a method and calculation of the share of imports and the balance of export-import flows in mechanical engineering products of the Kaliningrad region to its consumption. Such methodology ...

... geographical aspect of voting in general presidential elections in the Kaliningrad region in 2018. Two voting features, bipolar and fragmented, have been identified through the electoral analysis. There are a number of geographical factors which have a significant impact on the voting: the power of friends and neighbors and the power of the election campaign itself. Voting results are visualized in the work by means of cartographic method. 1. Голосов Г. В., Григорьев В. С. Национализация ...

... and textbooks, these misconceptions translate into uni­versity graduates and specialists having a distorted idea of this phenome­non. In this connection, we give a more complete definition of forensic iden­tification and demonstrate its essence and significance. 1. Колдин В. Я. Идентификация при производстве криминалистических экс­пертиз. М., 1957. 2. Колдин В. Я. Логическое отождествление и криминалистическая ...

... research by political science into internal migra­tion requires a reassessment of theoretical ideas about the essence of this social phenomenon, which are offered by other paradigms. This way, it becomes pos­sible to consider internal migration as a significant social determinant. In an­alysing theoretical and methodological approaches, I determine the scope of their applicability in political science. I conclude that the features of research into internal migration depend largely on changes in ...

... activities. A detailed analysis of Borowski's patriotic sermons (1806—1816) is undertaken; the idiosyncrasies of his literary style are emphasized. The main themes and subjects of pastor Borowski's sermons are vcarefully examined. The author emphasizes the significance of Borowski's personality for the intellectual and political life of Königsberg and East Prussia at the beginning of the 19th century. 1. Кретинин Г. В., Брюшинкин В. Н., Гальцов В. И. Очерки истории ...

The article attempts to analyse the socio-cultural significance of transport development in the USSR within the framework of ‘visual turn’ in social sciences and the humanities. The author uses family photo archives of the 1950s—1980s, presented in the "People's Album", a digital project ...

The author critically re-considers the neo-institutional approach to the essence of political rent. The notion of political anti-rent is introduced and substantiated. The author considers forms and significance of political rent in the political space of modern party systems. The article provides a quantitative evaluation of rents and anti-rents in political markets of some states. 1. Беккер Г. С. Человеческое поведение: ...

This article analyses witness participation in criminal proceedings. The author pays special attention to witness immunity and relevant forensic analysis. The significance of this institution is characterized from the perspective of the identity of a witness. The author stresses the importance of developing a unified approach to the procedural status of a witness. Forensic study of the identity of a witness ...

... political consequences of the Great War it is essential to study the process of decision-making. Along with objective factors, various subjective factors were also important. Later subjective factors turned to be hidden from the researcher’s eye, being ignored by propaganda. However, it neither diminishes their significance, nor proves their non-existence. Basing on a few examples this author makes an attempt to reconstruct the motives and fears of several key figures of the German Eighth Army that influenced the course of action and the result of the Battle ...

... politicians toward ideologies. The core role of morality and religion in Victorian politics is highlighted. The author reconstructs the concept of conservative progress, which was used to solve tactical party objectives on the basis of three most significant sources of Edward Derby’s political ideas. The link between Derby’s ideas and subsequent generations of British conservatives has been defined. 1. Бэджетовские заметки. Нация при Терезе Мэй. Краткая ...

... of EU member states, for which the excessive budget deficit procedure was introduced in 2009, managed to eliminate the deficit of their national budgets in September 2017. The EU started a reform of its subsidiary legislation in 2011 and introduced significant changes to the excessive budget deficit procedure. The article analyses the stages of the excessive budget deficit procedure, particularly those having new and much tougher requirements. The author describes the degree to which these changes ...

This article focuses on the problem of the nature of gmina courts in the Kingdom of Poland, which is of fundamental significance for identifying their role in the judicial system of the Russian Empire. Based on an analysis of historical and legal facts and documents, it is concluded that, from the 15th through the 19th centuries, the nature gmina courts gradually evolved ...

... author examines the career of S. S. Uvarov – Minister of National Enlightenment in the 1830 – 1840s, as well as other factors behind the official narrative about the “Russian character” of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The paper stresses the significance of Ustryalov’s concepts in the Russian historiography in the first half of 19th century. 1. Устрялов Н. Г. Исследование вопроса, какое место в русской истории должно занимать ...

This article analyses the significance of private subsidiary farming for peasant settlers during late Stalinism. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of private land plots and the livestock number at peasant farms. It is concluded that subsidiary farming played a key ...

... the public history movement in America. Special attention is paid to analysing ideas and approaches dominant at different stages of its development and identifying factors behind changes in major trends. It is shown that pubic history has undergone significant transformations abandoning the idea of professionalising non-academic history for that of collaborative structuring of the past by historians and the general public. 1. Махов А. С. Рой Розенцвейг: делая историю ...

The article stresses that, in the modern world, economic activities have a significant negative effect on environmental security. The human impact on the environment is a result of gross violations of environmental laws. The law enforcement measures introduced in the field of environmental pollution often prove to be ineffective. The complications associated with identifying environmental crimes and concrete offenders result in increasing latency of environmental crimes. There is a need to decrease their latency in Russia through improving legal regulation and ...

This article considers the response of Russian philosophers abroad to Nietzsche’s philosophy in the pages of the Sovremennye Zapiski journal. The philosopher’s ideas addressed in the journal are identified. The author analyses the significance of Nietzsche’s thoughts on certain Russian philosophers abroad. 1. «Современные записки» (Париж, 1920—1940). Из архива редакции : сб. /под ред. О. Коростелёва и М. Шрубы....

... features of this phenomenon in the 19th century and today. It is concluded that, in the current condition, a more sever criminal penalty can have a greater effect than continuing and costly efforts to reduce poverty and wealth inequality in population. Of significance is the application of the principles of legality and inevitability of punishment for corruption-related crimes. 1. Ширяев В. Н. Взяточничество и лиходательство в связи с общим учением ...

This article analyses Fedor Stepun’s idea of social Christianity. The au¬thor identifies the axiological context of the Baden School of Neo-Kantian thought in Stepun’s interpretation of Christian God. The significance of Christian politics in the philosopher’s assessment of socio-political processes is stressed. 1. Степун Ф. А. Борьба либеральной и тоталитарной демократии вокруг понятия истины ...

... study aims to develop a methodology for identifying the potential at the level of enterprises. The author presents an original method for assessing the innovative potential of an organisation’s employees and a mechanism of its identification. The most significant factors affecting the innovation potential of personnel are as follows: the availability of resources for innovation, susceptibility to innovations, the organisational management component, and the socio-psychological climate 1. Абрамов ...

This article focuses on the key aspects of the rhetorical approach developed by Christopher Tindale and emphasizes its significance for modern theory of argumentation. The article examines the historical background of the rhetorical turn and its relation to informal logic and pragma-dialectics. The author argues that it is justified to consider different approaches to ...

This article suggests forecasting socioeconomic and marketing processes in the Russian market conditions of a transitional period with the help of cluster modelling, which would significantly increase the objectivity of assessing the identified processes and the impact of research. 1. Воробьев Д. Н. Регулирование асимметрии социально-экономического развития муниципальных ...

The introduction of the contract system in the field of procurement in the Russian Federation entails significant changes in the established practices. The scope of legal relations governed by the rules of regulation of public and municipal procurement is increasing. The expansion of methods for procurement centralization contributes to the efficacy of ...

... categories of allotment during P.A. Stolypin’s agrarian reform. It is shown that the introduction of the institution of personal property (which is not identical to private property) did not mean the elimination of rural community’s ownership of a significant part of the allotment land. 1. Анфимов А. М. Неоконченные споры // Вопросы истории. 1997. № 6. 2. Дубровский С. М. Столыпинская земельная реформа: Из истории ...

... materials of 1989—1990 elections. The author analyses the motives behind the establishment of mass movements and their ideational imperatives, describes the dynamics of changes in the demands of popular fronts, and comes to a conclusion about their significance for the establishment of a multi-party system in the Baltics. 1. Барсенков А. С. Введение в современную российскую историю. 1985—1991 гг. : курс лекций. М., 2002. 2. Главное ...

This article considers the problems of analysing will and will expression of citizens when performing legally significant actions. The author stresses the importance of analysing citizens’ will in view of the changes to the provisions of the law on the limitation of legal capacity of natural persons. The article stresses the need to extend the role of notaries ...

This paper explores the influence of the development processes taking place in the Russian Empire on the Baltic Fleet. Five periods of the Baltic Fleet development are identified. The Fleet is interpreted as a significant element of the state mechanism for defending national interests in peace and wartime. 1. Горшков С. Г. Морская мощь государства. М., 1976. 2. История отечественного судостроения ...

... possessory protection into the Russian Civil Code. It is emphasized that the authors of the draft bill did not manage either to develop a consistent approach to possession as a fact or justify theoretically the need for such innovation and its practical significance for modern Russian law and order. 1. Концепция развития гражданского законодательства РФ. М., 2009. 2. Концепция развития законодательства о вещном ...

In recent years, cooperation between the towns and regions of Belarus and Russia has increased significantly creating a solid foundation for integration. The author describes the main areas of cooperation between the Kaliningrad and Grodno regions, as well as the model of sequential and stepwise cooperation. 1. Бильчак В. С. Приграничная ...

This article examines the medieval logical theory of insolubles by Thomas Bradwardine as a way to solve the liar paradox in the period of Logica Modernorum. 1. Tomas Bradwardine. Insolubilia / Introd., Transl. and Notes by S. Read. P. ;Leuven ; Walpole, 2010. 2. Read S., Spade P. V. Insolubles // The Stanford Enciclopedia of Philosophy(Winter 2009 Edition) / ed. E. N. Zalta. URL: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2009/entries/insolubles (дата обращения: 10.04.2012). 3. Read S. Miller, Bradwardine...

Critical objections to applying social contract theories towards Russian social and political reality are being analyzed, categorized and challenged. 1.  Аузан А.   А. Мы так не договаривались. URL: http://esquire.ru/auzan 2.  Аузан А.   А. Самодержавие крепостных: современные границы ...

... analysis of the birth rate of the population of Kaliningrad region in 1949—1950th against All-Russian (RSFSR) and some regional indicators, drawn the conclusion about considerable originality of the structure of the birth rate as well as about greater significance of the extramarital birth rate in the system of reproduction of population. 1.  Костяшов Ю.   В. О естественном движении населения в Калининградской области в 1946—1950 ...

... article deals with the issue of the food supply problems on the territory of the Novgorod land in the 11th-16th centuries. Despite permanent bread budget deficit, Veliky Novgorod managed to maintain political and economic independence and avoid purchasing significant amounts of grain. The reconstruction of a budget of a peasant agricultural farm shows that, in the then conditions, it could not rest solely on own-grown corn and livestock products in the Novgorod land. For centuries, peasant diet included ...

... strong influence on the whole system of international relations. The turnaround in Russian-Chinese relations from sharp confrontation in the Soviet era to current rapprochement, which started to take shape after the collapse of the Soviet Union, became a significant factor in world politics. The gradual strengthening of ties between Beijing and Moscow stood out against the background of tensions in Russian-American and Chinese-American relations at the end of George W. Bush presidency. However, as President ...

... these conditions have both positive and negative impact on small business development. The combination of the specificity of small enterprises as business entities and the distinctive features of exclave regions and the subsequent assessment of the significance and nature of the impact of such traits made it possible to identify and characterize the most important of them. 1. Бильчак В. С. Дупленко Н. Г. Предпринимательство региона / под ред....

... nature management and proposed their typo­logy. Synchronous multifactorial analysis of changes in the territorial and functional structure of nature management in the region made it possible to determine the factors that determine its dynamics. The most significant events which caused a radical transformation of the systems of nature management in the North-West of Russia and the Baltic countries include both World Wars, the economic crisis of the 1930s, government programs for economic recovery in the ...

... analysis package. Most often, women from among the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the north living in the city were underweight, while growth rates approached the newcomer population. The circumference of the hips and abdomen was statistically significantly higher among the small peoples of the North migrating to the city in comparison with those living in the village, as well as complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Newborns had the highest Apgar scores among the indigenous peoples living ...

... obstructive uropathy in children before and after surgical treatment was monitored with the help of ultrasound and X-ray methods. The results showed that in grade II urinary tract obst­ruc­tion, the rate of good outcomes after reconstructive surgery was significantly higher than in grade III, regardless of the cause of the congenital obstruction. The frequency of satisfactory and unsatisfactory postoperative results also de­pended on the degree of initial obstruction.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant public health problem due to its widespread prevalence. It becomes a medical and social burden for both society and the patient. To what extent comorbid alcoholism is able to influence the features of the clinical course of COPD remains an ...

... hydrophilic habitats at the bottom of drainage ditches and flooded depressions on the outskirts of the peatland, while the major part of the peatland shows unfavorable environmental conditions for the development of Sphagnum. The situation may well be changed via implementation of the rewetting project. In this case, the species of Sphagna become a significant bioindicator for environmental monitoring in the whole ecosystem. The hydrophilic habitats might be considered as shelters (refugia) for Sphagna as well as important study objects for investigation of Green House Gas emission/sequestration ...

... from sea water, which is reflected in the chemical composition of bottom sediments and waters. In addition, underground runoff from the aquifers of the zone of active water exchange, along with river runoff and atmospheric deposition, can serve as a significant factor in the pollution of the marine environment. However, the Russian sector of the Southeast Baltic is very poorly studied in relation to submarine discharge. Meanwhile, the features of the geological structure can contribute to the development ...

... have different functions, and, forming a network of GFCs, ensure the integration of the countries into the world financial system (WFS). But within the framework of the GFC network, the global financial centers that are part of it, may differentiate significantly and experience inequality. The geography of the research is wide, covering the global and regional levels. The typology drawn up in the work focuses on the functional differentiation of the GFC, which occurred as a result of their formation ...

... the natural and climatic conditions. Opioid drug addiction has the greatest negative impact on the socio-economic development of the subjects. The subjects in which there is a high level of drug-addiction among the population are forced to allocate significant funds both for the treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts. When developing regional anti-drug programs, it is important to take into account the territorial specifics of the structure of drug consumption and the consequences that may ...