The Conjunction Functions of the Particle tolko: A Conjunction Particle vs a Conjunction Analogue
- DOI
- 10.5922/2225-5346-2018-1-3
- Pages
- 29-44
Abstract
This article considers the conjunction functions of the logical and modal particle tolko. A study into the functioning of logical and modal particles led the author to identify the basic syntactic positions that determine the functional and grammatical status of the lexical units studied: the particle, the conjunction particle, and the conjunction analogue. The conjunction behaviour of a particle can be manifested to a greater or lesser degree. The particle/conjunction relation forms a gradient. In an utterance, the lexeme studied fulfils either the primary function of a logical and modal particle or the secondary one of a conjunction. In the latter case, the lexeme becomes a conjunction particle or a conjunction analogue. The author proposes a new method for differentiating between a conjunction particle and a conjunction conjunctive. The analysis of the functions of the lexeme tolko (without considering the temporal meanings) revealed an interesting pattern. The lexeme’s functional semantics of the connector stems from four potential meanings — restrictiveness, adversativeness, concessiveness, and resultativeness. The author identifies the following variants of the lexeme tolko — an adversative- restrictive conjunction particle, an adversative-concessive conjunction analogue, a concessive- resultative conjunction analogue, and a conjunction analogue conveying the meaning of the total result. All these variants have semantic and constructive subtypes.
Reference
1. Akopyan, K. S., 2004. The semantic-pragmatic world of the logical-modal particle only. Russkii yazyk v Armenii [Russian language in Armenia], 1—2, pp. 60—66.
2. Akopyan, K. S., 2008. To the question of union functions of a particle only. Russkii yazyk v Armenii [Russian language in Armenia], 6, pp. 17—28.
3. Akopyan, K. S., 2016. Semantic-pragmatic presuppositions of logic-modal particles (by the example of particle only analysis). In: Russkii yazyk na perekrestke epokh: traditsii i innovatsii v rusistike. II Mezhdunarodnaya nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya (22—25 sentyabrya 2015). Sbornik nauchnykh statei [Russian language at the crossroads of the epochs: traditions and innovations in Russian studies. II International Scientific and Practical Conference (22—25 September 2015). Collection of scientific researches]. Erevan. pp. 50—58.
4. Apresyan, V. Yu., 2004. Pliability: language relations. In: Yu. D. Apresyan, ed. Sokrovennye smysly: Slovo. Tekst. Kul'tura. Sb. statei v chest' N. D. Arutyunovoi [The hidden meanings: Word. Text. Culture. Collection of articles in honor of N. D. Arutyunova]. Moscow. pp. 255—266.
5. Baranov, A. N., Plungyan, V. A., Rakhilina, E. V., 1993. Guide to the discursive words of the Russian language [Putevoditel' po diskursivnym slovam russkogo yazyka]. Moscow.
6. Boguslavskii, I. M., 1979. O sootnoshenii semanticheskikh i sintaksicheskikh svoistv nekotorykh ogranichitel'nykh chastits v russkom yazyke. AKD [On the relationship between the semantic and syntactic properties of certain limiting particles in the Russian language. AKD]. Moscow.
7. Boguslavskii, I. M., 1980. Semantics of a particle only. Semiotika i informatika [Semiotics and informatics], 14, pp. 134—158.
8. Boguslavskii, I. M., 1985. Issledovaniya po sintaksicheskoi semantike [Studies on syntactic semantics]. Moscow.
9. Boguslavskii, I. M., 1989. About some types of semantic interaction between words with meaning 'enough' and particles. In: Logicheskii analiz yazyka. «Problemy intensional'nykh i pragmaticheskikh kontekstov» [Logical analysis of the language. "Problems of Intensional and Pragmatic Contexts"]. Moscow, pp. 197—215.
10. Boguslavskii, I. M., 1996. Sfera deistviya leksicheskikh edinits [Scope of lexical units action]. Moscow.
11. Brutyan, L. G., 1992. Analiz yazykovykh vyrazhenii implikatsii [The analysis of language expressions of implication]. Erevan.
12. Vinogradov, V. V., 1975. On the category of modality and modal words in Russian language. In: V. V. Vinogradov. Izbrannye trudy. Issledovaniya po russkoi grammatike [Selected works. Studies in Russian grammar]. Moscow. pp. 53—87.
13. Shvedova, N. Yu., eds., 1970. Grammatika sovremennogo russkogo literaturnogo yazyka [Grammar of the modern Russian literary language]. Moscow.
14. Kiseleva, K., D. Paiar, D., 1998. Diskursivnye slova russkogo yazyka: opyt kontekstno-semanticheskogo opisaniya [Discourse words of the Russian language: experience of contextual-semantic description]. Moscow.
15. Iordanskaya, L. N., Mel'chuk, I. A., 2002. Text connectors in different languages: French ENEFFET and Russian INDEED. Semiotika i informatika [Semiotics and informatics], 37, pp. 78—115.
16. Ishkhanova, D. I., 2007. Protivitel'nye otnosheniya na razlichnykh yarusakh sintaksisa [Adversative relationships on different tiers of syntax]. Cand. philol. sci. diss. thesis. Stavropol.
17. Kolosova, T. A., Cheremisina, M. I., 1987. Some regularities of replenishment of bracings. In: Sluzhebnye slova. Mezhvuzovskii sbornik nauchnykh trudov [Service words. Interuniversity collection of scientific works]. Novosibirsk, pp. 11—25.
18. Krivonosov, A. T., 1975. System of "inter-permeability" of immutable classes of words. (On the material of the German language). Voprosy yazykoznaniya [Issues of linguistics], 5, pp. 92—103.
19. Levitskii, Yu. A., 1982. On markers and connectors. In: Semantika sluzheb-nykh slov. Mezhvuzovskii sbornik nauchnykh trudov [Semantics of service words. Interuniversity collection of scientific works]. Perm. pp. 113—122.
20. Letuchii, A. B., 2017. Russian adverbs with the meaning of time only, only just, just that: the meaning of the recent past and the resultant meaning. Voprosy yazykoznaniya [Issues of linguistics], 1, pp. 53—73.
21. Lyapon, M. V., 1982. The structure of the relationship and the situational conditions for its implementation in a complex sentence. In: Russkii yazyk: Tekst kak tseloe i komponenty teksta. (Vinogradovskie chteniya XI) [Russian language: Text as a whole and text components. (Vinogradov readings XI). Moscow. pp. 63—77.
22. Makarenko, E. V. On the meaning and function of separative and adversative unions in a polypredicative complex sentence. In: Nepolnoznachnye slova kak sredstvasvyazi. Mezhvuzovskii sbornik nauchnykh trudov [Incomplete words as a means of communication. Interuniversity collection of scientific works]. Stavropol, pp. 24—28.
23. Mukhanov, I. L., 1983. Posobie po intonatsii (dlya filologov starshikh kursov) [The manual on intonation (for the philologists of senior courses)]. Moscow.
24. Nikolaeva, T. M., 1982. Semantika aktsentnogo vydeleniya [Semantics of accentuation]. Moscow.
25. Nikolaeva, T. M., 1985. Funktsii chastits v vyskazyvanii [Particle functions in utterance]. Moscow.
26. Ozhegov, S. I., Shvedova, N. Yu., eds., 2005. Tolkovyi slovar' russkogo yazyka [Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language]. Moscow.
27. Priyatkina, A. F., 1987. Union construction and a complex sentence. In: Sluzhebnye slova. Mezhvuzovskii sbornik nauchnykh trudov [Service words. Interuniversity collection of scientific works]. Novosibirsk. pp. 37—50.
28. Shvedova, N. Yu., ed., 1980. Russkaya grammatika [Russian grammar]. Moscow.
29. Selina, N. P., 2003. Strukturno-semanticheskie i funktsional'nye osobennosti slova tol'ko v sovremennom russkom yazyke [Strukturno-semanticheskie i funktsional'nye osobennosti slova tol'ko v sovremennom russkom yazyke]. Cand. philol. sci. diss. thesis. Stavropol.
30. Starodumova, E. A., 1974. Functions of the restrictive word only in modern Russian. In: Sintaksicheskie svyazi v russkom yazyke [Syntactic connections in the Russian language]. Vladivostok. pp. 32—52.
31. Starodumova, E. A., 1977. Aktsentiruyushchie chastitsy v sovremennom rus-skom literaturnom yazyke. AKD [Accenting particles in the modern Russian literary language. AKD]. Leningrad.
32. Starodumova, E. A., 1988. Aktsentiruyushchie chastitsy v russkom yazyke [Accenting particles in the Russian language]. Vladivostok.
33. Starodumova, E. A., 2002. Chastitsy russkogo yazyka (raznoaspektnoe opisanie) [Particles of the Russian language (diversified description)]. Vladivostok.
34. Toropova, N. A., 1980. The role of logical particles in the formation of the meaning of the sentence. In: Kommunikativno-pragmaticheskie i semanticheskie funktsii rechevykh edinstv [Communicative-pragmatic and semantic functions of speech unities]. Kaliningrad. pp. 126—135.
35. Toropova, N. A., 1980. Semantika i funktsii logicheskikh chastits (na materiale nemetskogo yazyka) [Semantics and functions of logical particles (based on the German language)]. Saratov.
36. Toropova, N. A., 1985. Predicate logic actants German particles. In: Tipologiya konstruktsii s predikatnymi aktantami [Typology of constructions with predicate actants]. Leningrad. pp. 65—68.
37. Uryson, E. V., 2001. Union IF and semantic primitives. Voprosy yazykoznaniya [Issues of linguistics], 4, pp. 45—65.
38. Uryson, E. V., 2002. Union THOUGH through the prism of semantic primitives. Voprosy yazykoznaniya [Issues of linguistics], 6, pp. 35—54.
39. Kholodov, N. N., 1975. Slozhnosochinennye predlozheniya v sovremennom russkom yazyke [Complex sentences in the modern Russian language]. Smolensk.
40. Khrakovskii, V. S., 1999. Universal concessive constructions. Voprosy yazykoznaniya [Issues of linguistics], 1, pp. 103—122.