NONE20260608054323823Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityno-reply@journals.kantiana.ruImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversitySlovo.ru: Baltic accent2225-53462686-898906082026114T.V.TsvigunA.N.ChernyakovThis paper is a retrospective analysis of the development of the journal "Slovo.ru: Baltic Accent" since 2010. There have been significant changes in the editorial policy of the journal and the variety of themes has become remarkably rich. The main approach to the formation of the content of the journal has changed from polydisciplinarity to transdisciplinarity. The journal is now designed for a much wider readership, representing different fields of science (linguistics, literary criticism, history, philosophy, semiotics, etc.), incorporated into a single methodological complex. The journal unites different paradigms of modern humanities and beyond.0608202611Azarova, N., Bochaver, S. and Feshchenko, V., 2017. Editors’ Preface. Slovo.ru: Baltic accent, 8 (3), pp. 5—6 (in Russ.).Zolyan, S. T., 2017. Editor’s note. Slovo.ru: Baltic accent, 8 (1), pp. 5—8 (in Russ.).Klemeshev, A., 2010. Preface. Slovo.ru: Baltic accent, 1 (1—2), pp. 8—10 (in Russ.).E. V.ZakharkivThe article examines the specifics of speech aggression in poetic communication. Special attention is paid to the unconventional functioning of discourse markers of aggression. The aim of the study is to analyse aggressive verbal behaviour in poetic communication and iden­tify distinctive characteristics of expressing aggression in everyday discourse. The research methodology includes methods of linguopragmatic, linguopoetic and discourse analyses. The author studies discourse markers of verbal aggression in poetic speech acts, where aggression can be expressed explicitly and implicitly. The study reveals specific strategies of expressing verbal aggression in poetic communication, which can include the self-referential criticism (through verbal aggression directed at the language of the poetic utterance, the actor of utter­ance, the poetic utterance as such and also the perceptual mechanism). The author studies the formation of aggressive message in poetic discourse and its subjectification.0608202611Agamben, G., 2012. Homo Sacer. Chto ostaetsya posle Osventsima: arkhiv i svidetel' [Homo Sacer. What remains after Auschwitz: archive and witness]. Moscow (in Russ.).Azarova, N. M., 2012. The criterion "addressee" in establishing the boundaries of poetic discourse. In: N. D. Arutyunova, ed. Logicheskiĭ analiz yazyka. Adresatsiya diskursa [Logical analysis of language. Addressing discourse]. Moscow. pp. 225—233 (in Russ.).Apresyan, V.Yu., 2003. Implicit aggression in language. In: Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies, Po materialam ezhegodnoi mezhdunarodnoi konferentsii «Dialog» (2003) [Papers from the Annual International Conference “Dialogue” (2003)]. Moscow. pp. 32—35 (in Russ.).Arutyunova, N. D., 1999. Yazyk i mir cheloveka [Human language and world]. Moscow (in Russ.).Baranov, A. N., Plungyan, V. A. and Rakhilina, E. V., 1993. Putevoditel' po diskursivnym slovam russkogo yazyka [A guide to the discursive words of the Russian language]. Moscow (in Russ.).Barthes, R., 2015. Fragmenty lyubovnoi rechi [Fragments of love speech]. Translated by V. Lapitsky. Moscow (in Russ.).Bass, A., 1967. Psychology of the aggression. Voprosy Psychologii, 3, pp. 60—67 (in Russ.).Vepreva, I. T., 2005. Yazykovaya refleksiya v postsovetskuyu epokhu [Language reflection in the post-Soviet era]. Moscow (in Russ.).Kibrik, A. A. and Podlesskaya, V. I., 2007. Speaker self-corrections and other types of speech failures as an object of annotation in the corpus of oral speech. Nauchno-tekhnicheskaya informatsiya. Ser. 2: Informatsionnye protsessy i sistemy [Scientific and technical information. Vol. 2: Information processes and systems], 2, pp. 2—23 (in Russ.).Krongauz, M. A., 2009. Yazyk i kommunikatsiya: novye tendentsii [Language and communication: new trends]. Available at: https://polit.ru/article/2009/03/19/ communication/ [Accessed 15 April 2020] (in Russ.).Levitov, N. D., 2002. The psychological state of aggression. Voprosy Psychologii, 6, pp. 168—173 (in Russ.).Lotman, Yu. M., 2000. Auto-communication: “I” and “The Other” as Addressees (On two models of communication in the cultural system). In: Yu. M. Lotman, ed. Semiosfera [Semiosphere]. St. Petersburg (in Russ.).Lutovinova, O. V., 2008. The Internet as a new “oral-written” communication system. Izvestiya Rossiiskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. A. I. Gertsena [Izvestia: Herzen University Journal of Humanities & Sciences], 71, pp. 58—65 (in Russ.).Nikolaeva, T. M., 1990. On the principle of non-cooperation and / or categories of sociolinguistic impact. In: N. D. Arutyunova, ed. Logicheskiĭ analiz yazyka. Protivorechivost' i anomal'nost' teksta [Logical analysis of language. Inconsistency and anomalous text]. Moscow (in Russ.).Nikulina, E. G., 2012. Affective speech acts in the system of emotional-evaluative interaction. Vestnik Vyatskogo gosudarstvennogo gumanitarnogo universiteta. Filologiya i iskusstvovedenie [Herald of Vyatka State University], 1, pp. 54—58 (in Russ.).Ostin, J., 1986. How to do things with words. In: B.Yu. Gorodetsky, ed. Novoe v zarubezhnoi lingvistike. Vyp. 17: Teoriya rechevykh aktov [New in foreign linguistics. Vol. 17: Theory of speech acts]. Moscow. pp. 22—129 (in Russ.).Paducheva, E., 2010. Semanticheskie issledovaniya: semantika vremeni i vida v russkom yazyke. Semantika narrative [Semantic Research: Semantics of Time and View in Russian. Narrative semantics]. Moscow (in Russ.).Kibrik, A. A. and Podlesskaya, V. I., eds., 2009. Rasskazy o snovideniyakh. Korpusnoe issledovanie ustnogo russkogo diskursa [Dream stories. Corpus research of oral Russian discourse]. Moscow (in Russ.).Sokolova, O. V., 2019. Ot avangarda k neoavangardu. Yazyk, sub"ektivnost', kul'turnye perenosy [From avant-garde to neo-avant-garde. Language, subjectivity, cultural transfers]. Moscow (in Russ.).Sternin, I. A., 2004. Obshchestvennye protsessy i razvitie sovremennogo russkogo yazyka. Ocherk izmeneniĭ v russkom yazyke kontsa KhKh veka [Social processes and the development of the modern Russian language. Outline of changes in the Russian language at the end of the twentieth century]. Voronezh (in Russ.).Sharonov, I. A., 2008. Mezhdometiya v rechi, tekste i slovare [Interjection in speech, text and dictionary]. Moscow (in Russ.).Sharonov, I. A., 2016. Communicative and discoursive markers. In: Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies, Po materialam ezhegodnoi mezhdunarodnoi konferentsii «Dialog» (2016) [Papers from the Annual International Conference “Dialogue” (2016)]. Moscow. pp. 605—615 (in Russ.).Shakhovskii, V. I., 1987. Kategorizatsiya emotsii v leksiko-semanticheskoi sisteme yazyka [Categorization of emotions in the lexical-semantic system of the language]. Voronezh (in Russ.).Sherstyanykh, I. V., 2016. Discoursive markers as mean of organization of speech genres. Zhanry rechi [Genres of speech], 1, pp. 42—49 (in Russ.).Shcherbinina, Yu. V., 2006. Verbal'naya agressiya [Verbal aggression]. Moscow (in Russ.).Yakobson, R. O., 1975. Linguistics and Poetics. In: E.Ya. Basin and M.Ya. Polyakov, eds. Strukturalizm «za» i «protiv» [Structuralism "for" and "against"]. Translated by I. A. Melchuk. Moscow. pp. 193—230 (in Russ.).Adams, F. and Steadman, А., 2004. Intentional Action in Ordinary Language: Core Concept or Pragmatic Understanding? Analysis, 64, pp. 173—181.Bandura, A., 1983. Psychological mechanisms of aggression. In: R. G. Geen and E. Donnerstein, eds. Aggression: Theoretical and empirical reviews. New York. pp. 1—40.Baron, R. A. and Richardson, D. R., 1994. Perspectives in social psychology. Human aggression. New York.Jucker, A. and Ziv, Y., 1998. Discourse markers: Introduction. In: A. H. Jucker and Y. Ziv, eds. Discourse Markers: Descriptions and Theory. Amsterdam. pp. 1—12.Schiffrin, D., 1988. Discourse Markers. Cambridge.Knobe, J., 2003. Intentional Action and Side Effects in Ordinary Language. Analysis, 63, pp. 190—193.Searle, J., 1975. Indirect speech acts. In: P. Cole and J. L. Morgan, eds. Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3: Speech Acts. London. pp. 59—82.Fraser, B., 2009. An account of discourse markers. International Review of Pragmatics, 1, pp. 293—320.Wittgenstein, L., 1953. Philosophical Investigations. Translated by G. E. M. Anscombe. Oxford.N. A.ProbstThe article analyses the emotive aspect of the production and perception of the speech act of threat and the specificity of the perception of this act by a modern native speaker of Rus­sian. The act of threat is an instrument of influence exerted on the listener. Its effectiveness depends on the strength of the negative emotions of anxiety, fear, etc. initiated in the listener. At the same time, the production of threatening statements is often associated with the speak­er's emotional state, which in some cases can serve as a catalyst for imperative influence. The speech act of threat, being an element of conflict discourse, contradicts the traditional princi­ples of productive communication and the legal norms of any developed state. In everyday communication, a verbal threat can be regarded as a way of implementing communicative intentions that are completely justified from the socio-ethical point of view. For a modern Russian speaker, threat is not a communicative taboo and can be deliberately used in conflict situations related to the protection of human dignity, life, social values, etc.0608202611Antsupov, A. J. and Shipilov, A. I., 2000. Konfliktologiya [Conflictology]. Moscow (in Russ.).Baranov, A. N., 2014. The phenomenon of threat in linguistic theory and expert practice. Teoriya i praktika sudebnoj ekspertizy [Theory and practice of forensic science], 4 (36), pp. 139—147 (in Russ.).Sukharev, A. Ya., ed., n. d. Bol'shoj yuridicheskij slovar' [Big Law Dictionary]. Available at: http://dic.academic.ru/dic. nsf/lower/18992 [Accessed 15 March 2020] (in Russ.).Borodina, Yu. E., 2019. Threat speech act in the light of linguistic expertise (on the example of works of the fantasy genre). In: A. B. Cheremisin, ed. Dostizheniya i perspektivy razvitiya molodezhnoi nauki: sb. st. Mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf. [Achievements and prospects for the development of youth science: Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference]. Petrozavodsk. pp. 354—360 (in Russ.).Issers, O. S., 2008. Kommunikativnye strategii i taktiki russkoj rechi [Communication strategies and tactics of Russian speech]. Moscow (in Russ.).Zhuchkov, D. O., 2009. On the question of the definition and classification of the threat speech act. Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser.: Lingvistika i mezhkul'turnaya kommunikatsiya [Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Series: Linguistics and intercultural communication], 2, pp. 69—71 (in Russ.).Zhuchkov, D. O., 2010. Rechevoi akt ugrozy kak ob"ekt pragmalingvisticheskogo analiza [Threat speech act as an object of pragmalinguistic analysis]. Ph. D. Voronezh State University (in Russ.).Karaziya, N. A., 2006. Linguistic Pragmatic Study of Conflict Discourse. Vestnik Kamchatskoj regional'noj assotsiatsii "Uchebno- nauchnyj tsentr". Gumanitarnyye nauki [Bulletin of the Kamchatka Regional Association "Educational and Scientific Center" Series "Humanities"], 2(8), pp. 72—88 (in Russ.).Martynova, I. A., 2006. Funktsional'no-pragmaticheskoe pole menasivnykh rechevykh aktov: Na materiale sovremennoi angloyazychnoi khudozhestvennoi literatury [The functional-pragmatic field of changeable speech acts: Based on the material of modern English-language fiction]. Ph. D. Samara State Pedagogical University (in Russ.).Novozhenova, Z. L. and Probst, N. A., 2019. On the question of the speech act nature of the verbal threat. Vestnik Baltiiskogo federal'nogo universiteta im. I. Kanta. Ser.: Filologiya, pedagogika, psikhologiya [Bulletin of the Baltic Federal University I. Kant. Ser.: Philology, pedagogy, psychology], 4, pp. 31—36 (in Russ.).Plotnikova, A. M., 2017. Linguocreative mechanisms for constructing a speech act "threat". Ural'skii filologicheskii vestnik. Ser.: Yazyk. Sistema. Lichnost': Lingvistika kreativa [Ural philological bulletin. Ser.: Language. System. Personality: Linguistics of creativity], 2, pp. 81—88 (in Russ.).Fedorova, L. L., 1991. Typology of speech impact and its place in the structure of communication. Voprosy yazykoznaniya [Topics in the study of language], 6, pp. 46—50 (in Russ.).Chesnokov, I. I., 2015. Discursive threat tactics: indirect forms of objectification (warning). Izvestiya Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta [Ivzestia of the Volgograd State Pedagogical University], 2(97), pp. 132—138 (in Russ.).Shahmatova, T. S., 2015. Speech act of indirect threat in the practice of forensic linguistic examination. Uchenye zapiski Kazanskogo universiteta. Ser.: Gumanitarnye nauki [Scientific notes of Kazan University. Ser.: Humanities], 157(5), pp. 286—294 (in Russ.).Epshtein, O. V., 2008. Communicative speech strategies and techniques for implementing the threat in political discourse. Vestnik Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta [Bulletin of the Orenburg State Pedagogical University], 1 (51), pp. 27—33 (in Russ.).Leech, G. N., 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London.Levine, T. R. and Wheeless, L. R., 1997. Situational. intimacy as a predictor of compliance-gaining tactic selection. Communication Research Reports, 1, pp. 132—144.Niсoloff, F., 1989. Threats and Illocutions. Journal of Pragmatics, 13(4), pp. 501—522.Parsons, T., 1963. On the concept of influence. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 27, pp. 37—62.Probst, N., Shkapenko, T., Tkachenko, A. and Chernyakov, A., 2018. Speech act of threat in everyday conflict discourse: production and perception. Lege Artis, 3 (2), pp. 204—250.Searle, J. R., 1979. Expression and Meaning. London, New York, Melbourne.Wunderlich, D., 1976. Studien zur Sprechakttheorie. Frankfurt a/M.A. A.TillabaevaV. A.ShulginovThis article explores the expression of impoliteness of Internet users in confrontational threads. This approach involves the identification of speech aggression markers typical of a certain type of discourse. This makes it possible to define the roles and attitudes of partici­pants in the conflict interaction. The authors employed methods of discourse analysis and corpus tools of data collection and marking. Seven confrontational threads in the communities of the social network "Vkontakte" were analysed. The authors identified language markers of the switch from cooperative to confrontational speech interaction. The authors investigated the typical roles of communicators in a confrontational thread, and observed the dynamics of using aggressive language tools for each of the proposed strategies. The article describes typi­cal situations for the confrontational threads: reliability of the information presented, lack of the user's intention to check facts, and the violation of spelling and punctuation rules. Con­frontations around these situations tend to lead to more complex conflicts and are character­ized as motives typical of impolite communication.0608202611Apresyan, V.Yu., 2003. Implicit aggression in language. In: Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies, Po materialam ezhegodnoi mezhdunarodnoi konferentsii «Dialog» (2003) [Papers from the Annual International Conference “Dialogue” (2003)]. Moscow. pp. 32—35 (in Russ.).Gulakova, I. I., 2004. Kommunikativnye strategii i taktiki rechevogo povedeniya v konfliktnoi situatsii obshcheniya [Communication strategies and tactics of speech behavior in a conflict communication situation]. Ph. D. Orlov State University (in Russ.).Leont'ev, V. V., 2001. Speech teasing in Russian and English lingvocultures. Zhanry rechi [Speech Genres], 2, pp. 119—126 (in Russ.).Lorents, K., 2001. Agressiya [Agression]. St. Petersburg (in Russ.).Rudneva, E. A., 2019. Strategii lingvisticheskoi vezhlivosti v spontannom rechevom vzaimodeistvii [Strategies of linguistic politeness in spontaneous speech interaction]. Ph. D. Institute of Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russ.).Culpeper, J., 2011. Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence. Cambridge.Lakoff, R. T., 1973. The logic of politeness or minding your P’s and Q’s. In: Papers from the Ninth Regional Meeting of Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago.Leech, G., 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. New York.Liu, B., 2012. Sentiment Analysis and Opinion. Mining. Morgan and Claypool.Seargeant, P. and Tagg, C., eds., 2014. The language of social media: Identity and community on the Internet. London.Terkourafi, M., 2008. Toward a unified theory of politeness, impoliteness and rudeness. In: D. Bousfield and M. Locher, eds. Impoliteness in Language. Studies on its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice. Berlin. pp. 45—74.G. L.TulchinskiiThe appeal to death is a type of argument that either explicitly or implicitly invokes hu­man finitude. This rhetorical device contributes to the credibility of requests, wishes, etc., or blocks communication. The illocutionary power of the appeal to death is determined by the means it uses, which range from inductive generalisation and deductions to approaching the limit of this generalisation, to the threat of going beyond the existential boundaries of the dis­course, to the problem domain losing its existential status, and to the threat being carried out. All of them make communication insignificant and the subject, or even the opponent, non-existent. This style of argumentation is peculiar to ‘pre-logical’ communities where the logical culture of social communication is underdeveloped and unwanted, where an instrumental appeal is made not to the law but force, not to freedom but arbitrariness.0608202611Kurbatov, V., 1993. Zhenskaya logika [Women's logic]. Rostov-on-Don (in Russ.).Povarnin, S. I., 1997. Spor. O teorii i praktike spora [Dispute. On the theory and practice of the dispute]. St. Petersburg (in Russ.).Tulchinskii, G. L. and Epshtein, M. N., 2003. Proektivnyi filosofskii slovar'. Novye terminy i ponyatiya [Philosophical Dictionary. New terms and concepts]. St. Petersburg (in Russ.).Tulchinskii, G. L., 2010. Kul'tura delovoi i politicheskoi argumentatsii [Culture of business and political reasoning]. St. Petersburg (in Russ.).Tulchinskii, G. L., 1992. Mechanical argument. Filosofskaya i sotsiologicheskaya mysl' [Philosophical and sociological thought], 11, pp. 108—112 (in Russ.).Tulchinskii, G. L., 1995. Argumentum ad morti. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Ser. 6 [Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Ser. 6], 1, pp. 10—14 (in Russ.).Chueshov, V. I., 1993. The Argument to Death: Logic, Rhetoric and Dialectics of Communication. In: A. V. Demichev and M. S. Uvarov, eds. Tema smerti v dukhovnom opyte chelovechestva [The Topic of Death in the Spiritual Experience of Humanity]. St. Petersburg. pp. 10—12 (in Russ.).Quine, W. V., 1981. Theories and things. Cambridge.R. I.ShmurakThis article is concerned with the formal terms of reproach in Russian discourse and the corpus methods of their identification. Theoretically, it builds on the thesis that there are ‘true’ reproaches that can function autonomously in discourse and be adequately understood outside their context. Practically, the article describes the corpus search for formal terms of reproach. Methodologically, it abandons the synthetic outlook of pragmalinguistics, which dominates Russian linguistics, and treats reproach as a strictly linguistic object that has dis­cursive manifestations. This approach uses methods of corpus linguistics, which ‘visualise’ abstract models through arrays of real-life language data.0608202611Chernyshev, V. I., ed., 1950—1965. BAS = Slovar' sovremennogo russkogo literaturnogo yazyka : v 17 t. [BAS = Dictionary of the modern Russian literary language: in 17 volumes.]. Vol. 4. Moscow (in Russ.).Vlasova, E. V., 2005. Rechevaya agressiya v pechatnykh SMI (na materiale nemetsko- i russkoyazychnykh gazet 30-kh i 90-kh gg. KhKh veka) [Speech aggression in the print media (based on German and Russian-language newspapers of the 30s and 90s of the 20th century)]. Ph. D. Saratov State University named after N. G. Chernyshevsky (in Russ.).Vorontsova, T. А., 2006. Rechevaya agressiya: kommunikativno-diskursivnyi podkhod [Speech aggression: a communicative-discursive approach]. D. Litt. Chelyabinsk State University (in Russ.).GIKRYA, n. d. General'nyj internet-korpus russkogo yazyka [General Internet Corpus of the Russian Language]. Available at: https://int.webcorpora.ru/drake/ [Accessed 10 February 2020] (in Russ.).Gulakova, I. I., 2004. Kommunikativnye strategii i taktiki rechevogo povedeniya v konfliktnoi situatsii obshcheniya [Communicative strategies and tactics of speech behavior in a conflict situation of communication]. Ph. D. Oryol State University (in Russ.).Davydova, T. А., 2003. Rechevoi akt upreka v angliiskom yazyke [The speech act of reproach in the English language]. PhD. Irkutsk State Linguistic University (in Russ.).Karaziya, N. А., 2004. Pragmalingvisticheskoe issledovanie akta upreka v kontekste sovremennoi amerikanskoi rechevoi kul'tury [A pragmalinguistic study of the act of reproach in the context of modern American speech culture]. Ph. D. Kamchatka State Pedagogical University (in Russ.).Lavrent'eva, E. А., 2006. Rechevye zhanry obvineniya i opravdaniya v dialogicheskom edinstve [Speech genres of accusation and excuse in dialogic unity]. Ph. D. Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University (in Russ.).Maksimyuk, E. V., 2017. Psychoemotional content of the genre of reproach (gender aspect). Vestnik TGPU [Bulletin of Tomsk State Pedagogical University], 11 (188), pp. 18—24 (in Russ.).Evgenieva, A. P., ed., 1985—1988. MAS = Slovar` russkogo yazy`ka: v 4 t. [Dictionary of Russian language: 4 volumes]. Vol. 1. Moscow (in Russ.).Naumenko, Ya. M., 2014. Influence of pragmatic factors on the linguistic embodiment of the communicative intention of reproach in English-language dialogical discourse. In: I mezhdunarodnaya Internet-konferentsiya «Аktual'nye problemy gumanitarnogo obrazovaniya» [The 1st International Internet Conference “Actual Problems of Humanitarian Education”]. Minsk. pp. 306—310 (in Russ.).NKRYA, n. d. Natsional'nyj korpus russkogo yazyka [Russian National Corpus]. Available at: http://www.ruscorpora.ru [Accessed 10 February 2020] (in Russ.).Petrushina, M. V. 2005. Modal'noe znachenie neodobreniya i ego rechevaya realizatsiya [The modal meaning of disapproval and its speech realization]. PhD. Moscow State Regional University (in Russ.).Rakhilina, E. V., 2010. Lingvistika konstruktsij [Construction Linguistics]. Moscow (in Russ.).Sedov, K. F., 2005. Aggression and manipulation in everyday communication. Yurislingvistika [Jurislingistics], 6, pp. 87—104 (in Russ.).Sorochenko, E. N., 2007. Methods of presenting the speech genre of reproach in the novel “Ordinary History” by I. A. Goncharov. Аl'manakh sovremennoj nauki i obrazovaniya [Almanac of modern science and education], 3-2, pp. 198—200 (in Russ.).Fedorova, А. L., 2004. Rechevaya strategiya upreka: lingvokognitivnyi podkhod (na materiale nemetskogo, angliiskogo i russkogo yazykov) [Speech strategy of reproach: the linguistic-cognitive approach (based on German, English and Russian languages)]. PhD. Bashkir State University (in Russ.).Chernetskii, А. R., 2015. Tactics of reproach in the pragmalinguistic aspect (based on the French language). Vestsі BDPU. [News of Berdyansk State Pedagogical University], 1(3), pp. 68—72 (in Russ.).Shmurak, R. I., (in press) Clarifying the concept of reproach using corpus tools. Izvestiya RAN. Seriya literatury` i yazy`ka [The Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Studies in Literature and Language], 79(3), pp. 24—48 (in Russ.).Shcherbinina, Y. V., 2004. Russkii yazyk: Rechevaya agressiya i puti ee preodoleniya [Russian language: Speech aggression and ways to overcome it]. Moscow (in Russ.).Goldberg, A., 1995. Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago.Hanson, K. C., 1996. How Honorable! How Shameful! A Cultural Analysis of Matthew's Makarisms and Reproaches. Semeia, 68, pp. 83—114.Klein, D. B., 2001. A Plea to Economists Who Favour Liberty: Assist the Everyman. London.M. A.KrongauzA. Ch.PiperskiTillabaevaA.A.The paper presents a statistical study of the use of variant forms of Russian personal names. It is shown that Russian names can be divided into two classes: names with full and short forms contrast with names that only have one neutrally used form. For names that have a distinct short form, the frequencies of full and short forms can relate to each other in differ­ent ways. This depends on various factors, such as the length of the full name and the gender of its owner: for longer names and female names, the short form is more common. Based on data from the Russian National Corpus, it is proved that the use of the full name as a form of address has been increasing in the last 15 to 30 years.0608202611Krongauz, M. A., 2001. Changes in Russian speech etiquette. In: S. M. Kuzʹmina and L. A. Kapanadze, eds. Zhizn' yazyka: sbornik statei k 80-letiyu M. V. Panova [Life of language: collection of articles for the 80th anniversary of M. V. Panova]. Moscow, pp. 263—268 (in Russ.).Krongauz, M. A., 2004. Russian speech etiquette at the turn of the century. Russian Linguistics, 28(2), pp. 163—187 (in Russ.).Krongauz, M. A., 2007. Russkii yazyk na grani nervnogo sryva [The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous breakdown]. Moscow (in Russ.).Lyashevskaya, O. N. and Sharov, S. A., 2009. Chastotnyi slovar' sovremennogo russkogo yazyka (na materialakh Natsional'nogo korpusa russkogo yazyka) [Frequency Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language (Based on the Materials of the National Corpus of the Russian Language)]. Moscow (in Russ.).Petrovskii, N. A., 2000. Slovar' russkikh lichnykh imen [Dictionary of Russian personal names]. Moscow (in Russ.).Superanskaya, A. V., 1969. Struktura imeni sobstvennogo: Fonologiya i morfologiya [The structure of a proper name: Phonology and morphology]. Moscow (in Russ.).Superanskaya, A. V., 1973. Obshchaya teoriya imeni sobstvennogo [General theory of proper names]. Moscow (in Russ.).Superanskaya, A. V., 1998. Slovar' russkikh lichnykh imen [Dictionary of Russian personal names]. Moscow (in Russ.).Superanskaya, A. V., 2001. Unofficial forms of Russian personal names. Russkaya rech' [Russian speech], 1, pp, 84—88 (in Russ.).Suslova, A. V. and Superanskaya, A. V., 1991. O russkikh imenakh [About Russian names]. Leningrad (in Russ.).Shmelev, A. D., 1996. Referentsial'nye mekhanizmy russkogo yazyka [Referential mechanisms of the Russian language]. Tampere (in Russ.).Shmelev, A. D., 2011. Russian language of the beginning of the XXI century: real and imaginary changes. In: XII Kongress MAPRYAL «Russkii yazyk i literatura vo vremeni i prostranstve» [XII Congress of MAPRYAL "Russian language and literature in time and space"]. Shanghai. pp. 431—443 (in Russ.).Shmelev, A. D., 2014. Common mistake or new norm: how to tell one from the other? Notes of the Fatherland [Notes of the Fatherland], 2(59), pp. 274—285 (in Russ.).A. A.SominE. M.GridnevaUsing the method of corpus analysis, this article explores the history of the Russian hon­orific gospoda and related forms of address: damy i gospoda, gospoda-tovarischi, and other noun-noun and adjective-noun collocations (gospoda publika uvažaemye gospoda). It draws on examples from literature to demonstrate that although, contrary to popular belief, the honorific damy i gospoda is not a neologism of the end of the 20th century, it was mar­ginal to pre-revolutionary speech. It is also shown that, albeit rarely, the word gospoda was used before the Russian Revolution to address a mixed company. Abandoned after the Revolu­tion, the honorific underwent a revival in the second half of the 20th century when it was used more often to address a mixed company than it had been in tsarist times. Probably, this was accounted for by extra-linguistic factors. Special attention is given to the use of the honorific gospoda in periods of transition: at the beginning and end of the Soviet era and after the collapse of the USSR.0608202611Balakai, A. G., 2001. Slovar' russkogo rechevogo etiketa [Dictionary of Russian speech etiquette]. Moscow (in Russ.).Vinogradov, V. V., 1939. O yazyke Tolstogo: (50—60-e gody) [Towards the language of Tolstoy: (50’s and 60’s)]. USSR Academy of Sciences. Institute of the Russian literature (in Russ.).Gulyga, A., 1989. Gentlemen! Literaturnaya gazeta [Literary newspaper] (in Russ.).Dal’, V. I. 1863. Tolkovyi slovar' zhivogo velikorusskogo yazyka. Chast' pervaya. A—Z [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. Part one. A-Z]. Vol. 1. Moscow (in Russ.).Dulichenko, A. D., 1999. Etnosotsiolingvistika «Perestroiki» v SSSR: Antologiya zapechatlennogo vremeni [Ethnosociolinguistics of “Perestroika” in the USSR: Anthology of the Captured Time]. Munich (in Russ.).Efremov, V. A., 2010. Transformations of the Russian speech etiquette: forms of address. Universum: Vestnik Gertsenovskogo universiteta [Bulletin of the Herzen University], 10, pp. 44—48 (in Russ.).Kabakchi, V. V. and Prokshina, Z. G., 2012. When in Rome, do in your linguistic and cultural way: forms of address. Lichnost', Kul'tura. Obshchestvo [Personality. Culture. Society], Vol. XIV, 1 (69—70), pp. 164—173 (in Russ.).Klubkov, P. A., 2004. Govorite, pozhaluista, pravil'no [Please speak correctly]. St. Petersburg (in Russ.).Krongauz, M. A., 2007. Russkii yazyk na grani nervnogo sryva [The Russian language on the verge of a nervous breakdown]. Moscow (in Russ.).Ozhegov, S. I., 1972. Slovar' russkogo yazyka [Dictionary of the Russian language]. Vol. 9. Moscow (in Russ.).Ozhegov, S. I., 1989. Slovar' russkogo yazyka [Dictionary of the Russian language]. Vol. 21. Moscow (in Russ.).Ozhegov, S. I. and Shvedova, N.Yu., 1992. Tolkovyi slovar' russkogo yazyka [Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language]. Vol. 1. Moscow (in Russ.).Pakhomova, I. N., 2008. Novye yavleniya v russkom rechevom etikete (na materiale sredstv massovoi informatsii) [New phenomena in the Russian speech etiquette (based on media)]. Ph. D. Pushkin State Russian Language Institute (in Russ.).Ushakov, D. N., 1935. Tolkovyi slovar' russkogo yazyka. Tom 1. A — Kyuriny [Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Volume 1. A — Kyuriny]. Moscow (in Russ.).Shafikov, S. G., 2012. Honorifics in European languages and the problem of the Russian address form. Vestnik Bashkirskogo universiteta [Bulletin of Bashkir University], 17 (1), pp. 133—138 (in Russ.).Shmelev, A. D., 2008. The evolution of the Russian linguistic picture of the world and the culture of speech. Russian Language Journal, Special Issue: Language Culture in Contemporary Russia, 58, pp. 229—248 (in Russ.).Georg, L., 1868. Grammaire élémentaire et pratique de la langue anglaise: Ouvrage accompagné de nombreux exercices de conversation et suivi de deux vocabulaires alphabétiques. Genève.Wagner, L., 1894. Manners, Customs and Observances: Their Origin and Significance. London.I.V.FufaevaThis article explores when and under what circumstances the words starik and starina emerged as terms of friendship in standard Russian language. These terms were often used by male characters in the prose of the Khrushchev Thaw — students, scientists, and engineers. It was initially assumed that these words had become forms of address at that time. Analysis of data from the Russian National Corpus shows that these terms of friendship date back earlier than that. Starik was used to address a male friend in the 19th century and starina in the 1920s—30s. Decades apart, the two words started to function as terms of friendship in a very similar way. Both were used at first to address an elderly stranger. At some point, they turned into means of language play and speech stylisation to finally lose their connection to folk speech and the semantics of age. The first one to complete the transformation was the word starina. As to starik, it apparently began to be used as a term of friendship in lan­guages of groups.0608202611Vinogradov, V. V., n. d. Istoriya slov [History of words]. Available at: https:// azbyka.ru/otechnik/Spravochniki/istorija-slov/ [Accessed 30 May 2020] (in Russ.).Dal', V. I., 1880—1882. Tolkovyi slovar' zhivogo velikorusskogo yazyka: v 4 t. [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language: in 4 volumes.]. Reprint 1981—1982. Moscow (in Russ.).Danilenko, V. P., 2012. The brilliance of wit A. S. Pushkin in letters to P.A. Vyazemsky and N. N. Pushkina. Vestnik Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo lingvisticheskogo universiteta [Bulletin of Irkutsk State Linguistic University], 4(21). Available at: https:// cyberleninka.ru/article/n/blesk-ostroumiya-a-s-pushkina-v-pismah-k-p-a-vyazems komu-i-n-n-pushkinoy/ [Accessed 30 April 2020] (in Russ.).Efremova, T. F., 2000. Novyi slovar' russkogo yazyka. Tolkovo-slovoobrazovatel'nyi : v 2 t. [The new dictionary of the Russian language. Explanatory and derivational: in 2 volumes]. Vol. 2. Moscow (in Russ.).Lipovetskii, M. N., 2000. “The Sixties” as a “lost generation”: the tragicomedy of Alexander Vampilov (1937—1972). Kontinent [Continent], 104. Available at: https:// magazines.gorky.media/continent/2000/104/shestidesyatniki-kak-poteryannoe-po kolenie-tragikomedii-aleksandra-vampilova-1937-1972.html [Accessed 30 April 2020] (in Russ.).NKRYA, n. d. Natsional'nyj korpus russkogo yazyka [Russian National Corpus]. Available at: http://www.ruscorpora.ru [Accessed 19 May 2020] (in Russ.).Ozhegov, S. I. and Shvedova, N. Yu., 2006. Tolkovyi slovar' russkogo yazyka: 80 000 slov i frazeologicheskikh vyrazhenii [Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language: 80,000 words and phraseological expressions]. Vol. 4. Moscow (in Russ.).Berdyaev, N. A., 1990. Smysl istorii [The meaning of history]. Moscow (in Russ.).Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1789—1794. Slovar' Akademii Rossiiskoi: v 6 t. [Dictionary of Russian Academy: in 6 volumes]. Vol. 5. St. Petersburg (in Russ.).Nauka, n. d., Slovar' russkogo yazyka XI—XVII vv.[Dictionary of the Russian language of the 11th — 17th centuries]. Available at: http://etymolog.ruslang.ru/index. php?act=xi-xvii [Accessed 1 May 2020] (in Russ.).Vinogradov, V. V., ed., 2000. Slovar' yazyka Pushkina: v 4 t. [Dictionary of the language of Pushkin: in 4 volumes]. Vol. 2. Moscow (in Russ.).Ushakov, D. N., ed., 1935. Tolkovyj slovar': v 4 t. [Explanatory dictionary: in 4 volumes]. Vol. 4. Moscow (in Russ.).