NONE20260603024134450Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityno-reply@journals.kantiana.ruImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversitySlovo.ru: Baltic accent2225-53462686-898906032026103GambierY.0603202611FolaronD.The introduction of digital computers, information and communication technologies (ICTs), and the Internet/Web has broadened the scope of communication globally in ways unprecedented in human history. The “digital world” implies more than the technical and instrumental aspects and usage of technology; it equally involves our tangible human social engagement and interface with the tools and technologies themselves. The relevance of digital studies to translation studies, and vice versa, is substantial. Both fields intrinsically deal with language, information, and communication and are inextricably linked to technology. After a brief introduction, the article highlights first the essential informational and communicational foundation of technology development that intertwined with histories of translation technolo­gy. The convergence of these multiple histories has led to today’s 24/7 digital infrastructure. It then considers the social and cultural facets of the digital world, presenting research areas in digital studies that can be explored in relation to translation studies. While the existing analytical and critical approaches to researching translation can arguably be extended and transposed to include elements of the contemporary digital context, there are also compelling and legitimate reasons for contextualizing translation within the broader, global communica­tion universe, positioning it wholly within the digital sphere.0603202611Ackland, R., 2013. Web Social Science. Concepts, Data and Tools for Social Scientists in the Digital Age. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.Ash, J., Kitchin, R. and Leszczynski, A. eds., 2019. Digital Geographies. London: SAGE Publications.Athique, A., 2013. Digital Media and Society: An Introduction. Cambridge: Polity Press.Barney, D., Coleman, G., Ross, C., Sterne, J. and Tembeck, T. eds., 2016. The Participatory Condition in the Digital Age. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Baumgarten, S. and Cornellà-Detrell, J. eds., 2017. Translation in times of technocapitalism. Special issue. Target: International Journal of Translation Studies, 29(2).Baumgarten, S. and Cornellà-Detrell, J. eds., 2019. Translation and Global Spaces of Power. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Broad, E., 2018. Made by Humans. The AI Condition. Victoria: Melbourne University Press.Brügger, N. and Milligan, I. eds., 2019. The SAGE Handbook of Web History. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.Buckland, M., 2017. Information and Society. Cambridge: The MIT Press.Campanelli, V., 2010. Web Aesthetics. 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J. and Dunne, E. S. eds., 2011. Translation and Localization Project Management. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing.Esser, A., Bernal-Merino, M. Á. and Smith, I. R. eds., 2016. Media Across Borders. Localizing TV, Film and Video Games. New York: Routledge.Federici, F. M. ed., 2016. Mediating Emergencies and Conflicts. Frontline Translating and Interpreting. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Floridi, L., 2014. The 4th Revolution. How the Infosphere is Reshaping Human Reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Folaron, D., 2006. A discipline coming of age in the digital age. In: K. J. Dunne, ed. Perspectives on Localization. American Translators Association Scholarly Monograph Series. Vol. XIII. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 195—219.Folaron, D., 2010. Web and Translation. In: Y. Gambier and L. van Doorslaer, eds. Handbook of Translation Studies. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 446—450.Folaron, D., 2012. Digitalizing Translation. Translation Spaces, 1, pp. 5—31.Folaron, D., 2013. Foreword. In: P. Sánchez-Gijón, O. Torres-Hostench and B. Mesa-Lao, eds. Conducting Research in Translation Technologies, New Trends in Translation Studies. Vol. 13. Oxford/Bern: Peter Lang. pp. 1—16.Folaron, D., 2019 forthcoming. Technology, Technical Translation and Localization. In: M. O’Hagan, ed. The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Technology. London: Routledge.Goggin, G. and McLelland, M. eds., 2009. Internationalizing Internet Studies. Beyond Anglophone Paradigms. New York: Routledge.Goggin, G. and McLelland, M. eds., 2017. The Routledge Companion to Global Internet Histories. New York: Routledge.Gold, M. K. and Klein, L. F. eds., 2016. Debates in the Digital Humanities. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Gorham, M. S., Lunde, I. and Paulsen, M. eds., 2014. Digital Russia. The language, culture and politics of new media communication. London: Routledge.Gottlieb, B., 2018. Digital Materialism. 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Paulsen, eds. Digital Russia: The language, culture and politics of new media communication, London: Routledge. pp. 34—54.Kroker, A. and Kroker, M. eds., 2013. Critical Digital Studies. A Reader. 2nd edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Kurbalija, J., 2016. An Introduction to Internet Governance. 7th edition. DiploFoundation.Malinovsky, B. N., 2010. Pioneers of Soviet Computing. 2nd edition. Available at: http://www. sigcis. org/files/SIGCISMC2010_001.pdf [accessed 14 May 2019].Manovich, L., 2013. Software Takes Command. New York: Bloomsbury.Manovich, L., 2018. AI Aesthetics. Moscow/London: Strelka Press.Miller, V., 2011. Understanding Digital Culture. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.Mosco, V., 2017. Becoming Digital. Toward a Post-Internet Society. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Ltd.O’Brien, S., Balling, L. W., Carl, M., Simard, M. and Specia, L. eds., 2014. Post-editing of Machine Translation. Processes and Applications. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.O’Hagan, M. and Mangiron, C., 2013. Game Localization. Translating for the global digital entertainment industry. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.Peters, B. ed., 2016a. Digital Keywords. A Vocabulary of Information Society and Culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Peters, B., 2016b. How Not To Network A Nation. The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Poibeau, T., 2017. Machine Translation. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Price, S., Jewitt, C. and Brown, B. eds., 2013. The SAGE Handbook of Digital Technology Research. London: SAGE Publications.Pym, A., 2004. The Moving Text. Localization, translation, and distribution. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.Quah, C. K., 2006. Translation and Technology. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Rockwell, G. and Sinclair, S., 2016. Hermeneutica. Computer-Assisted Interpretation in the Humanities. 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A Critical History of Social Media. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Wiberg, M., 2018. The Materiality of Interaction. Notes on the Materials of Interaction Design. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Ziccardi, G., 2013. Resistance, Liberation Technology and Human Rights in the Digital Age. Heidelberg: Springer Dordrecht.Ch.SchäffnerThis paper will illustrate how discourse analysis had been incorporated in Translation Studies. Discourse Analysis originated in Applied Linguistics and refers to the investigation of language in use. Depending on whether the term ‘discourse’ is understood in a narrower or a wider sense, discourse analysis aims at examining the structure and the function of lan­guage in various contexts and/or at revealing patterns of belief and habitual action, as well as social roles and power relations (Critical Discourse Analysis). Since translation can be char­acterised as an act of communication across linguistic and cultural boundaries, with source text and target text representing language in use, concepts and methods of discourse analysis have been found useful for Translation Studies. The paper will provide some examples of such research.0603202611Taivalkoski-ShilovK.The concept of voice has engendered a growing amount of research in translation studies in the last decades, especially regarding literary translation. Voice is typically used in studies that investigate stylistic or structural characteristics of translated texts, intertextuality and other forms of multivocality and ethical questions related to agency, ideology and power in translation and interpreting. The first part of this article defines two essential concepts related to voice in translation — voice and text — and describes the state of the art of research in this field. The second part aims to deepen the discussion on voice in translation studies by intro­ducing the notion of the voice of conscience from philosophy and political science and the no­tion of inner voices from psychology.0603202611Alvstad, C., 2013. Voices in Translation. In: Y. Gambier and L. van Doorslaer, eds. Handbook of Translation Studies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Vol. 4. pp. 207—210.Alvstad, C., Assis Rosa, A., 2015. Voice in Retranslation: An Overview and Some Trends. Target. Special iss.: Voice in Retranslation, 27(1), pp. 3—24.Alvstad, C., Greenall A. K., Jansen H. and Taivalkoski-Shilov K., eds., 2017a. Textual and contextual voices of translation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. BTL 137.Alvstad, C., Greenall A. K., Jansen H. and Taivalkoski-Shilov K., 2017b. Introduction: Textual and contextual voices of translation. In: C. Alvstad, et al., eds. Textual and contextual voices of translation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. BTL 137. pp. 3—17.Akhtar, S., 2009. Comprehensive dictionary of psychoanalysis. London: Routledge.Bakhtin, M. M., 2004. The dialogic imagination. Translated by C. Emerson and M. Holquist. Austin, TX: The University of Texas Press.Chesterman, A., 2007. Similarity analysis and the translation profile. Belgian Journal of Linguistics, 21(1.1), pp. 53—66.Chesterman, A. and Baker, M., 2008. Ethics of renarration. (Interview with Mona Baker). Cultus, 1(1), pp. 10—33.Cheyfitz, E., 1991. The Poetics of Imperialism: Translation and Colonization from The Tempest to Tarzan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Dolar, M., 2006. A voice and nothing more. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Fernyhough, C., 2017. The voices within: The history and science of how we talk to ourselves. London: Profile books / Wellcome [sic] collection.FIT Translator’s Charter, https://www.fit-ift.org/translators-charter/, 2011.Folkart, B., 1991. Le conflit des énonciations: Traduction et discours rapporté. Montreal: Balzac.Folkart, B., 1996. Polylogie et registres de traduction: Le cas d’Ulysses. Palimpsestes, 10, pp. 125—140.Greenall, A. K., Alvstad, C., Jansen, H. and Taivalkoski-Shilov, K. 2019. Introduction: Voice, Ethics and Translation. Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice. Special iss.: Voice, Ethics and Translation, 27(5), pp. 639—647.Haffner, S., 2002. Defying Hitler. Translated by O. Pretzel. New York: Picador.Hermans, T., 1996. The Translator’s Voice in Translated Narrative. Target, 8(1), pp. 23—48.Hermans, T., 2007. The Conference of the Tongues. Manchester: St. Jerome.Jansen, H. and Wegener, A., 2013. Multiple Translatorship. In: H. Jansen and A. Wegener, eds. Authorial and Editorial Voices in Translation. Vita Traductiva, 2(1). Montreal: Éditions québécoises de l’œuvre. pp. 1—39.Johansen, J. D. and Larsen, S. E., 2002. Signs In Use. An Introduction to Semiotics. London & New York: Routledge.Kolwalski, D. A., 2012. Moral theory at the movies: An introduction to ethics. 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Corollary discharge provides the sensory content of inner speech. Psychological Science, 24 (9), pp. 1824—1830.Susam-Sarajeva, Ş., 2006. Theories on the Move: Translation’s Role in the Travels of Literary Theories. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Taivalkoski-Shilov, K., 2006. La tierce main: Le discours rapporté dans les traductions françaises de Fielding au XVIIIe siècle. Arras: Artois Presses Université.Taivalkoski-Shilov, K. 2019. Ethical issues regarding machine(-assisted) translation of literary texts. Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice, 27 (5), рр. 689—703. https:// doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2018.1520907.Taivalkoski-Shilov, K. and Suchet, M., 2013. Voice in the Field of Translation Studies / De questionnement en questionnement. In : K. Taivalkoski-Shilov and M. Suchet, eds. La Traduction des voix intra-textuelles/Intratextual Voices in Translation. Vita traductiva. Vol. 1. Montreal: Éditions québécoises de l’oeuvre. pp. 1—30.Tian, X. and Poeppel, D., 2012. 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Journalistic texts have for instance been included in research that was previously almost exclusively dealing with literary discourse. Moreover interest in imagological research, sometimes related to the distribution of a promoted national or cultural self-image, has now also grown in countries outside of Europe. Future perspec­tives for findings on image spread through translation are offered through collaboration with existing research in sociology and psychology.0603202611Beller, M. and Leerssen, J. eds., 2007. Imagology: The Cultural Construction and Literary Representation of National Characters — a critical survey. Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi.Bielsa, E., 2013. Translation and the international circulation of literature. A comparative analysis of the reception of Roberto Bolaño’s work in Spanish and English. The Translator, 19(2), pp. 157—181.Coenen, L., 2013. The Image of Spain in Dutch Travel Writing (1860—1960). PhD Thesis, University of Amsterdam.Demirkol Ertürk, Ş., 2013. 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Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins.Leerssen, J., 2016. Imagology. On Using Ethnicity to Make Sense of the World. Iberic@l, 10, pp. 13—31.Leerssen, J., n. d. A Summary of Imagological Theory. Available at: http:// imagologica. eu/theoreticalsummary [Accessed 14 August 2018].Li, W., 2016. A systematic approach to manipulation in translation — a case study of Ye Junjian's 1958 translation of H. C. Andersen’s tales. In: L. D'hulst, C. O'Sullivan and M. Schreiber, eds. Politics, Policy and Power in Translation History. Berlin: Frank & Timme. pp. 95—112.Marinetti, C., 2011. Cultural approaches. In: Y. Gambier and L. van Doorslaer, eds. Handbook of Translation Studies. Vol. 2. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 26—30.Realo, A. and Allik, J., 2017. National character. In: V. Zeigler-Hill and T. K. Shackelford, eds. Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Cham: Springer International Publishing.Sapiro, G., 2016. How do literary works cross borders (or not)? 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The push mode, in con­trast, can be exemplified by a company that decides to localise its website to cater for foreign markets. Here the decisions to make translation happen are mostly located on the source side. The shuffle mode corresponds to those rare cases in which the process is located neither on the source nor on the target side, but straddles the semiotic barriers or folds that make acts of translating possible or necessary in the first place. The discussion affirms the status of translators as active players, or agents, of communi­cation. If it is true that in real life translators rarely determine whether a sign will cross a semiotic fold or have much say in the process, in principle nothing prevents them from bring­ing their desires, motives, and strategies to the table. Translators can — and should — have a larger say on why, whether, and how new translated texts appear in the target environment.0603202611Buzelin, H., 2011. Agents of translation. In: Y. Gambier and L. van Doorslaer, eds. Handbook of Translation Studies. Vol. 2. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 6—12.Calvino, I., 1988a. Lezioni americane. Milan: Garzanti.Calvino, I., 1988b. Six Memos for the Next Millennium. Translated by P. Creagh. New York: Vintage.Copeland, R., 1991. Rhetoric, Hermeneutics, and Translation in the Middle Ages: Academic Traditions and Vernacular Texts, Cambridge studies in medieval literature. Vol. 11. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Eco, U., 2001. Experiences in Translaton. Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press.Eco, U., 2003a. Dire quasi la stessa cosa. Esperienze di traduzione. Milan: Bompiani.Eco, U., 2003b. Mouse or Rat? Translation as Negotiation. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Esselink, B., 2000. A Practical Guide to Localization. Rev. ed. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Folena, G., 1991. Volgarizzare e tradurre. Turin: Einaudi.Jiménez-Crespo, M. A., 2013. Translation and Web Localization. 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Salin. Pasig City (Manila): Anvil.VV. AA., 1999. Balikbayan: racconti filippini contemporanei. Translated by U. Stecconi. Milan: Feltrinelli.BoyarskayaE.Ambiguity implies that there are at least two distinct senses ascribed to one sign. It is in­herent to language and speech. In this article, I reflect on the types of ambiguity, its typology, production and effect and propose an algorithm for tackling ambiguity in translation. I posit that the choice of a translation strategy and the need for disambiguation in general depend on the type of ambiguity, its sources and character, i. e. whether ambiguity is intended or not. Intended ambiguity occurs when the speaker intentionally does not follow the logic of concep­tual clues (primes) and opts for a set of communicative strategies and linguistic means, which allow him/her to offer several possible interpretations of one event or even refer to several dif­ferent events. I explore a rarely analyzed event-referential ambiguity, which requires addi­tional conceptual information for disambiguation and, consequently, may pose a problem for translation. I argue that problems in disambiguation may occur for a variety of reasons: the translator and\or the recipient may have a wrong reference, have insufficient background knowledge to resolve the ambiguity or make wrong inferences since each recipient bears a different combination of cognitive, axiological, social, professional and gender attributes.0603202611Apresjan, Yu., 1974. Leksicheskaya semantika: sinonimicheskie sredstva yazyka [Lexical semantics: synonymous means of language]. Russia, Moscow: Nauka (in Russ.).Aristotle, 2016. Sophistical Refutations. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ambiguity/ [accessed 12 May 2019].Atherton, C., 1993. The Stoics on Ambiguity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Bach, K., 1982. Semantic Nonspecificity and Mixed Quantifiers. Linguistics and Philosophy, 4, pp. 593—605.Barsalou, L., 1982. Context-independent and context-dependent information in concepts. Memory & Cognition, 10, pp. 82—93.Benjamin, A., 2012, Translation and ambiguity: towards a reformulation. Australian Association for Literary Translation Review, 5, pp. 39—46.Black, M., 1937. Vagueness: An exercise in logical analysis. Philosophy of Science, 4, pp. 427—455.Camp, E., 2006. Metaphor and That Certain ‘Je Ne Sais Quoi’. Philosophical Studies, 129, pp. 1—25.Chomsky, N., 1957. Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.Chomsky, N., 2000. New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Cruse, D., 1986. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Dunbar, G., 2001. Towards a Cognitive Analysis of Polysemy, Ambiguity and Vagueness. Cognitive Linguistics, 12, pp. 1—14.Eco, U., 2011. Confessions of a young novelist. Harvard University Press.Graham, R., 2001. Statutory interpretation: Theory and Practice. Toronto: Emond Publishing.Fodor, J., 1998. Concepts: Where Cognitive Science Went Wrong. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Fougner, R., 1998. La notion d'ambiguïté en traduction. TradTerm, 5(1), pp. 11—40.Giammarresi, S. and Lapalme, G., 2016. Computer science and translation: natural languages and machine translation. In: Y. Gambier and L. van Doorslaer, eds. Border Crossings: Translation Studies and other disciplines. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: J. Benjamins. pp. 205—224.Gishti, E. and Fjoralba, D., 2013. Les ambiguïtés sémantiques dans la langue de spécialité: les "jeux" du sens de l’équivalence — un défi pour le traducteur. Atelier de Traduction, 19, pp. 115—126.Greenough, P., 2003. Vagueness: A Minimal Theory. Mind, 112, pp. 235—81.Grice, H., 1975. Logic and Conversation. In: Cole and Morgan, eds. Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press. pp. 45—47.Handwerker, B., 2004. 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Journal of Semantics, 12, pp. 109—32.Quiroga, C., 2003. Language ambiguity: a curse and a blessing. Translation Journal, 7 (1), pp. 57—61.Pym, A. and Hu, B., 2018. Constructive ambiguity in foreign-affairs translation. The case of “One China”. Available at: http://usuaris.tinet.cat/apym/on-line/ translation/2018_trust_hubris.pdf [accessed 14 May 2019].Recanati, F., 1989. The Pragmatics of What is Said. Mind and Language, 4, pp. 295—329.Anon, 2004. Literal Meaning, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Saka, P., 2007. How to Think About Meaning. Dordrecht: Springer.Traxler, M., 2011. Introduction to Psycholinguistics: understanding language science. Boston: Wiley-Blackwell.Tuggy, D., 1993. Ambiguity, Polysemy and Vagueness. Cognitive Linguistics, 4, pp. 273—290.Zabotkina, V. and Boyarskaya, E., 2017. On the Challenge of Polysemy in Contemporary Cognitive Research: What is Conscious and what is Unconscious. Psychology. Russia: State of the Art, 10(3), pp. 28—39.Zalizniak, A., 2007. The Phenomenon of Polysemy and Ways to Describe it, the Cognitive Basis of Polysemy. Metalinguistica, 19, pp. 93—97.Zwicky, A. and Sadock, J., 1975. Ambiguity Tests and How to Fail Them. In: Kimball, ed. Syntax and Semantics. Vol. 4. New York: Academic Press. pp. 1—36.KharitonovaE.A moment's reflection suffices to convince one that no language is homogeneous, being represented by a set of language variants or language existential forms, reflecting the hetero­geneous character of the national culture. Notwithstanding variable nature of language, lin­guistic theorizing has been mostly based on standardized languages forms, rather than on natu­ral speech dialects. The present research addresses the fundamental issue of variability within a language and aims at studying the specific fragment of the Russian language of the XXth centu­ry — Soviet camp sociolect within the frameworks of contrastive sociolectology. Sociolect nature of the source text is viewed as one of the factors increasing the degree of text untranslatability. The author dwells on the nature of adaptation interventions, which a trans­lator needs to perform to render the specificity of the Soviet camp social dialect in English. The analysis of the ways in which translators processed the source texts under consideration reveals the twofold strategy aimed at maintaining a proper balance between replicating the sociolect text specificity and making the translation readable to the target recipients. Combin­ing explanatory translation, loose translation, occasional equivalents with loan translation translators achieve clarity of the translation, preserving at the same time apparent non-nativeness of the target text, which helps to avoid leveling the sociolect nature of the source texts.0603202611Azhezh, K., 2003. Chelovek govoryashchiy: Vklad lingvistiki v gumanitarnyye nauki [Homo loquentes: The contribution of linguistics to the humanities]. Moscow: Editorial URSS (in Russ.).Barslund, Ch., 2012. The Translation of Literary Prose. In: K. Windle and K. Malmkjaer, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Translation Studies. Oxford Handbooks Online. Available at: https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/ 9780199239306.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199239306 [accessed 15 May 2019].Barthes, R., 1989. Selected Works: Semiotics: Poetics. Tr. from Fr. Moscow: Progress.Bond, A., 1983. A Study of the English and the German Translations of Alexander I. Solzhenitsyn's The Gulag Archipelago. Vol. I. Bern; Frankfurt/Main; N. Y.: Peter Lang.Bugayeva, I., 2010. Yazyk pravoslavnoy sfery: sovremennoye sostoyaniye, tendentsii razvitiya [The language of the orthodox sphere: current state, development trends]. Dissertation abstract. Moscow (in Russ.).Chesterman, A., 2004. Beyond the particular. In: A. Mauranen and P. 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Osnovy kontrastivnoy sotsiolektologii [Fundamentals of contrastive sociectology]. Dissertation abstract. Pyatigorsk (in Russ.).Krongauz, M., 1991. Bessiliye yazyka v epokhu zrelogo sotsializma [Powerlessness of language in the era of mature socialism]. Available at: http://www.ruthenia.ru/folklore/ krongauz1.htm [accessed 15 May 2019].Kryuchkova, T., 2016. Social Variability of Language. In: V. Mikhal'chenko, ed. Language and Society. Encyclopedia. Moscow: Azbukovnik. pp. 428—432.Lipatov, A., 2010. Sleng kak problema sotsiolektiki [Slang as a problem of sociolectics]. Moscow: Elpis (in Russ.).Maslennikova, E., 2014. Khudozhestvennyi perevod: novoe o starom [Literary translation: new about the old]. Tver, Tverskoi gosudarstvennyi universitet (in Russ.).Medvedeva, T., 2012. «And again about gender: he says, she says...». Bulletin of Moscow State Linguistic University, 1(634), pp. 113—121.Neubert, A., 1968. Pragmatische Aspekte der Übersetzung. In: A. Neubert, ed. Grundfragen der Übersetzungswissenschaft (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift Fremdsprachen II). Leipzig, VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie. pp. 21—33.Pavlova, M, 2017. Artistic bilinguism and the problem of untranslatability (by the example of the novel “A clockwork orange” by A. Burgess). Philology. Theory and practice, 12(78), pp. 21—25.Rtischeva, O., 2019. Content of Language Cultural Universal in Cross-Cultural Communication. Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences, 1 (12), pp. 128—136.Shalamov, V., 1994. Kolyma tales: Tr. by J. Glad. London: Penguin Books.Snell-Hornby, M., 1988. Translation Studies. An Integrated Approach. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.Solzhenitsyn, A., 1969. One day in the life of Ivan Denisovich: Translated by R. Parker. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.Solzhenitsyn, A., 1991. One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich: Translated by H. T. Willets. Harvill: HarperCollins.Toper, P., 2000. Perevod v sisteme sravnitel'nogo literaturovedeniya [Translation in the system of comparative literature]. Moscow: Naslediye (in Russ.).Windle, K., 2011. The translation of drama. In: K. Malmkjaer and K. Windle, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Translation Studies. Oxford UP. Oxford Handbooks Online. Available at: https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/978019 9239306.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199239306 [accessed 15 May 2019].ShevchenkoE.ThomashevskayaI.This research contributes to the study of colour terms as a cognitive phenomenon. Since colour is not a universal concept and an ordinary mind does not perceive colour separately from the object, it is possible to observe the knowledge about colour, which exists in the lan­guage but does not exist in its physical sense. We hold that the given knowledge is the cause of significant difficulties arising in the translation of various colour terms, though the nature of these terms existence should not be complex in its essence, being a basic phenomenon of the natural world. Moreover, certain ambiguity rises when reference points of colour do not coin­cide with the indirect naming of colours and shades in different languages. Different pairs of languages apparently set their individual spectrum of translation difficulties. We characterise some typical colour-related English into Russian translation difficulties which arise at the cognitive level.0603202611Berlin, B., Kay, P., 1969. Basic Color Terms. Their Universality and Evolution. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Ekimov, B., 2016. Golos neba [Voice of heaven]. Available at: http://rulibs. com/ru_zar/prose_contemporary/ekimov/2/j7.html [accessed 29 April 2019] (in Russ.).Hjelmslev, L., 1963. Prolegomena to a Theory of Language. Translated by F. Whitfield. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Kornilov, O. A., 2003. Yazykovye kartiny mira kak proizvodnye natsional’nyh mentalitetov [Language pictures of the world as derivatives of national mentalities]. M.: Book House University KDU (in Russ.).Lucy, J. A., 1992. Language Diversity and Thought: A Reformulation of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Polyakov, S., 2017. Concepts and other constructions of consciousness. Saint-Petersburg: Peter.Steinvall, A., 2002. English Colour Terms in Context. Umeå: Umeå universitet.Tarnaeva, L. P., 2013. Kognitivnaja paradigma I sovremennoe perevodovedenie [Cognitive paradigm and modern translation]. Available at: http://spr.fld.mrsu.ru/2013/ 12/kognitivnaya-paradigma-i-sovremennoe-perevodovedenie-l-p-tarnaeva/ [accessed 14 April 2019] (in Russ.).Vasilevitch, A. P., Kuznetsova, S. N. and Mischenko, S. S., 2005. Tsvet I nazvania tsveta v russkom yazyke [Color and color names in Russian]. М., "KomKniga" (in Russ.).Weisberger, J., 2004. Native language and soul development [Native language and the formation of the spirit]. Moscow: Editorial Publishing House (in Russ.).L.BoykoContemporary methodological landscape in translator training (TT) is dominated by the competence-based principles whose epistemological roots are found in social constructivism asserting learners’ active participation in knowledge accrual. The paper gives a brief account of the status quo of TT and revisits the controversial issue of appropriateness of combining TT with foreign language teaching (FLT). The author maintains that FLT may, and quite often has to, be part of TT course, the share of linguistic component in TT depending on the curric­ulum design and teaching circumstances. Centred solely around the linguistic aspect of TT, the paper proposes combining training methods that serve the purposes of both TT and FLT. TT practices aimed at developing linguistic and translational competences simultaneously are subdivided into analytical and reinforcement training techniques, the latter being the focus of this paper. The author argues that exercise-type activities beneficial for both TT and FLT can be practiced in full harmony with the competence-based student-centred teaching principles.0603202611Alexeeva, I. S., 2006. Pis’mennyi perevod. Nemetskyi yazyk [Translation. The German language]. St. Petersburg.: “Soyuz” Publishing House (in Russ.).Alexeeva, I. S., 2008. The current state of translation theory in Russia (critical review). Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta [Bulletin of S. Petersburg University], (9) 1, pp. 26—38 (in Russ.).Bazylev, V. N., 2013. Didactica perevoda [Didactics of Translation]. Moscow. Flinta. Nauka (in Russ.).Carreres, Á., 2006. Strange Bedfellows: Translation and Language Teaching. The Teaching of Translation into L2 in Modern Languages Degrees: Uses and Limitations. In: Sixth Symposium on Translation, Terminology and Interpretation in Cuba and Canada, Canadian Translators, Terminologists and Interpreters Council. Available at: http://cttic. org/ACTI/2006/papers/Carreres.pdf [accessed 10 September 2018].Carreres, Á., 2014. Translation as a means and as an end: reassessing the divide. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 8(1), pp. 123—135.Colina, S., 2003a. Translation Teaching, from Research to the Classroom: A Handbook for Teachers. New York: McGraw-Hill.Colina, S., 2003b. Towards an Empirically-based Translation Pedagogy. In: B. J. Baer and G. S. Koby, eds. Beyond the Ivory Tower. Rethinking Translation Pedagogy. Vol. 12. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 29—59.Gambier, Y., 2012. Teaching translation/training translators. In: Y. Gambier and L. van Doorslaer, eds. Handbook of Translation Studies. Vol. 3. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 163—171.Gavrilenko, N. N., 2004. The main objectives of teaching to translate scientific and technical texts. Vestnik Rossiiskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Russkii i inostrannye yazyki i metodika ikh prepodavaniya [Bulletin RUDN. Series: Russian and foreign languages and teaching methods], 1(2), pp. 102—107 (in Russ.).Gouadec, D., 2007. Translation as a profession. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Kearns, J., 2006. Curriculum Renewal in Translator Training: Vocational challenges in academic environments with reference to needs and situation analysis and skills transferability from the contemporary experience of Polish translator training culture. Dissertation. Available at: http://doras.dcu.ie/17625/1/John_Kearns_20121129165721.pdf [accessed 12 February 2019].Kelly, D., 2005. A Handbook for Translator Trainers: A Guide to Reflective Practice. Manchester: St. Jerome.Kiraly, D., 2000. A Social Constructivist Approach to Translator Education. Empowerment from Theory to Practice. 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Perevod: problemy teorii, practiki I metodiki prepodavaniya. [Translation: problems of theory, practice and teaching methods]. M.: Kniga po trebovaniyu (in Russ.).Lederer, M., 2007. Perevod segodnya [La traduction aujourd’hui. Le modèle interprétatif]. Translated by N. Fenenko and E. Alekseeva. St. Petersburg.: Publishing House of the Hertzen RGPU (in Russ.).PACTE, 2000. Acquiring translation competence: hypotheses and methodological problems of a research project. In: A. Beeby, D. Ensinger and M. Presas, eds. Investigating Translation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 99—106.PACTE, 2017. Researching Translation Competence by PACTE Group. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Pym, A., 1992 Translation error analysis and the interface with language teaching. In: C. Dollerup and A. Loddegaard, eds. The Teaching of Translation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 279—288.Pym, A., 1993. Epistemological problems in translation and its teaching: A seminar for thinking students. Caminade.Pym, A., 2003. Redefining Translation Competence in an Electronic Age. Meta, 48 (4), pp. 481—497.Pym, A., 2005. Training translators — ten recurrent naiveties. Translating Today, 2 (1), pp. 3—6.Pym, A., 2012. Training Translators. Available at: https://www. researchgate. net/publication/297128820_Training_Translators [accessed 10 March 2019]. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199239306.013.0032.Raatikainen, P., 2012. Philosophical Issues in Meaning and Translation. In: A. Aejmelaeus and P. Pahta, eds. Translation — Interpretation — Meaning Studies across Disciplines in the Humanities and Social Sciences 7. Helsinki: Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies. pp. 157—167.Venuti, L. ed., 2017. Teaching Translation: Programs, Courses, Pedagogies. London/New York: Routledge.Wills, W., 1992. The Future of Translator Training. Meta, 37(3), pp. 391—396.