NONE20260603231536432Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityno-reply@journals.kantiana.ruImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversityKantian Journal0207-69182310-370106032026422Зачем изучать Канта? Постановка проблемыO.SensenTulane UniversityIn its 2018 publication, Come On! the Club of Rome advocates the need for a New Enlightenment. It associates Kant with an Old Enlightenment that favours (i) individualism, (ii) rationalism and in general (iii) a lack of balance between different elements such as reason and feelings. In this discussion note, I argue — based on Kant’s theoretical as well as practical philosophies — that the charges are not properly levelled at Kant. (i) In finding truth as well as what is morally right, Kant advocates abstracting from private ends and testing one’s views against the views of others. (ii) Kant also points out the limits of what we can know rationally; (iii) and in theoretical as well as practical cognition, he emphasises that we need both: reason and sensibility.0603202671510.5922/0207-6918-2023-2-1https://journals.kantiana.ru/kant_collection/5352/42054/Кантовское понятие просвещения и его альтернативыA. N.KrouglovRussian State University for the HumanitiesThe modern popularity of the Kantian definition of enlightenment often leads to a distorted notion that his understanding of enlightenment was dominant already during his lifetime, expressing the quintessence of all-European Enlightenment. This turns our attention away from entire layers of philosophical thought, since the Kantian definition of enlightenment in the late eighteenth century was neither the only one nor the preeminent one. The study of alternatives represented in the German philosophy of that period gives a deeper insight into the originality of the Kantian approach with regard to both its merits and demerits. The presentation of the Kantian definition of enlightenment as the standard turns out to be a rather late historical phenomenon. Even Kant’s closest followers did not turn to his interpretation of enlightenment and, indeed, were sharply critical of the phenomenon as a banal and superficial one, opposed to faith. Further transformation of the views on the Enlightenment led to the emergence of the inauthentic terms of “Enlightenment” and Lumières applied post factum to the eighteenth-century philosophy in Europe. As a result, the essence of the enlightenment was defined not so much by the eighteenth-century Enlighteners as by historians and philosophers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries who constructed a model notion of enlightenment against which philosophical figures were then compared. This approach ignored, first, the authentic definition of enlightenment (in Germany and Russia in the eighteenth century there were authentic terms “Aufklärung” and “prosveshcheniye”, and in France the proto-term “eclairé”) and, second, important national differences in the interpretation of the phenomenon. The emasculate Kantian definition of enlightenment used to legitimise the proposed approach. A closer look at the authentic view of eighteenth-century philosophers and a comparison of the Kantian approach to enlightenment with its alternatives that existed at the time might perhaps demonstrate that the philosophical and heuristic potential of the allegedly overcome and discredited Enlightenment is far from exhausted and is still relevant today.06032026163910.5922/0207-6918-2023-2-2https://journals.kantiana.ru/kant_collection/5352/42056/Anonym, 1790. Kritischer Versuch über das Wort Aufklärung, zur endlichen Beylegung der darüber geführten Streitigkeiten. 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Volume 1. Leipzig: Roch & Compagnie.Zöllner, J. F., 1783. Ist es rathsam, das Ehebündniß ferner durch die Religion zu sancieren? Berlinische Monatsschrift [hg. von F. Gedike, J. E. Biester. Berlin: Bei Haude und Spener], 2, pp. 508-517.[Zöllner, J. F.], 1784. Der Affe. Eine Fabel. Berlinische Monatsschrift [hg. von F. Gedike, J. E. Biester. Berlin: Bei Haude und Spener], 4, p. 480.Zöllner, J. F., 1787. Über Aufklärung. In: J. F. Zöllner, ed. 1787. Lesebuch für alle Stände. Zur Beförderung edler Grundsätze, ächten Geschmacks und nützlicher Kenntnisse. Theil 8. Berlin: Maurer, pp. 92-101.Кант и новое просвещение: о балансе между долгом и утилитарными целямиA. S.ZilberImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal University (IKBFU)The relation between Kant’s philosophy and the “philosophy of balance” as it is described in the report Come on! Capitalism, Short-termism, Population and the Destruction of the Planet, delivered to the Club of Rome in 2018, requires some analysis. The authors of the report consider Kant to be a philosopher of European Enlightenment which laid the foundations of the modern world, but also proved to be the source of global problems. The report characterises the philosophy of the Enlightenment as lop-sided rationalism which dismisses everything that does not possess desirable properties. In exchange, the authors offer a philosophy of balance, described in several points as the balance between conflicting values. The overarching problem of the philosophy of balance is the restraining of egoism. For this reason I first examine the relationship between duty and human inclinations in Kant’s ethics. I then demonstrate that the topic of political forecasts and the recommendations which Kant prescribes both in his philosophy of history and in his reflections on politics, right and justice, essentially boils down to three points of the philosophy of balance: the balance between development and justice (Kantian republicanism), between the speed and stability of development (external policy, the Kantian peace project), and between the short-term and long-term perspectives (reform policy). I then touch upon the problem of the implementation of Kantian principles in politics in the light of the reception of Kant in the modern theories of social conflicts, the communication theory of J. Habermas and the justice theory of J. Rawls. The overall conclusion is that Kant’s philosophy is not a philosophy of exclusion, capitalist values and utilitarianism and is not their ideological basis.06032026406710.5922/0207-6918-2023-2-3https://journals.kantiana.ru/kant_collection/5352/42059/Anscombe, E., 1958. Modern Moral Philosophy. Philosophy. The Journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy, 33(124), pp. 1-19.Bakhurst, D., 2022. Categorical Moral Requirements. Kantian Journal, 41(1), pp. 40-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/0207-6918-2022-1-2.Castillio, М., 2013. The Policy of Cosmopolitism: From Universalism to Pluralism. Translated by D. Е. Fetisova. Kantian Journal, 2(44), pp. 19-32. (In Rus.)Cavallar, G., 1992. Pax Kantiana: systematisch-historische Untersuchung des Entwurfs „Zum ewigen Frieden” (1795) von Immanuel Kant. Wien: Böhlau.Chaly, V. A., 2013. John Rawls’ Interpretation of Categorical Imperative in “Theory of Justice”. Kantian Journal, 2(44), pp. 33-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/0207-6918-2013-2-3. 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Toward Perpetual Peace and Other Writings on Politics, Peace, and History. Edited and with an introduction by P. Kleingeld; translated by D. L. Colclasure. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 3-16.Kant, I., 2006c. Toward Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch. In: I. Kant, 2006. Toward Perpetual Peace and Other Writings on Politics, Peace, and History. Edited and with an introduction by P. Kleingeld; translated by D. L. Colclasure. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 67-109.Kant, I., 2006d. The Contest of the Faculties, Part 2. In: I. Kant, 2006. Toward Perpetual Peace and Other Writings on Politics, Peace, and History. Edited by P. Kleingeld; translated by D. L. Colclasure. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 150-163.Kant, I., 2009. Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason. Translated by W. S. Pluhar. Indianapolis: Hackett.Nagl-Docekal, H., 2021. Why Kant’s “Ethical State” Might Prove Instrumental in Challenging Current Social Pathologies. 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Kant, Rawls and the Problem of Public Use of Pragmatic Reason. Social Sciences and Contemporary World, 2, pp. 114-125. (In Rus.)Zilber, A. S., 2016. How Transcendental are Kant’s Principles of Public Law? Kantian Journal, 1(55), pp. 34-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/0207-6918-2016-1-3.Zilber, A. S., 2020. Inadvisable Concession: Kant’s Critique of the Political Philosophy of Christian Garve. Kantian Journal, 39(1), pp. 58-76. http://dx.doi:10.5922/ 0207-6918-2020-1-3.Zilber, A. S., Lugovoy, S. V., 2021. I. Kant’s Conservative Liberalism from the Standpoint of E. Burke’s Liberal Conservatism. The Philosophy Journal, 14(3), pp. 50-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2021-14-3-50-64. (In Rus.)Возвращая «культурный мандат»: Идея устойчивого развития в кантианской перспективеV. A.ChalyImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal University (IKBFU)In the Club of Rome report Come on! Capitalism, Short-Termism, Population and the Destruction of the Planet (2018) Kant, along with other “old” Enlighteners, is presented as the father of a world-view which led to the destabilisation of the environment in which humanity exists. The authors of the report argue that the “old Enlightenment” with its individualism, faith in the market and a consumerist attitude to nature should be scrapped. I maintain that this assessment of Kant’s philosophy is groundless and that his ideas allow us both to conduct a more profound diagnosis of the crisis and to propose a more solidly founded strategy of overcoming it. First, I sum up the position of the authors concerning the loss of sustainability of development which they attribute to the philosophy of Enlightenment. Next, I outline the history and content of the notion of “sustainable development” and offer an analysis of the sources of progressivist commitment to the conquest of nature which lie outside Modern Times in the idea of the “cultural mandate”. Then I present the Kantian diagnosis of the causes of the crisis which attributes it to humankind’s failure to “mature”. I compare the idea of “the full world” formulated by the authors of the report with the idea of the “the world come of age” and their diagnosis of “capitalism — short-termism — depletion of resources” with the Kantian assessment of the attempts to escape from the predicaments of the present into the past or the future. I draw attention to Kant’s solutions to some of the specific problems indicated in the report. Instead of the strategy of “return of the cultural mandate”, proposed at this time by the authors of the report, the Kant­ian answer to the crisis is a “Copernican turn” and re-direction of the cultivating effort to the inner moral development of the human being.06032026689410.5922/0207-6918-2023-2-4https://journals.kantiana.ru/kant_collection/5352/42062/Bacon, F., 1952. Novum Organum. In: F. Bacon, 1952. Advancement of Learning. Novum Organum. New Atlantis. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, pp. 103-195.Bacon, F., 2011. Valerius Terminus: of the Interpretation of Nature. In: The Works of Francis Bacon. Volume 3. Edited by J. Spedding, R. Ellis and D. Denon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 215-253.Brundtland, G. H, 1987. Our Common Future. Report of UN World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Betz, J., 2012. After Enlightenment: The Post-Secular Vision of J. G. Hamann. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.Bonhoeffer, D., 2010. Letters and Papers from Prison. In: Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works. Volume 8. Edited by J. W. De Gruchy. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.Chernov, S. A. and Shevchenko, I. V., 2010. Fridrikh Yakobi: vera, chuvstvo, razum [Friedrich Jacobi: Faith, Sense, Reason]. Moscow: Progress-Traditsiya. (In Rus.)Crowe, B., 2023. Jacobi and Philosophy: Rationalism and Skepticism. In: A. J. B. Hampton, ed. 2023. Friedrich Jacobi and the End of the Enlightenment: Religion, Philosophy, and Reason at the Crux of Modernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9-33.Descartes, R., 1985. Discourse on the Method. Translated by R. Stoothoff. In: R. Descartes, 1985. The Philosophical Writings. Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 111-151.Harrison, P., 1999. Subduing the Earth: Genesis 1, Early Modern Science, and the Exploitation of Nature. The Journal of Religion, 79(1), pp. 86-109.Harrison, P., 2007. The Fall of Man and the Foundations of Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Howarth, R., 1995. Sustainability under Uncertainty: A Deontological Approach. Land Economics, 71(4), pp. 417-427. https://doi.org/10.2307/3146707Kant, I., 1992. The Jäsche Logic. In: I. Kant, 1992. Lectures on Logic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 517-640.Kant, I., 1996a. An Answer to the Question: What Is Enlightenment? In: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 11-22.Kant, I., 1996b. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. In: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 37-108.Kant, I., 1996c. On the Common Saying: That May Be Correct in Theory, but It Is of No Use in Practice. In: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 273-309.Kant, I., 1998. What Does It Mean to Orient Oneself in Thinking? In: I. Kant, 1998. Kant: Religion Within the Boundaries of Mere Reason and Other Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3-14.Kant, I., 2001a. The End of All Things. In: I. Kant, 2001. Religion and Rational Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 217-231.Kant, I., 2001b. Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. In: I. Kant, 2001. Religion and Rational Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 39-215.Kant, I., 2002. On a Recently Prominent Tone of Superiority in Philosophy. In: I. Kant, 2002. Theoretical Philosophy after 1781. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 425-445.Lahat, G.М., 2013. The Political Implications of Kant’s Theory of Knowledge: Rethinking Progress. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J. and Behrens III, W. , 1972. The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind. New York: Universe Books.Moran, K., 2012. Community and Progress in Kant’s Moral Philosophy. Washington: Catholic University of America Press.Mulia, P., Behura, A. and Kar, S., 2018. The Moral Imperatives of Sustainable Development: A Kantian Overview. Problemy Ekorozwoju — Problems of Sustainable Development, 13(2), pp. 77-82.Pascal, B., 1910. Thoughts. In: B. Pascal, 1910. Thoughts, Letters, and Minor Works. New York: P. F. Collier & Son, pp. 9-321.Rawls, J., 1999. A Theory of Justice. Revised Edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Sakharov, A. D., 1968. Thoughts on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom. The New York Times, July 22, p. 14.Schönfeld, M., 2008. Green Kant: Environmental Dynamics and Sustainable Policies. In: L. P. Pojman and P. Pojman, eds. 2008. Environmental Ethics. Belmont: Thomson-Wadsworth, pp. 49-60.Startseva, A. and Sabanov, A. O., 2023. Immanuel Kant and the “New Enlightenment”. International Conference Report. Kantian Journal, 42(1), pp. 132-145. http://dx.doi:10.5922/0207-6918-2023-1-7Voegelin, E., 1952. The New Science of Politics: An Introduction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Weizsäcker, E., 2019. Science and Long-Term Thinking — The Club of Rome, a Club of Long-Term Thinkers. Europhysics News, 50(2), pp. 29-31.Weizsäcker, E. and Wijkman, A., 2018. Come On! Capitalism, Short-Termism, Population and the Destruction of the Planet. New York: Springer.White, L., 1967. The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis. Science, 155(3767), pp. 1203-1207.Wilford, P. Т. and Stoner, S. А., 2021. Kant and the Possibility of Progress: From Modern Hopes to Postmodern Anxieties. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Несколько замечаний о разнице между [объективным] убеждением (Überzeugung) и внушенным убеждением (Überredung)L.MartinezUniversidade Federal de Paraná (UFRP)According to several passages in the available sources, Kant developed some ideas about the difference between being persuaded and being convinced which have antecedents in the German tradition, but with regard to which he developed ideas of his own. It is my intention to examine precisely some of these passages. I will explain how the philosopher understood this difference, what its relevance is and why the figure of the other is necessary to determine it. For this purpose, texts published in the critical period and students’ lecture notes from the same period are considered. Furthermore, I will compare the treatment of the subject in these sources and in the textbooks used by Kant in his courses. In the conclusions, the link between this issue and Kantian arguments in defending freedom of thought and expression is also suggested. In order to do so, I first explain the notion of holding to be true and its difference from the notion of being true. Secondly, I examine what it means to be convinced and what it means to be persuaded. Finally, I analyse the relevance of alterity for the identification of this difference and consider the importance of freedom of expression.060320269511010.5922/0207-6918-2023-2-5https://journals.kantiana.ru/kant_collection/5352/42065/Baumgarten, A. G., 1757. Metaphysica. In: I. Kant, 1922. Kant’s gesammelte Schriften, Volume 15, Part 1. Edited by Königlich-Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin & Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 5-54.Chignell, A., 2007. Belief in Kant. Philosophical Review, 116 (3), pp. 323-360.Heimsoeth, H., 1966. Transzendentale Dialektik. Ein Kommentar zu Kants Kritik der reinen Vernunft. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Kant, I., 1989. What is Orientation in Thinking? In: I. Kant. Political Writings. Translated by H. B. Nisbet and edited by H. S. Reiss. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 237-248.Kant, I., 1992. Lectures on Logic. Translated and edited by J. M. Young. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated and edited by P. Guyer and A. Wood. New York: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 2000. Critique of the Power of Judgment. Translated and edited by P. Guyer. New York: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I. Lectures on Anthropology. Edited by A. Wood and R. Lauden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Keller, P., 2015. Schein. In: M. Willaschek, J. Stolzenberg, G. Mohr and S. Bacin, eds. 2015. Kant-Lexikon. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 2008-2009.La Rocca, C., 2018. Selbstbewusstsein und Fürwahrhalten in Kants Theorie des Gewissens. In: V. Waibel, M. Ruffing and D. Wagner, eds. 2018. Natur und Freiheit: Akten des XII. Internationalen Kant-Kongresses. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 441-456.Meier, G. F., 1752. Auszug aus der Vernunflehre. In: I. Kant, 1924. Kant’s gesammelte Schriften, Volume 16. Edited by Königlich-Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin & Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 3-872.Reiki, B., 1998. Der Kanon der reinen Vernunft. In: G. Mohr and M. Willaschek, eds. 1998. Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Klassiker Auslegen). Berlin: Akademie Verlag, pp. 597-616.Reyna Fortes, R. 2023. Hipótesis y tener por verdadero en Kant. Daimon Revista Internacional de Filosofía, 88, pp. 137-151.Willaschek, M. and Watkins, E., 2020. Kant on Cognition and Knowledge. Synthese, 197, pp. 3195-3213.Инструментарий этического анализа компьютерных игр: ответ на вызовы нового просвещенияM. Yu.ZagirnyakImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal University (IKBFU)The authors of the idea of a “new Enlightenment”, Ernst von Weizsäcker and Anders Wijkman, in their 2018 report to the Club of Rome analyse the causes of the explosive development of science and technology in the Modern period and come to the conclusion that their triumph and existential threats stem in many ways from the ideals of Enlightenment, so that the future of humankind depends crucially on an ideological rethinking of man’s status in the world. They stress the need to enhance the responsibility of the individual so that each individual becomes conscious of sharing the destiny of the whole of mankind and the world. I argue that in the framework of Enlightenment 2.0 the Kantian concept of social development, which is closely linked with the moral ideal — the kingdom of ends — may form the basis of the concept of society in which individual freedom and social development are interconnected and the mutually determining elements of the human being in whom freedom can be exercised only if it contributes to social good. The Kantian interpretation of social development as the human being forming the sphere of free being can be the basis of a critical assessment of the content of video games in terms of their media impact on the shaping of the ideology of modern society. I show that the boundaries of the exercise of freedom in a video game, supported by artificial intelligence, influence the way an individual perceives society and his/her place in it. I come to the conclusion that video games, which express a certain idea about society, can contribute to or impede the formation of a new ideological foundation of society whose aim, according to Enlightenment 2.0, should be overcoming the antagonism between the individual and the collective.0603202611114010.5922/0207-6918-2023-2-6https://journals.kantiana.ru/kant_collection/5352/42068/Alves, A., 2019. The German Tradition of Self-Cultivation (Bildung) and its Historical Meaning. Educação & Realidade, 44(2), pp. 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-623683003.Andersen, L. R., 2020. Bildung — Keep Growing. Vermlandsgade: Nordic Bildung.Andersen, L. R., 2021. What is Bildung? And How Does It Relate to ALE? [pdf] Brussels: The European Association for the Education of Adults (EAEA). Available at: [Accessed 14 December 2022].Appel M., Richter T., 2007. Persuasive Effects of Fictional Narratives Increase over Time. Media Psychology, 10(1), pp. 113-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260701301194.Bay, J. L. and Blackmon S., 2014. Inhabiting Professional Writing: Exploring Rhetoric, Play, and Community in Second Life. In: J. deWinter and R. M. Moeller, eds. 2014. Computer Games and Technical Communication. Critical Methods & Applications at the Intersection. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 211-231.Belov, S. I., 2022. Historical Symbolism of Video Games as a Factor in Correcting the Social Memory of the General Public (on the Materials of the Assassin’s Creed Franchise). Dialogue with Time, 81, pp. 242-248. https://doi.org/10.21267/AQUILO.2022.81.81.017. (In Rus.)Bogost, I., 2015. How to Talk about Videogames. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Bornemann, B., 2019. The Anthropocene and Governance. Critical Reflections on Conceptual Relations. In: T. Hickmann, L. Partzsch, P. Pattberg and S. Weiland, eds. 2019. The Anthropocene Debate and Political Science. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 48-66.Breuer, J., Festl, R. and Quandt, T., 2012. Digital War: An Empirical Analysis of Narrative Elements in First-Person Shooters. Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds, 4(3), pp. 215-37. https://doi.org/10.1386/jgvw.4.3.215_1.Bryushinkin, V., 1991. Kant and Artificial Intelligence: World Models. Kantian Journal, 1(16), pp. 80-89. (In Rus.)Bryushinkin, V. N., 2013. The Transcendental Synthesis of World Models in Intellectual Systems. In: S. Bacin, A. Ferrarin, Cl. La Rocca and M. Ruffing, eds. 2013. Kant und die Philosophie in weltbürgerlicher Absicht: Akten des XI. Kant-Kongresses 2010. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 691-702. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110246490.4551.Coccaro, E. F., Noblett, K. L., McCloskey, M. S., 2009. Attributional and Emotional Responses to Socially Ambiguous Cues: Validation of a New Assessment of Social/Emotional Information Processing in Healthy Adults and Impulsive Aggressive Patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, pp. 915-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.01.012.Crutzen, P. and Stoermer, E., 2000. The Anthropocene. Global Change Newsletter, 41, pp. 17-18.Frasca, G., 2003. Ludologists Love Stories Too; Notes from a Debate That Never Took Place. In: M. Copier and J. Raessens, eds. 2003. Level Up: Digital Games Research: Conference Proceedings. Utrecht: DiGRA and University of Utrecht, pp. 92-99.Funge, J. and Millington, I., 2016. Artificial Intelligence for Games. Boca Raton: CRC Press.Gabbiadini, A., Andrighetto, L. and Volpato, C., 2012. Does Exposure to Violent Video Games Increase Moral Disengagement Among Adolescents? Journal of Adolescence, 35, pp. 1403-1406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.06.001Greitemeyer, T. and Mügge, D., 2014. Video Games Do Affect Social Outcomes: A Metaanalytic Review of the Effects of Violent and Prosocial Gameplay. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40, pp. 578-89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213520459.Hamann, J., 2011. “Bildung” in German Human Sciences: The Discursive Transformation of a Concept. History of the Human Sciences, 24(5), pp. 48-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695111421865.Hartmann, T., 2012. Moral Disengagement during Exposure to Media Violence: Would It Feel Right to Shoot an Innocent Civilian in a Video Game? In: R. Tamborini, ed. 2012. Media and the Moral Mind. New York: Routledge, pp. 109-131.Hedley, D., 2017. Bild, Bildung and the “Romance of the Soul”: Reflections upon the Image of Meister Eckhart. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 50(6-7), pp. 614-620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2017.1373343.Höglund, J., 2008. Electronic Empire: Orientalism Revisited in the Military Shooter. Game Studies — The International Journal of Computer Game Research, 8(1) [online] Available at: [Accessed 16 January 2023].Huizinga, J., 1980. Homo Ludens: Study of the Play Element in Culture. London & Boston & Henley: Routledge.Kant, I., 1996. The Metaphysics of Morals. In: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Edited and translated by M. J. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 353-603.Kant, I., 1998a. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by M. J. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 1998b. The Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by P. Guyer and A. W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 2007. Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Aim. Translated by A. Wood. In: I. Kant, 2007. Anthropology, History and Education. Edited by G. Zöller and R. Louden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 107-120.Kant, I., 2009. Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason. Translated by W. S. Pluhar. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.Kant, I., 2015. Critique of practical reason. Translated and edited by M. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kemal, S., 1998. Kant, Morality and Society. Kantian Review, 2, pp. 14-50.Klabbers, J. H. G., 2006. The Magic Circle: Principles of Gaming & Simulation. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.Kurtz, A., 2002. Ideology and Interpellation in the First-Person Shooter. In: R. Strickland, ed. 2002. Growing up Postmodern: Neoloberalism and the War on the Young. Lanham, MD: Roman and Littlefield Publishers, pp. 107-22.Machin, D., Suleiman. U., 2006. Arab and American Computer War Games: The Influence of a Global Technology on Discourse. Critical Discourse Studies, 3(1), pp. 1-22.McAllister, K. S., 2006. Game Work: Language, Power, and Computer Game Culture (Rhetoric Culture and Social Critique). Tuscaloosa: University Alabama Press.Meadows, D. S., Meadows, D. L, Randers, J. and Behrens III, W., 1972. The Limits to Growth. New York: Signet.Nichols, R., 2013. Who Plays, Who Pays? Mapping Video Game Production and Consumption Globally. In: N. B. Huntemann and B. Aslinger, eds. 2013. Gaming Globally. Production, Play, and Place. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 19-48.Perron, B., 2012. Magic Circle. In: M. J. P. Wolf, ed. 2012. Encyclopedia of Video Games: The Culture, Technology, and Art of Gaming. Volume 2: M-Z. Westport: Greenwood Press, pp. 369-370.Prensky, M., 2001. Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants. On the Horizon, 9(5), pp. 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10748120110424816.Prescott, A. T., Sargent, J. D. and Hull, J. G., 2018. Metaanalysis of the Relationship between Violent Video Game Play and Physical Aggression over Time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115 (40), pp. 9882-9888. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611617114.Rosen, M., 2022. The Shadow of God: Kant, Hegel, and the Passage from Heaven to History. Harvard: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2kt2g20.Rouse, R., 2005. Game Design: Theory & Practice. Plano, Texas: Wordware Publishing.Sestir, M. A. and Bartholow, B. D., 2010. Violent and Nonviolent Video Games Produce Opposing Effects on Aggressive and Prosocial Outcomes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, pp. 934-942.Sloterdijk, P., 2015. The Anthropocene: A Process-State on the Edge of Geohistory? In: K. Klingan, A. Sepahvand, C. Rosol and B. M. Scherer, eds. 2015. Textures of the Anthropocene: Grain Vapor Ray. Cambridge, MA; London: The MIT Press, pp. 257-271.Solovyov, E. Yu., 2005. Categorical Imperative of Morality and Law. Moscow: Progress-Tradicija. (In Rus.).Tapscott, D., 2009. Growing Up Digital: The Rise of the Net Generation. New York: McGraw Hill.Tilley, A., Blandino, C. and deWinter, J., 2014. Developing a Testing Method for Dynamic Narrative. In: J. deWinter and R. M. Moeller, eds. 2014. Computer Games and Technical Communication. Critical Methods & Applications at the Intersection. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 125-140.Valeriano, B. and Habel, P., 2016. Who Are the Enemies? The Visual Framing of Enemies in Digital Games. International Studies Review, 18(3), pp. 462-486. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viv007.Дерзость знать, или Евангелие от КантаS. N.GradirovskyThe Moscow School of Management SKOLKOVOImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal University (IKBFU)In the course of a close analysis of Kant’s essay in which he gives his original answer to the question, “What is Enlightenment?” I examine the causes and consequences of the theses about Enlightenment which makes a plea for emancipation from the shackles of guardianship, above all by getting rid of one’s own cowardice. In search of an answer to the question, “What is the real reason of self-incurred immaturity?” I consider the bifurcation: Is it all about unjust social institutions established in the interests of the ruling social estates, as the best European brains contended throughout the Enlightenment era, thus anticipating and justifying revolutionary upheavals, or is it within ourselves who have refused to use our reason independently and regularly? — something which Kant unequivocally considers to be everyone’s special kind of guilt. Following Kant, I look for an answer to the question, “Which limits impede Enlightenment, and which limits, far from obstructing it, are bound to promote it?” and reveal the hidden paradox of the Kantian solution: maturity has to be preceded by the granting of freedoms; and the granting of freedoms in turn calls for a mature public. I also ask the question, “Whose yoke is heavier, one’s own or the guardian’s?” and offer my version of an answer. In conclusion, I assemble all parts of the complicated and original formula of the Kantian recipe of Enlightenment. Among other things, I reveal a special type of bonding within the social organism implied by Kant, and that is the requirement to obey those who are not above us in thinking and the right to speak out in public, which ultimately means not only personal maturity, but implies also the maturity of society’s functioning in accordance with the said maxim.0603202614117010.5922/0207-6918-2023-2-7https://journals.kantiana.ru/kant_collection/5353/42070/Agamben, G., 2015. Stasis. Civil War as a Political Paradigm (Homo sacer, II, 2). Translated by N. Heron. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Berne, E., 1964. Games People Play: The Psychology of Human Relationships. New York: Grove Press.Grosheva, A. V., 2011. Latin Verbs with the Meaning of ‘Taste’ (gusto and sapio). Acta Linguistica Petropolitana. Transactions of the Institute for Linguistic Studies, 7(1), pp. 319-333. (In Rus.)Hahnemann, S., 1819. Organon der Heilkunst. 2nd Edition. Dresden: in der Arnoldschen Buchhandlung.Hessen, S., 2001. Kant’s Pedagogy. In: S. I. Hessen, 2001. Pedagogicheskie sochinenia [Pedagogical Works]. Saransk: “Krasnyi Oktyabr”, pp. 341-353. (In Rus.)Horace, 2005. Epistles I. In: Horace and Persius, 2005. Horace, Satires and Epistels; Persius, Satires. A verse translation with an Introduction and Notes by N. Rudd. London, et al.: Penguin Classics, pp. 77-107.Kant, I., 2006. An Answer to the Question: What Is Enlightenment? In: I. Kant, 2006. Toward Perpetual Peace and Other Writings on Politics, Peace, and History. Edited and with an Introduction by P. Kleingeld; translated by D. L. Colclasure. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, pp. 17-23.Kant, I., 1999. On the Common Saying: That May Be Correct in Theory, but It Is of No Use in Practice. In: I. Kant, 1999. Practical Philosophy. Translated and edited by M. J. Gregor, General Introduction by A. W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 277-309.Melanchthon, P., 1843. De corrigendis adolescentiae studiis. In: C. G. Bretschneider, ed. 1843. Philippi Melanthonis Opera quae supersunt omnia. Volume 11. Halis Saxonum: Schwetschke, col. 15-25.Mezhuev, B. V., 2022. Dialectics of the Counter-Enlightenment. Voprosy Filosofii, 6, pp. 45-57. https://doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2022-6-45-57. (In Rus.)Pinker, S., 2018. Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism. New York: Penguin.Seneca, L. A., 1917. Epistles. Volume I: Epistles 1-65. Translated by R. M. Gummere. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.