NONE20260531222015831Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityno-reply@journals.kantiana.ruImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversityKantian Journal0207-69182310-370105312026403E. V.BaranovaV. N.MaslovV. A.VereshchaginThe house which Immanuel Kant bought in Königsberg in 1783 has not survived, having been pulled down in the late nineteenth century. Likewise, hardly any of the great philosopher’s personal belongings have survived. Many pieces of furniture and household utensils were auctioned off after his death. So the Kant museum had few original exhibits from the Königsberg thinker’s house, and almost all these artefacts were lost during the Second World War. Today, digital technologies make it possible to present a virtual picture of the various rooms, reconstruct the decorations and furniture characteristic of a Prussian urban dwelling in late eighteenth — early nineteenth centuries. With the help of 3D modelling and historical sources a realistic model of Kant’s house has been created, showing both the exterior and the interior. In addition to the paucity of sources, the task was complicated by technical problems due to the need to recreate several rooms at one location simultaneously. Reconstruction draws on several gen­uine objects from Kant’s house, now kept at museums in Germany. Also available are written and visual sources showing the exterior of the house and mentioning some furniture items located in the living room and elsewhere in the structure. Now 3D reconstructions have been made of the house’s exterior and the urban environment, the anterooms on the ground and first floors, the lecture hall, kitchen, study, drawing room, bedroom, library and dining room.0531202611Agentur Karl Höffkes (AKH), 1939. Material Nr 2784. Ostpreußen (Film mit Zwischentiteln): “Kant und Königsberg”. [online] Available at: [Accessed 21 May 2021].Anon., 1844. Königsberg, die Albertina und ihre Jubeltage. Illustrirte Zeitung (Leipzig), 2. Halbjahr, 3(60) (24. August), pp. 115-122.Becker, W., 1932. In der Stadt der reinen Vernunft, Zwei Kulturgeschichtliche Kapitel aus Alt-Königsberg, Kants Tafelrunde, Kants Spaziergang zum Philosophendamm. Insterburg: s. n.Belintseva, I. V., 2020. Architect Friedrich Lars (1880–1964) and His Lithographs “The City of Kant. 8 Images of Königsberg of the 18th Century”. Academia: Architecture and Construction, 3, pp. 27-38. (In Rus.)Boetticher, A., 1897. Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Ostpreußen. Heft VII: Königsberg. Königsberg: B. Teichert.Borodkin, L. I., Mironenko, M. S, Chertopolokhov, V. A., Belousova, M. D., Khlopikov, V. V., 2018. Technologies of Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR / AR) in the Tasks of Reconstruction of Historical Urban Development (On the Example of the Moscow Passionate Monastery). Istoricheskaya informatika / Historical Informatics, 3(25), pp. 133-135. (In Rus.)Borowski, L. E., 1907. Darstellung des Lebens und Charakters Immanuel Kants. In: H. Schwarz, 1907. Immanuel Kant: Ein Lebensbild nach Darstellungen der Zeitgenossen Borowski, Jachmann, Wasianski. Halle a. S.: H. Peter, pp. 1-100.Cassirer, E., 1921. Kants Leben und Lehre. Berlin: B. Cassirer.Château de Versailles, 2020. Versailles 3D. [online]. Available at: [Accessed 26 May 2021].Clasen, K. H., ed. 1924. Kant-Bildnisse mit Unterstützung der Stadt Königsberg, herausgegeben von der Königsberger Ortsgruppe der Kant-Gesellschaft, bearbeitet von K. H. Clasen. Königsberg i. Pr.: Gräfe und Unzer.De Vos, P. J., De Rijk, M. J., 2019. Virtual Reconstruction of the Birthplace of Rembrandt van Rijn: From Historical Research over 3D Modeling towards Virtual Presentation. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W15 (27th CIPA International Symposium “Documenting the Past for a Better Future”, 1–5 September 2019, Ávila, Spain), pp. 397-404. [online] Available at:Faber, F., ed. 1857. Conversations-Lexicon für Bildende Kunst. Band 7. Leipzig: Renger.Fischer, K., 1909. Geschichte der neuern Philosophie. 4. Band: Immanuel Kant und seine Lehre, 1. Teil. 5. Auflage. Heidelberg: C. Winter.Galiana, M., Más, Á., Lerma, C., Peñalver, M. J. and Conesa, S., 2014. Methodology of the Virtual Reconstruction of Arquitectonic Heritage: Ambassador Vich’s Palace in Valencia. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 8(1), pp. 94-123.Garcia-León, J., Ros-Sala, M. M., Martín, A. G., Picazo, M. T., Andreo, F. C. and Asensio, S. F. R., 2017. Paleotopographical Virtual Reconstruction of the Historic City of Cartagena (Spain). Virtual Archaeology Review, 8(16), рp. 61-68. [online] Available at: [Accessed 26 May 2021].Gause, F., 1974. Kant und Königsberg: Ein Buch der Erinnerung an Kants 250. Geburtstag am 22. April 1974. Leer: Gerhard Rautenberg.Grimoni, L. and Will, M., 2004. Immanuel Kant. Erkenntnis — Freiheit — Frieden: Katalog zur Ausstellung anlaesslich des 200. Todestages. Muzeum Stadt Königsberg der Stadtgemeinschaft Königsberg (Pr) im Kultur- und Stadthistorischen Museum Duisburg. Husum: Verlagsgruppe Husum.Gulyga, A. V., 1977. Kant. Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya. (In Rus.)Hasse, J. G., 1804. Letzte Äußerungen Kants von einem seiner Tischgenossen, 2. Abdruck, Königsberg, F. Nicolovius.Hochdorf, M., 1924. Das Kantbuch: Immanuel Kants Leben und Lehre. Berlin, Leipzig & Wien: Deutsches Verlagshaus Bong & Co.Jachmann, R., 1907. Immanuel Kant, geschildert in Briefen an einen Freund. In: H. Schwarz, 1907. Immanuel Kant: Ein Lebensbild nach Darstellungen der Zeitgenossen Borowski, Jachmann, Wasianski. Halle a. S.: H. Peter, pp. 103-246.Königlich Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1922. Anmerkungen zu: Handschriftliche Erklärungen. In: Kant’s gesammelte Schriften, Band 13: Briefwechsel. Anmerkungen und Register. Berlin & Leipzig: De Gruyter, pp. 551-571.Kant, I., 1992. The Jäsche Logic. In: I. Kant, 1992. Lectures on Logic. Translated and edited by J. M. Young. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 521-642.Karamsin, N., 1803. Travels from Moscow, through Prussia, Germany, Switzerland, France, and England. Translated from the German. Volume 1. London: J. Badcock by G. Sidney.Karl, G. [Springer, K. G.], 1924. Kant und Alt-Königsberg. Königsberg i. Pr.: Königsberger Allgemeine Zeitung und Verlagsdruckerei.Klassik Stiftung Weimar, 2019. Goethes Gartenhaus. [online] Available at: [Accessed 26 May 2021].Kuehn, M., 2001. Kant: A Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kuhrke, W., 1924. Kants Wohnhaus: Zeichnerische Wiederherstellung mit näherer Beschreibung. Königsberg: Gräfe und Unzer.Kuznetsova, I. S., 2013. Immanuel Kant. 2nd Edition. Kaliningrad: BFU im. I. Kanta. (In Rus.)Lange, H., 2000a. “Verkauft an einen Kaffetier…” Das Schicksal von Kants Wohn- und Sterbehaus in Königsberg. Das Ostpreußenblatt, 16 (22. April), p. 14.Lange, H., 2000b. Ein Gedenkstein am Kaufhaus. Das Schicksal von Kants Wohn- und Sterbehaus in Königsberg (Teil 2). Das Ostpreußenblatt, 17 (29. April), p. 12.Lange, H., 2000c. Kants “ärmliches Sanssouci”. Zum Schicksal von Kants Wohn- und Sterbehaus in Königsberg. Berliner Lesezeichen. [online] Available at: [Accessed 26 May 2021].Lavrinovich, K. K., 1995, Albertina: Ocherki istorii Konigsbergskogo universiteta: K 450-letiyu so vremeni osnovaniya [Albertina: Essays on the History of the University of Königsberg: On the 450th Anniversary of Its Founding]. Kaliningrad: Knizhnoye izdatel’stvo. (In Rus.)Malter, R., ed. 1990. Immanuel Kant in Rede und Gespräch. Hamburg: Meiner.Motherby, M., 2013. Kant i sem’ya Moterbi [Kant and the Motherby Family]. Translated by A. Vaskinevich. [online] Available at: [Accessed 20 May 2021]. (In Rus.)Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, n.d. Gosudarstvenny katalog musejnogo fonda Rossijskoi Federatsii [State Catalogue of the Museum Collection of the Russian Federation]. [online] Available at: [Accessed 21 May 2021]. (In Rus.)Mortzfeld, J. C., 1802. Fragmente aus Kants Leben. Königsberg: Hering und Haberland.Ohmann, F., ed. 1911. Kants Briefe. Leipzig: Insel-Verlag.[Radke], 1901. Inventarium über den Nachlaß des allhier am 12. Februar 1804 verstorbenen Herrn Professor Immanuel Kant, angefertigt vom Justiz-Commissar Radke. Sitzungsberichte der kurländischen Gesellschaft für Literatur und Kunst und Jahresbericht des Kurländischen Provinzialmuseums aus dem Jahre 1900. Mitau: J. F. Steffenhagen und Sohn, pp. 81-108.Reicke, R., ed. 1860. Kantiana. Beiträge zu Immanuel Kants Leben und Schriften. Königsberg: Theile.Reicke, R., 1885. Aus Kant’s Briefwechsel: Vortrag, gehalten an Kant’s Geburtstag den 22. April 1885 in der Kant-Gesellschaft zu Königsberg. Königsberg: Beyer.Reusch, C. F., 1849. Kant und seine Tischgenossen, aus dem Nachlasse des jüngsten derselben des Geheimen und Ober-regierungsrats. Königsberg: Tag & Koch.Schnorr von Carolsfeld, V. H., 2000. Meine Lebensgeschichte. Herausgegeven von O. W. Förste. Leipzig: Taurus.Schwarz, H., 1907. Immanuel Kant: Ein Lebensbild nach Darstellungen der Zeitgenossen Borowski, Jachmann, Wasianski. Halle a. S.: H. Peter.Stuckenberg, J. H. W., 1882. The Life of Immanuel Kant. London: Macmillan and Co.Synagogen in Deutschland — Eine virtuelle Rekonstruktion. [online] Available at: [Accessed 02 April 2021].Immanuel Kant — Information Online, 2002. Über Kants Haus und alltägliches Leben (nach Walter Kuhrke, 1917/1924). [online] Available at: [Accessed 26.05.2021]Warda, A., 1922. Immanuel Kants Bücher. Mit einer getreuen Nachbildung des bisher einzigen bekannten Abzuges des Versteigerungskataloges der Bibliothek Kants. Berlin: M. Breslauer.Wasianski, E. A. C., 1907. Kant in seinen letzten Lebensjahren. In: Schwarz, H., 1907. Immanuel Kant: Ein Lebensbild nach Darstellungen der Zeitgenossen Borowski, Jachmann, Wasianski. Halle a. S.: H. Peter, pp. 247-392.Wasianski, E. A. C., 2013. Immaniul Kant v posledniye gody zhizni = Immanuel Kant in seinen letzten Lebensjahren. Traslated into Russian by A. I. Vaskinevich. Kaliningrad: BFU im. I. Kanta. (In Rus.)Zherebyat’yev, D. I. and Malandina, T. V., 2019. Virtual Reconstruction of the Interior of the Small (Lower) Office of Emperor Nicholas I in the Winter Palace in 1850–1855. Istoricheskaya informatika / Historical Informatics, 2(28), pp. 159-200. (In Rus.)A. B.PatkulTo reconstruct a critique of the ontological proof of the existence of God in Schelling’s philosophy I examine his interpretation of the ontological argument by Anselm of Canterbury and Descartes as well as Schelling’s assessment of the critique of the Kantian ontological proof of the existence of God. I propose a reconstruction of Schelling’s account of undoubted being which cannot be deduced from the concept of the totality of all that is possible and therefore must come before any thought. He interprets reason as having an ecstatic nature which posits precedent undoubted being. This enables Schelling to formulate his own version of the thesis on the unity of being and thought, whereby being comes first and thought is only second. Against this background I analyse Schelling’s interpretation of the Kantian account of the ideal of reason. Schelling, on the one hand, agrees with Kant that being is not a real predicate, hence real existence cannot be deduced from essence in the sense of “what.” But, on the other hand, in contrast to Kant, he believes that real existence of the individual absolute must be assumed, which would be the subject for all possible predicates and whose being is ecstatically posited by reason as being external to itself. I raise the question of the relevance of Schelling’s thought for modern ontology, above all in overcoming ontotheology. Proceeding from the works of J. F. Courtine and L. Tengelyi I single out two aspects of Schelling’s doctrine that are relevant to my subject: (1) the priority of existence over essence in God’s being and (2) the fundamental irreducibility of God to a necessarily existent being, i.e. God’s freedom. It is evident that, in his interpretation of Kant, Schelling somewhat simplifies his train of thought and leaves it unclear how Kant links the concepts of necessary being and the supremely perfect being. It is also evident that Schelling’s concepts of “contingency,” “contingent necessity,” “the whole experience” need further study.0531202611Anselm of Canterbury, 2000. Proslogion. Complete Philosophical and Theological Treatises of Anselm of Canterbury. Translated by J. Hopkins and H. Richardson. Minneapolis: The Arthur J. Banning Press.Apel, K.-O., 1991. Die beiden Phasen der Phänomenologie in ihrer Auswirkung auf das philosophische Vorverständnis von Sprache und Dichtung in der Gegenwart. In: K.-O. Apel, 1991. Transformation der Philosophie. Band 1: Sprachanalytik, Semiotik, Hermeneutik. 4. Auflage. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, pp. 79-105.Beaufret, J., 2006. Dialogue with Heidegger: Greek Philosophy. Translated by M. Sinclair. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.Courtine, J.-F., 1990. Extase de la raison: Esssais sur Schelling. Paris: Galilée.Fink, E., 1959. Kants Kritik des ontologischen Gottesbeweises. In: E. Fink, 1959. Alles und Nichts. Ein Umweg zur Philosophie. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 134-146.Franz, A., 1992. Philosophische Religion: Eine Auseinandersetzung mit den Grundlegungsproblemen der Spätphilosophie F. W. J. Schellings. Würzburg & Amsterdam: Königshausen und Neumann, Rodopi.Halldén, S., 1952. Kants Kritik des ontologischen Gottesbeweises. Theoria, 18(1-2), pp. 1-31.Harris, E., 1977. Kant’s Refutation of the Ontological Proof. Philosophy, 52(199), pp. 90-92.Heathwood, Ch., 2011. The relevance of Kant’s objection to Anselm’s ontological argument. Religious Studies, 47, pp. 345-357.Heidegger, M., 1969. The Onto-theo-logical Constitution of Metaphysics. In: M. Heidegger, 1969. Identity and Difference. Translated by J. Stambaugh. New York, Evanston & London: Harper & Row Publishers, pp. 42-74.Heidegger, M., 1996. Einleitung in die Philosophie. In: M. Heidegger, 1996. Gesamtausgabe. II. Abteilung. Band 27. Frankfurt a. M.: Vittorio Klostermann.Heidegger, M., 1997. Besinnung. In: M. Heidegger, 1997. Gesamtausgabe. III. Abteilung. Band 66: Frankfurt a. M.: Vittorio Klostermann.Heidegger, M., 2014. Überlegungen II-VI. (Schwarze Hefte 1931-1938). In: M. Heidegger, 2014. Gesamtausgabe. IV. Abteilung. Band 94: Frankfurt a. M.: Vittorio Klostermann.Henrich, D., 1960. Der ontologische Gottesbeweis. Sein Problem und seine Geschichte in der Neuzeit. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck).Kant, I., 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated and edited by P. Guyer and A. W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Krichevskii, A. V., 2009. Obraz absolyuta v filosofii Gegelya i pozdnego Shellinga [The Shape of the Absolute in the Philosophy of Hegel and late Schelling]. Moscow: Institute of Philosophy RAS. (In Rus.)Krichevskii, A. V., 2011. Absolyutnyi dukh skvoz’ liki triedinstva: Sravnitel’nyi analiz filosofsko-teologicheskikh kontseptsii Gegelya i pozdnego Shellinga [The Absolute Spirit through the Persons of the Trinity: A Comparative Analysis of the Philosophical and Theological Conceptions of Hegel and the Late Schelling]. Moscow: Institute of Philosophy RAS. (In Rus.)Leinkauf, T., 1998. Schelling als Interpret der philosophischen Tradition: Zur Rezeption und Transformation von Platon, Plotin, Aristoteles und Kant. Münster: Lit.Marquet, J.-F., 1985. Schelling et Descartes. Les Études philosophiques, 2 (Descartes et l’Allemagne), pp. 37-250.Protopopov, I. A., 2012. The Problem of Ontological Proof and the Concept of the Transcendental Ideal in Philosophy of Kant. Einai. Filosofiya. Religiya. Kul’tura [Einai. Philosophy. Religion. Culture], 1 (1-2), pp. 74-107. (In Rus.)Rezvykh, P. V., 2003. Late Schelling and Kant. Yearbook of History of Philosophy — 2002. Edited by N. V. Motroshilova. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 280-303. (In Rus.)Richir, M., 1996. L’expérience du penser. Grenoble: Jérôme Millon.Röd, W., 1992. Der Gott der reinen Vernunft: Die Auseinandersetzung um den ontologischen Gottesbeweis von Anselm bis Hegel. München: C. H. Beck.Sartre, J.-P., 2007. Existentialism is a Humanism. New Heaven & London: Yale University Press, pp. 17-72.Schelling, F. W. J. v., 1856a. Einleitung in die Philosophie der Mythologie. Erster Band. Zweites Buch: Philosophische Einleitung in die Philosophie der Mythologie oder Darstellung der reinrationalen Philosophie. In: F. W. J. Schelling, 1856. Sämmtliche Werke. II. Abteilung. Band 1. Stuttgart und Augsburg: J. G. Cotta’scher Verlag, pp. 254-572.Schelling, F. W. J. v., 1856b. Abhandlung über die Quelle der Ewigen Wahrheiten. In: F. W. J. Schelling, 1856. Sämmtliche Werke. II. Abteilung. Band 1. Stuttgart und Augsburg: J. G. Cotta’scher Verlag, pp. 573-590.Schelling, F. W. J. v., 1858a. Philosophie der Offenbarung. Erster Band. In: F. W. J. Schelling, 1858. Sämmtliche Werke. II. Abteilung. Band 3. Stuttgart und Augsburg: J. G. Cotta’scher Verlag.Schelling, F. W. J. v., 1858b. Andere Deduktion der Prinzipien der positiven Philosophie. In: F. W. J. Schelling, 1858. Sämmtliche Werke. II. Abteilung. Band 4. Stuttgart und Augsburg: J. G. Cotta’scher Verlag, pp. 336-356.Schelling, F. W. J. v., 1861. Zur Geschichte der neueren Philosophie: Münchener Vorlesungen. In: F. W. J. Schelling, 1856. Sämmtliche Werke. I. Abteilung. Band 10. Stuttgart und Augsburg: J. G. Cotta’scher Verlag, pp. 1-200.Schelling, F. W. J., 1990. On the Source of Eternal Truths. The Owl of Minerva, 22(1), pp. 55-67.Schelling, F. W. J., 1994. On the History of Modern Philosophy. Translated by A. Bowie. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Tengelyi, L., 2015. Welt und Unendlichkeit: Zum Problem phänomenologischer Metaphysik. 3. Auflage. Freiburg i. B. und München: Karl Alber.Trawny, P., 2002. Die Zeit der Dreieinigkeit. Untersuchungen zur Trinität bei Hegel und Schelling. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann.A. NKrouglovThe origins in Marxist-Leninist philosophy of the dogma about Kant as the German theorist of the French Revolution requires some analysis and I explain how a phrase of Marx later gave rise to the dogma. I first look at the sources that influenced K. Marx’s view of Kant and the French Revolution, above all С. F. Bachmann and H. Heine. I then examine the form in which Kant’s philosophy was compared with the French Revolution in the non-Bolshevik milieu before the 1917 Russian Revolution (P. Ya. Chaadayev, V. S. Mezhevich, the Dostoyevsky brothers, V. F. Ern, Archbishop Nikanor, P. A. Florensky). Then I look at how Marx’s phrase influenced Russian social democrats and specifically the Bolsheviks (G. V. Plekhanov, V. I. Lenin, V. M. Shulyatikov). I cite the example of the discussion triggered by a letter of Z. Ya. Beletsky concerning the third volume of The History of Philosophy (1943) to demonstrate the non-canonical status of Marx’s thesis on Kant and the French Revolution in the Soviet Union in the first half of the twentieth century. Finally, the first Soviet edition of Kant’s works in the 1960s canonised Marx’s phrase and gave the exact source. The reason why it took so long to give chapter and verse for the Marx quotation is that it occurs as early as 1842 in “The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law” which belongs to the idealistic period of the early Marx.0531202611Aldanov, M. A., 2002. The Ninth Thermidor. In: M A. Aldanov, 2002. Myslitelʼ: Devjatoe termidora. Chertov most. Zagovor. Svjataja Elena, malenʼkij ostrov. Tetralogija [The Thinker: The Ninth Thermidor. Devilʼs Bridge. Conspiracy. St. Helena, the Little Island. Tetralogy]. Moscow: Zakharov, pp. 5-196. (In Rus.)[Aleksandrov, G. F., Bykhovsky, B. E., Mitin, M. B. and Judin, P. F.], eds. 1943. From the Editors. In: Istorija filosofii [History of Philosophy]. Volume 3: Filosofija pervoj poloviny XIX veka [Philosophy in the First Half of the 19th Century]. Moscow: OGIZ Gospolitizdat, p. 2. (In Rus.)Aleksandrov, G. F., 1946. Istorija zapadnoevropejskoj filosofii [History of West European Philosophy]. Moscow and Leningrad: Izdatelʼstvo AN SSSR. (In Rus.)Aleksandrov, G. F., 2003a. Letter to G. M. Malenkov and A. S. Scherbakov of 29 February 1944. In: A. D. Kosichev, 2003. Filosofija, vremja, ljudi. Vospominanija i razmyshlenija dekana filosof-skogo fakulʼteta MGU im. M. V. Lomonosova [Philosophy, Time, People. Memories and Reflections of the Dean of Philosophy Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University]. Moscow: OLMA-PRESS, pp. 83-91. (In Rus.)Aleksandrov, G. F., 2003b. Letter to G. M. Malenkov and A. S. Scherbakov of 3 May 1944. In: A. D. Kosichev, 2003. Filosofija, vremja, ljudi. Vospominanija i razmyshlenija dekana filosof-skogo fakulʼteta MGU im. M. V. Lomonosova [Philosophy, Time, People. Memories and Reflections of the Dean of Philosophy Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University]. Moscow: OLMA-PRESS, pp. 106-107. (In Rus.)Anonym, 1794. Dreyerley Desorganisationen gegen das Ende unseres Jahrhunderts. Philosophisches Archiv, hg. von J. A. Eberhard (Berlin). Band 2, St. 3, pp. 17-31.Anonym, 1795. Gespräch zwischen Charlotte Cordé, der Mörderin des berüchtigten Marat zu Paris, und einem kritischen Philosophen. Philosophisches Archiv, hg. von J. A. Eberhard (Berlin). Band 2, St. 4, pp. 110-113.Asmus, V. F., 1936. Philosophical Culture under the Boots of Fascism. In: Znamja [Banner], 3, pp. 189-222. (In Rus.)Asmus, V. F., 1942. Fashistskaja falʼsifikacija klassicheskoj nemeckoj filosofii [The Fascist Falsification of Classical German Philosophy]. Moscow: OGIZ Gospolitizdat. (In Rus.)[Asmus, V. F.], 1943. Kant. In: G. F. Aleksandrov, B. E. Bykhovsky, M. B. Mitin and P. F. Judin, eds. 1943. Istorija filosofii [History of Philosophy]. Volume 3: Filosofija pervoj poloviny XIX veka [Philosophy in the First Half of the 19th Century]. Moscow: OGIZ Gospolitizdat, pp. 56-137. (In Rus.)Bachmann, C. F., 1816. Über die Philosophie meiner Zeit. Zur Vermittlung. Jena: Cröker.Bammel, G. K., 1936. On the Fascization of the History of Philosophy in Germany. In: I. N. Dvorkin, A. M. Deborin, M. D. Kammari, M. B. Mitin, M. A. Saveliev, eds. 1936. Protiv fashistskogo mrakobesija i demagogii. Sbornik statej [Against Fascist Obscurantism and Demagogy. Collected Papers]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe socialʼno-jekonomicheskoe izdatelʼstvo, pp. 216-264. (In Rus.)Beletsky, Z. Ya., 2003. Letter to I. V. Stalin of 27 January 1944. In: A. D. Kosichev, 2003. Filosofija, vremja, ljudi. Vospominanija i razmyshlenija dekana filosof-skogo fakulʼteta MGU im. M. V. Lomonosova [Philosophy, Time, People. Memories and Reflections of the Dean of Philosophy Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University]. Moscow: OLMA-PRESS, pp. 245-320. (In Rus.)Beletsky, Z. Ya., 1947. [Talk]. In: Voprosy filosofii, 1, pp. 314-325. (In Rus.)Bernhard, T., 1983. Immanuel Kant. In: T. Bernhard, 1983. Die Stücke 1969–1981. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, pp. 595-684.Bonsens, E. [Brosse, F. C.], 1798. Antipseudo-Kantiade, oder der Leinweber und sein Sohn, ein satyrisch-kritischer Roman, mit imaginierten Kupfern, ohne Vorrede von Kant, aber mit einer üblen Nachrede der Pseudokantianer. Gnidos [Riga]: Severesto.[Bykhovsky, B. E.?], 1943. Hegel. In: G. F. Aleksandrov, B. E. Bykhovsky, M. B. Mitin and P. F. Judin, eds. 1943. Istorija filosofii [History of Philosophy]. 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Sämtliche Werke, Theil 12. Herausgegeben von K. Rosenkranz und F. W. Schubert. Leipzig: Leopold Voss, pp. 1-496.Schröpfer, H., 2003. Kants Weg in die Öffentlichkeit: Christian Gottfried Schütz als Wegbereiter der kritischen Philosophie. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog.[Schütz, Ch. G.], 1785. Riga, b. Hartknoch: Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten von Immanuel Kant, 8 Bog. 8. Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung (Jena), 2(80), p. 21.Shcheglov, A. V., 1940. Nemeckaja klassicheskaja filosofija (Kant, Gegelʼ, Fejerbakh). Stenogramma lekcij, prochitannyh 11, 14 i 17 dekabrya 1939 g. (Kurs dialekticheskogo i istoricheskogo materializma VPSh pri CK VKP(b)) [Classical German Philosophy (Kant, Hegel, Feuerbach). Transcript of the Lectures Delivered on 11, 14 and 17 December 1939. (Course of Dialectical and Historical Materialism in the High Party School under the Central Committee of the VKP(B))]. Edited by M. B. Mitin. Moscow: s.n. (In Rus.)Shulyatikov, V. M., 1908. Opravdanie kapitalizma v zapadnoevropejskoj filosofii (ot Dekarta do Je. Maha) [The Justification of Capitalism in Western European Philosophy (from Descartes to E. Mach)]. Moscow: Moskovskoe knigoizdatelʼstvo. (In Rus.)Stalin, J., 1975. Dialectical and Historical Materialism. Calcutta: Mass Publications.Tolstoy, A. N., 1947. A Gloomy Morning. In: A. N. Tolstoy, 1947. Polnoe sobranie sochinenij [Complete Works]. Volume 8. Moscow: GIKhL, pp. 7-400. (In Rus.)Varnhagen von Ense, K. A., 1843. Kant’s Leben, von Schubert. 1842. Aus einem Brief an ** in**. In: K. A. Varnhagen von Ense, 1843. Denkwürdigkeiten und vermischte Schriften. Band 5. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus, pp. 751-759.Varnhagen von Ense, K. A., 1869. Tagebücher. Aus dem Nachlaß Varnhagen’s von Ense. Band 11. Hamburg: Hoffmann & Campe.Vorländer, K., 1912. Kants Stellung zur französischen Revolution. In: Philosophische Abhandlungen Hermann Cohen zum 70sten Geburtstag (4. Juli 1912) dargebracht. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer, pp. 247-269.Zhdanov, A. A. 1952. Vystuplenie na diskussii po knige G. F. Aleksandrova “Istorija zapadno-evropejskoj filosofii” 24 iunya 1947 g. [Speech at the Discussion of G. F. Alexandrovʼs Book History of Western European Philosophy on 24 June 1947]. Moscow: Gospolitizdat. (In Rus.)M.LewinTranscendental philosophy was not born like Athena out of Zeus’s head, mature and in full armour from the very beginning. That is why in both prefaces to the Critique of Pure Reason (1781 and 1787) Kant introduces the concept of transcendental philosophy as an “idea.” The idea understood architectonically develops slowly and only gradually acquires a definite form. As witnessed by the works of Kant himself and of his predecessors and followers, the idea of transcendental philosophy has undergone a series of changes and adjustments compared to the initial plan. In this context, my goal is not simply exegesis and historical investigation of transcendental philosophy, but also to look at it from a systematic and methodological perspective. I examine the concept of transcendental philosophy from the viewpoint of programmatic metaphilosophy. The first part discusses programmatics as a distinct subsection of metaphilosophy. I argue that Kant’s architectonic methodology and the methodology of Lakatos can be used to understand the inception, development and degradation of philosophical systems. In the second part I look at the project of transcendental philosophy and the stages of its development from the standpoint of architectonics. The third part shows that Lakatos’s methodology can provide a detailed insight into the elements of transcendental philosophy, a clear idea of its logic and identify the component parts that can be improved and developed. In spite of the different levels of detailing and epistemological prerequisites, the methodologies of Kant and Lakatos can be combined to achieve a metaphilosophically informed and progressive understanding of philosophical projects.0531202611Apel, K.-O., 2011. Paradigmen der ersten Philosophie. Zur reflexiven — transzendentalpragmatischen — Rekonstruktion der Philosophiegeschichte. Berlin: Suhrkamp.Backhouse, R. E., 1998. Explorations in Economic Methodology. From Lakatos to Empirical Philosophy of Science. London & New York: Routledge.Black, S., 2003. Imre Lakatos and Literary Tradition. Philosophy and Literature, 27(2), 363-381.Ficara, E., 2006. Die Ontologie in der „Kritik der reinen Vernunft“. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann.Fichte, J. G., 1982. Second Introduction to the Science of Knowledge, for Readers who Already Have a Philosophical System. In: J. G. Fichte, 1982. Science of Knowledge with the First and Second Introductions. Edited and translated by P. Heath and J. Lachs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 29-88.Förster, E., 2015. Transzendentalphilosophie. In: M. Willaschek, J. Stolzenberg, G. Mohr, S. Bacin ed., 2015. Kant-Lexikon. Berlin; Boston: de Gruyter, pp. 2319-2325.Fulda, H. F., 1988. Ontologie nach Kant und Hegel. In: D. Henrich ed., 1988. Metaphysik nach Kant? Stuttgarter Hegel-Kongress 1987. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, pp. 44-82.Gakis, D., 2016. Philosophy as Paradigms: An Account of a Contextual Metaphilosophical Perspective. Philosophical Papers, 45(1-2), pp. 209-239,Geldsetzer, L., 1989. Philosophie der Philosophie. In: J. Ritter, K. Gründer, G. Gabriel ed., 1998. Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie. Bd. 7. Basel: Schwabe Verlag, pp. 904-911.Habermas, J., 2016. Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne, 12. Auflage, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Taschenbuch.Henrich, D., 1991. Konstellationen. Probleme und Debatten am Ursprung der idealistischen Philosophie (1789—1795). Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.Hinske, N., 1998. Transzendental — 18. Jahrhundert. In: J. Ritter, K. Gründer, G. Gabriel ed., 1998. Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie. Bd. 10. Basel: Schwabe Verlag, pp. 1376-1388.Hinske, N., 1970. Kants Weg zur Transzendentalphilosophie. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer.Kant, I., 1992a. The Employment in Natural Philosophy of Metaphysics Combined with Geometry, of Which Sample I Contains the Physical Monadology. In: I. Kant, 1992. Theoretical philosophy, I755-1770. Translated and edited by D. Walford in collaboration with R. Meerbote. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 47-66.Kant, I., 1992b. The Jäsche Logic. In: I. Kant, 1992. Lectures on Logic. Translated by J. M. Young. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 521-640.Kant, I., 1993. Opus Postumum. Edited by E. Förster, translated by E. Förster and M. Rosen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 1996a. Critique of Practical Reason. In: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Translated and edited by M. J. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 133-272.Kant, I., 1996b. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. In: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Translated and edited by M. J. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 37-109.Kant, I., 1997. Metaphysik Mrongovius. In: I. Kant, 1997. Lectures on Metaphysics. Edited and translated by K. Ameriks and S. Naragon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 109-288.Kant, I., 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Edited and translated by P. Guyer and A. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 1999. Declaration Concerning Fichte’s Wissenschaftslehre. In: I. Kant, 1999. Correspondence. Translated by A. Zweig. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 559-560.Kant, I., 2000. Critique of the Power of Judgement. Translated by P. Guyer and E. Matthews. Edited by P. Guyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 2002. Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will Be Able to Come Forward as Science. In: I. Kant, 2002. Theoretical Philosophy after 1781. Edited by H. Allison and P. Heath, translated by G. Hatfield. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 49-169.Kant, I., 2007. Lectures on Pedagogy. In: Anthropology, History, and Education. Edited by G. Zöller and R. B. Louden, translated by R. B. Louden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 434-485.Katrechko, S. L., 2020. Kantian “Idea [Project] of Transcendental Philosophy”. Transcendental Journal, 1, [online] Available at: [Accessed 02 February 2021]. (In Rus.)Lakatos, I., 1968. Criticism and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 69, pp. 149-186.Lakatos, I., 1978a. Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. In: I. Lakatos, 1978. The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. Philosophical Papers. Volume 1. Edited by J. Warall and G. Currie. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 8-101.Lakatos, I., 1978b. 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Philosophical Dialectics. An Essay on Metaphilosophy. Albany: SUNY Press.Rivero, G., 2014. Zur Bedeutung des Begriffs Ontologie bei Kant. Eine entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchung. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter, 2014.Schnädelbach, H., 1994. Philosophie. In: E. Martens, H. Schnädelbach, eds. 1994. Philosophie. Ein Grundkurs. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch, pp. 37-76.Sturm, T., 2009. Kant und die Wissenschaften vom Menschen. Paderborn: mentis.Theunissen, B., 2014. Hegels Phänomenologie als metaphilosophische Theorie. Hegel und das Problem der Vielfalt der philosophischen Theorien. Eine Studie zur systemexternen Rechtfertigungsfunktion der Phänomenologie des Geistes. Hamburg: Meiner.Vasilyev, V. V., 2019. Metaphilosophy: History and Perspectives. Epistemology & Philosophy of Science, 56(2), pp. 6-18. (In Rus.)Williamson, T., 2008. The Philosophy of Philosophy. Malden, MA & Oxford & Carlton, Victoria: Wiley-Blackwell.T. GRumyantsevaThe interpretation of Kant’s philosophy by thinkers in pre-Soviet Belarus has been the subject of not a few publications. They described the reception of his seminal ideas, the analysis, polemic and occasionally sharp criticism of these ideas. It is helpful now to look at Kantian studies beginning from the 1920s to the present time. I will show that immediately after the October 1917 revolution and until the 1930s interest in Kant’s teaching was waning. When they turned to his ideas during that period Belarusian authors described and analysed them primarily in textbooks or when examining, or rather criticising, the views of Western philosophers, thereby rigidly adhering to Lenin’s assessments. During and after World War II the number of studies was also very insignificant. It was not until the beginning of Perestroika that an urgent need was felt for a new reading of Western philosophy, and interest in Kant’s heritage in the country increased sharply. A surge of interest was registered beginning from 2004 which was declared “Immanuel Kant Year” by UNESCO. From that time onward Belarus has hosted a number of international forums devoted to Kant, materials of conferences, articles and textbooks have been published, dissertations defended etc. The article reviews the main trends of these studies in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods.0531202611Aporovich, A. F., ed. 2006. Velikie preobrazovateli estestvoznaniya: Immanuil Kant [Great Сonverters of Natural Sciences: Immanuel Kant]. Abstracts of XV International Conference, 24–25 November 1999. Minsk: BGUIR. (In Rus.)Barchatkou, A. I., 2015. Razvitie transcendental’noj filosofii I.Kanta v tvorchestve S.Majmona [Development of Kant’s Philosophy in Maimon’s Works]. Abstract of the Dissertation for the PhD Degree. Minsk: BSU. (In Rus.)Bykhovsky, B. E., 1930. Narys filyozofii dyyaletychnaga materyyalizmu [Essays of the Philosophy of Dialectical Manerialism]. Minsk: Bel. dzyarzh. vydav. (In Belar.)Bykhovsky, B. E., 1933. Vragi i fal’sifikatory marksizma [Enemies and Falsifiers of Marxism]. Moscow: Sotsekgiz. (In Rus.)Bykhovsky, B. E., 1941. Metod i sistema Gegelya [Method and System of Hegel]. Moscow: OGIZ. (In Rus.)Bykhovsky, B. E., 1947. Marazm sovremennoj burzhuaznoj filosofii (ob anglo-amerikanskom semanticheskom idealizme) [Marazm of Modern Bourgeois Philosophy (On British-American Semantic Idealism]. Moscow: Pravda. (In Rus.)Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, 1944. On the Shortcomings and Errors in the Coverage of the History of German Philosophy in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries. Bolshevik, 7-8, pp. 14-19. (In Rus.)Grudnitsky, G. D., 1986. Problema aktivnosti sub”ekta poznaniya v nemeckoj filosofii vtoroj poloviny 18 veka [The Problem of the Activity of the Subject of Knowledge in German Philosophy of the Second Half of the 18th Century]. Abstract of the Dissertation for the PhD Degree. Minsk: BSU. (In Rus.)Grudnitsky, G. D., 2006. Nyameckaya asveta i Kant (prablemy gnasealogii) [German Enlightenment and Kant (Problems of Gnoseology)]. Novopoltsk: Polackі Dzyarzhaўny Unіversіtet. (In Belar.)Ivanovsky, V. N., 1923. Metodologicheskoe vvedenie v nauku i filosofiyu [Methodological Introduction to Science and Philosophy]. Minsk: Beltrestpechat’. (In Rus.)Kant, I., 2006. Pralegomeny da lyuboj buduchaj fіlasofіі: Traktat [Prolegomena for Any Future Philosophy: Treatise]. Translated by L. Barshcheuski. Mensk: “Zmicer Kolas”. (In Belar.)Karlyuk, A. S., 1974. Predecessor of Marxist Philosophy. Kommunist, 5, pp. 80-86. (In Rus.)Kazaryan, E. L., 1990. Problema aktivnosti chistyh form chuvstvennogo sozercaniya v gnoseologii I. Kanta [The Problem of the Activity of Pure Forms of Sensual Contemplation in the Kant’s Theory of Knowledge]. Abstract of the Dissertation for the PhD Degree. Minsk: BSU. (In Rus.)Klevchenya, A. S., 1981. Kant’s Philosophical Ideas in Belarus. Vestnik BSU, 3(7), pp. 25-28. (In Rus.)Krouglov, A. N., 2020. Discussion about Kant during the Great Patriotic War: The Look 75 Years after the Victory. Part 1. Voprosy Philosophy, 5, pp. 192-209. https://doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2020-5-192-209 (In Rus.)Liahchylin, A. A. and Dudchik, A. Y., 2020. Transfer of Foreign Ideas to the Philosophical Culture of Belarus in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences, 63(10), pp. 88-102. (In Rus.)Liahchylin, A. A. and Dudchyk, A. Y., eds., 2021. Antalogіya fіlasofskaj dumkі Belarusі: dapamozhnіk dlya studentaў, yakіya navuchayucca pa specyyal’nascі 1-21 02 01 “Fіlasofіya” u 3 t. [Anthology of Philosophical Thought of Belarus: A Manual for Students Who Study in the Specialty 1-21 02 01 “Philosophy”: in 3 vol.]. Volume 2, Part 1. Minsk: BSU. (In print). (In Belar.)Maiman, S., 2018. Autabiagrafiya [Autobiography]. Translated from German by М. Patotskii, edited by А. Barchatkou. Мinsk: Ekanompres.Motroshilova, N. 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(In Rus.)Schuman, A. N., 2002. Transcendental’naya filosofiya [Transcendantal Philosophy]. Minsk: Ekonompress. (In Rus.)Shalkevich, V. F. and Legchilin, A. A., 2005. Reception of the Philosophy of I. Kant in Belarus and Lithuania in the First Third of the 19th Century. In: V. N. Bryushinkin, ed. 2005. Kant mezhdy Zapadom i Vostokom: K 200-letiyu so dnya smerti i 280-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya Immanuila Kanta [Kant between West and East. On the Occasion of the 200th Anniversary of the Death and the 280th Anniversary of the Birth of Immanuel Kant]: Proceedings of the International Seminar and International Conference: In 2 Parts. Part 1. Kaliningrad: Immanuel Kant Russian State University Press, pp. 87-98. (In Rus.)Volfson, S. Y., 1923. Dialekticheskij materialism. Kurs lekcij [Dialectical Materialism. Lecture Course]. Parts 1-2. Minsk: Beltrestpechat’. (In Rus.)Volfson, S. Y., 1935. Kul’tura i ideologiya zagnivayushchego kapitalizma [Culture and the Ideology of Decaying Capitalism]. Parts 1-2. Moscow and Leningrad: OGIZ. (In Rus.)Zelenkov, А. I., Rumyantseva, Т. G., Legchilin, А. А.and Novikov, V. T., eds. 2005. Filosofiya I. Kanta i sovremennost’: materialy Mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferencii, 19-20 noyabrya 2004 g. [Philosophy of I. Kant and Сontemporaneity: Proceedings of International Scientific Conference 19–20 of November 2004]. Мinsk: Tekhnoprint. 2005. (In Rus.)A. S.ZilberThe international conference “Kantian Rationality in Philosophy of Science” was held on 9–11 October 2020 at the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University (IKBFU) in Kaliningrad. Fifteen participants from different countries discussed aspects of the Kantian understanding of science and the roles of reason in it: the unity, difference, and systematicity of the functions of reason in science, as they are revealed in Kant’s discussions of criteria of scientificity, the classification of sciences, or methods of theoretical and experimental research in specific sciences. The topics discussed fell into two broad categories: firstly, the relationship between metaphysics and science in the context of Kant’s time; secondly, the relevance of Kant’s ideas to modern sciences and the concepts of philosophy of science in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.0531202611Bazhanov, V. А., 2020. Nature of Mathematics through the Lens of Cognitive Research, Voprosy Filosofii, 11, pp. 87-96. (In Rus.)Fugate, C. D., 2014. The Teleology of Reason. A Study of the Structure of Kant’s Critical Philosophy. New York & Berlin: De Gryuter.Kalin, M. G., 1972. Kant’s Transcendental Arguments as Gedankenexperimente. Kant-Studien, 63, pp. 289-328.Kant, I., 2004a. Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science. In: I. Kant, 2004. Theoretical Philosophy after 1781, edited by H. Allison and P. Heath. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 171-270.Kant, I., 2004b. Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. Translated and edited by G. Hatfield. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 2000. Critique of the Power of Judgement. Translated and edited by P. Guyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated and edited by P. Guyer and A. W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.McDonough, J. K., 2020. Teleology: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.M. F.BykovaYu. VSineokaya0531202611