NONE20260615160442660Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityno-reply@journals.kantiana.ruImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversityKantian Journal0207-69182310-370106152026382V. LugovoySergeyKant’s dissertation for the Master’s degree Succinct Exposition of Some Meditations on Fire was written in Latin in 1755 as a sample (specimen) preceding a Master’s exam, but its first printing did not appear until 1838. What is the relevance of this Master’s dissertation for historical and philosophical studies? To answer this question I analyse the structure and give a brief summary of the dissertation, look at the history of its writing and try to identify the place of this work among Kant’s other papers on natural philosophy. I then demonstrate that Kant’s concept of ether as an elastic matter of fire, heat and light containing the forces of attraction and repulsion originates in the dissertation On Fire. I identify the provisions in Kant’s early works which he later develops in the Master’s dissertation and establish continuity between the text of On Fire and the so-called Physical Monadology, draw parallels between the ideas enunciated by Kant in his first dissertation and the interpretation of ether in the printed works that followed. Finally, I put forward the hypothesis of the heuristic potential of the On Fire treatise for the analysis of Kant’s manuscript legacy. Perhaps this dissertation will enable researchers to clear up some tangled propositions in Kant’s Opus Postumum. However, a series of further studies is needed to verify the hypothesis.0615202611Adickes, E., 1924-1925. Kant als Naturforscher. In 2 Bd. Berlin: De Gruyter & Co.Amontons, G., 1703. Le thermomètre réduit à une mesure fixe et certaine, et le moyen d’y rapporter les observations faites avec les anciens thermomètres In: Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences 1703, pp. 50-56.Asmus, V. F., 1973. Immanuel Kant, Moscow: Nauka. (In Rus.)Beck, L. W., 1986. Introduction [to “Kant’s Succinct Exposition of Some Meditations on Fire”]. In: L. W. Beck, ed. 1986. Kant’s Latin Writings: Translations, Commentaries, and Notes. Translated and edited by L. W. Beck in collaboration with M. J. Gregor, R. Meerbote, J. A. Reuscher. New York: Peter Lang, pp. 9-21.Borowski, L. E. von, 1804. Darstellung des Lebens und Charakters Immanuel Kant’s. Königsberg: Nicolovius.Bulatov, M. A., 2003. Nemetskaya klassicheskaya filosofiya [German Classical Philosophy]. P. 1: Kant. Fichte. Schelling], Kiev: Stilos. (In Rus.)Chernov, S. A., 2000. Poslednii trud Kanta [The Last Work of Kant]. In: I. Kant, 2000. Iz rukopisnogo naslediya (materialy k «Kritike chistogo razuma», Opus postumum) [From the Manuscript Heritage (Materials for “Critique of Pure Reason”, Opus Postumum)]. Edited by V. A. Zhuchkov. Moscow: Progress-Traditsiya, pp. 686-716. (In Rus.)Chernov, S. A., 1985. Teoriya fiziki v “Opus postumum” Kanta [Theory of Physics in Kant’s “Opus Postumum”]. Kantian Journal, 1(10), pp. 20-29. (In Rus.)Descartes, R., 1982. Principles of Philosophy. Translated, with explanatory notes, by V. R. Miller and R. P. Miller. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Engels, F., 1987. Dialectics of Nature. In: K. Marx, F. Engels. Collected Works, Volume 25. Moscow: Progress; London: Lawrence and Wishart, New York: International Publishers, pp. 313-588.Euler, L., 1962. Nova theoria lucis et colorum. In: L. Euler, 1962. Opera omnia. Ser. 3: Opera physica; Miscellanea; Epistolae, vol. 5: Commentationes opticae. Ed.: D. Speiser. Basileae: Birkhäuser, pp. 1-45.Filippov, M. M., 1893. Em. Kant. Ego zhizn’ i filosofskaya deyatel’nost’ [Immanuel Kant. His Life and Philosophical Activity]. St. Petersburg: Tipografiya P. P. Soikina. (In Rus.)Förster, E., 1987. Is There ‘a Gap’ in Kant‘s Critical System? Journal for the History of Philosophy, 25, pp. 533-555.Förster, E., 1989. Kants Selbstsetzungslehre. In: E. Förster, 1989. Kant’s Transcendental Deductions. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 217-238.Förster, E., 2000. Kant’s Final Synthesis. An Essay on the Opus Postumum. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Friedman, M., 1992. Kant and the Exact Sciences. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press.Gulyga, A. V., 1977. Kant. Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya. (In Rus.)Hales, S., 1727. Vegetable Staticks, or, An Account of some Statical Experiments on the SAP in Vegetables: Being an Essay towards a Natural History of Vegetation. London: W. & J. Innys.Kant, I., 1838. Meditationum quarundam de igne succincta delineatio… In: G. Hartenstein, Hg. 1838. Immanuel Kant’s Werke: sorgfältig revidirte Gesammtausgabe in 10 Bd. Band 8: Schriften zur Naturwissenschaft. Leipzig: Modes und Baumann, pp. 383-404.Kant, I., 1839. Meditationum quarundam de igne succincta delineatio... In: K. Rosenkranz, F. W. Schubert, Hg. 1839. Immanuel Kant’s sämmtliche Werke. 5. Theil: Schriften zur Philosophie der Natur. Leipzig: L. Voss, pp. 233-254.Kant, I., 1867. Meditationum quarundam de igne succincta delineatio... In: G. Hartenstein, Hg. 1867. Immanuel Kant’s sämmtliche Werke: in chronologischer Reihenfolge. Band 1. Leipzig: Voss, pp. 347-363.Kant, I., 1873. Einige kurzgefasste Betrachtungen über das Feuer. In: J. H. Kirchmann, Hg. 1873. Immanuel Kant’s kleinere Schriften zur Naturphilosophie. Berlin: L. Heimann, pp. 267-294.Kant, I., 1912. Meditationum quarundam de igne succincta delineation… In: E. Cassirer, Hg., 1912. Immanuel Kants Werke. Band 1: Vorkritische Schriften von Immanuel Kant. In Gemeinschaft mit Hermann Cohen [et al.]. Berlin: B. Cassirer, pp. 371-388.Kant, I., 1986. Succinct Exposition of Some Meditations on Fire. Translated and edited by L. W. Beck. In: L. W. Beck, ed. 1986. Kant’s Latin Writings: Translations, Commentaries, and Notes. In collaboration with M. J. Gregor, R. Meerbote, J. A. Reuscher. New York: Peter Lang. P. 24-46.Kant, I., 1987. La dissertazione del 1755 di Kant: il “De igne”, trad. P. Grillenzoni. Milano: EDUCatt.Kant, I., 1991. De igne. Breve esbozo de algunas meditaciones acerca del fuego; introducción, traducción y notas de C. Canterla. En Cuadernos de Ilustración y Romanticismo, 1, pp. 199-224.Kant, I., 1992a. A New Elucidation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Cognition. In: I. Kant, 1992. Theoretical philosophy, I755-1770. Translated and edited by D. Walford in collaboration with R. Meerbote. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-46.Kant, I., 1992b. The Employment in Natural Philosophy of Metaphysics Combined with Geometry, of Which Sample I Contains the Physical Monadology. In: I. Kant, 1992. Theoretical philosophy, I755-1770. Translated and edited by D. Walford in collaboration with R. Meerbote. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 47-66.Kant, I., 1992c. The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God. In: I. Kant, 1992. Theoretical philosophy, I755-1770. Translated and edited by D. Walford in collaboration with R. Meerbote. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 107-202.Kant, I., 1992d. Attempt to Introduce the Concept of Negative Magnitudes into Philosophy. In: Kant I. Theoretical philosophy, I755-1770. Translated and edited by D. Walford in collaboration with R. Meerbote. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 203-242.Kant, I., 1992e. Concerning the Ultimate Ground of the Differentiation of Directions in Space. In: I. Kant, 1992. Theoretical philosophy, I755-1770. Translated and edited by D. Walford in collaboration with R. Meerbote. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 361-372.Kant, I., 1992f. On the Form and Principles of the Sensible and the Intelligible World. In: I. Kant, 1992. Theoretical philosophy, I755-1770. Translated and edited by D. Walford in collaboration with R. Meerbote. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 372-416.Kant, I., 1992g. The Jäsche Logic. In: I. Kant, 1992. Lectures on Logic. Translated and edited by J. M. Young. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 519-674.Kant, I., 1992h. Breve bosquejo de unas meditaciones sobre el fuego. In: I. Kant, 1992. Opúsculos de filosofía natural; introducción, traducción y notas de A. Domínguez. Madrid: Alianza, 1992, pp. 51-72.Kant, I., 1993. Opus postumum, edited by E. Förster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 2004. Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science. In: I. Kant, 2004. Theoretical Philosophy after 1781, edited by H. Allison & P. Heath. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 171-270.Kant, I., 2010. Krótkie przedstawienie rozważań o ogniu, przeł. A. Pacholik-Żuromska. In: I. Kant, 2010. Dzieła zebrine. T. 1. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, pp. 326-344.Kant, I., 2012a. Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces and Assessment of the Demonstrations that Leibniz and Other Scholars of Mechanics Have Made Use of in this Controversial Subject, Together with Some Prefatory Considerations Pertaining to the Force of Bodies in General. In: I. Kant. Natural Science, edited by E. Watkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-155.Kant, I., 2012b. Examination of the Question whether the Rotation of the Earth on its Axis by which it Brings about the Alternation of Day and Night has Undergone any Change since its Origin and How One Can Be Certain of this, which [Question] Was Set by the Royal Academy of Sciences in Berlin as the Prize Question for the Current Year. In: I. Kant, 2012. Natural Science, edited by E. Watkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 156-164.Kant, I., 2012c. The Question, whether the Earth is Ageing, Considered from a Physical Point of View. In: I. Kant, 2012. Natural Science, edited by E. Watkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 165-181.Kant, I., 2012d. Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens or Essay on the Constitution and the Mechanical Origin of the Whole Universe According to Newtonian Principles. In: I. Kant, 2012. Natural Science, edited by E. Watkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 182-308.Kant, I., 2012e. Succinct Exposition of Some Meditations on Fire. In: I. Kant. Natural Science, edited by E. Watkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 309-326.Kant, I., 2012f. On the Causes of Earthquakes on the Occasion of the Calamity that Befell the Western Countries of Europe Towards the End of Last Year. In: I. Kant, 2012. Natural Science, edited by E. Watkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 327-336.Kant, I., 2012g. New Notes to Explain the Theory of the Winds, in Which, at the Same Time, He Invites Attendance at his Lectures. In: I. Kant, 2012. Natural Science, edited by E. Watkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 374-385.Kant, I., 2014. Sul fuoco. In: I. Kant. Dissertazioni latine: Testo latino a fronte. A cura di I. Agostini. Introduzione, traduzione e testo latino di I. Agostini. Note introduttive ai testi e annotazione critica di I. Agostini e G. Lorini. Milano: Bompiani, pp. 3-51.Karpenko, A. M., 2001. «Opus Postumum» i «Metafizicheskie nachala estestvoznaniya» — problemy teoreticheskikh osnov eksperimental’noi fiziki [“Opus Postumum” and “Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science” — Problems of the Theoretical Foundations of Experimental Physics]. Kantian Journal, 1(22), pp. 109-126. (In Rus.)Krause, Α., 1888. Das nachgelassene Werk Immanuel Kant’s: Vom Uebergange von den metaphysischen Anfangsgründen der Naturwissenschaft zur Physik mit Belegen populär-wissenschaftlich dargestellt. Frankfurt a. M., Lahr: M. Schauenburg.Kruglov, A. N., 2008. Tetens, Kant i diskussiya o metafizike v Germanii vtoroi poloviny XVIII veka [Tetens, Kant and the Discussion of Metaphysics in Germany in the Second Half of the 18th Century]. Moscow: Fenomenologiya — Germenevtika. (In Rus.)Kuehn, M., 2001. Kant. A Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kuznetsov, V. N., 1989. Nemetskaya klassicheskaya filosofiya vtoroi poloviny XVIII — nachala XIX veka [German Classical Philosophy of the Second Half of the 18th and the early 19th Centuries]. Moskow: Vysshaya shkola. (In Rus.)Laywine, A., 1993. Kant’s early metaphysics and the origins of the critical philosophy. Atascadero: Ridgeview Publishing Company.Lehmann, G., 1980. Kants Tugenden. Neue Beiträge zur Geschichte und Interpretation der Philosophie Kants. Berlin: De Gruyter.Massimi, M., 2011. Kant’s Dynamic Theory of Matter in 1755, and its Debt to Speculative Newtonian Experimentalism. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, part A, 42(4), pp. 525-543.Motroshilova, N. V., 1996. Immanuel Kant. In: N. V. Motroshilova, ed. 1996. Istoriya filosofii: Zapad — Rossiya — Vostok. Uchebnik dlya studentov vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Kniga 2: Filosofiya XV-XIX vv. [History of Philosophy: West — Russia — East. Textbook for Students of Higher Educational Institutions. Book 2: Philosophy of the 15th – 19th Centuries]. Moscow: Greko-latinskii kabinet Yu. Shichalina, pp. 343-389. (In Rus.)Narsky, I. S., 1976. Kant. Moscow: Mysl’. (In Rus.)Newton, I., 1687. Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica. Londini: Jussu Societatis Regiae ac typis Josephi Streater.Newton, I., 1706. Optice: sive de Reflexionibus, Refractionibus, Inflexionibus & Coloribus Lucis. Latine reddidit S. Clarke. Londini: S. Smith & B. Walford.Pacholik-Żuromska, A., 2010. Wprowadzenie [do «Krótkie przedstawienie rozważań o ogniu», przeł. A. Pacholik-Żuromska]. In: I. Kant. Dzieła zebrine. T. 1. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, pp. 921-923.Reicke, J., 1881. Kant’s Rede “De Medicina corporis quae Philosophorum est”. Altpreussische Monatsschrift, neue Folge. Der Neuen Preussischen Provinzial-Blätter, vierte Folge. (Edited by R. Reicke, E. Wichert. Königsberg in Pr.: F. Beyer), 18, pp. 293-309.Schönfeld, M., 2000. The Philosophy of the Young Kant. New York: Oxford University Press.Shokhin, V. K., 2010. Filosofiya religii i ee istoricheskie formy (antichnost’ — konets XVIII v.) [Philosophy of Religion and its Historical Forms (Antiquity — the End of the 18th Century)]. Moscow: Alfa-M. (In Rus.)Solonin, Yu. N., 1983. Naturfilosofiya I. Kanta i estestvoznanie XIX veka [Kant’s Natural Philosophy and Natural Science of the 19th Century]. Kantian Journal, 1(8), pp. 72-78. (In Rus.)Tuschling, B., 1973. Kants ‘Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft’ und das Opus Postumum. In: G. Prauss, Hg. 1973. Кant: Zur Deutung seiner Theorie von Erkennen und Handeln. Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, pp. 175-191.Vasilyev, V. V., 1998. Podvaly kantovskoi metafiziki (deduktsiya kategorii) [Basements of Kant’s Metaphysics (Deduction of Categories)]. Moscow: Nasledie. (In Rus.)Vasilyev, V. V., 2010. Filosofskaya psikhologiya v epokhu Prosveshcheniya [Philosophical Psychology in the Age of Enlightenment]. Moscow: Kanon+. (In Rus.)Vernadsky, V. I., 1981. Kant and Natural Sciences. In: V. I. Vernadskii, 1981. Izbrannye trudy po istorii nauki [Selected Works on the History of Science]. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 190-214. (In Rus.)Vorländer, K., 1924. Immanuel Kant. Der Mann und das Werk. Leipzig: F. Meiner.Waschkies, H.-J., 1987. Physik und Physikotheologie des jungen Kant. Die Vorgeschichte seiner Allgemeinen Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels. Amsterdam: B. R. Grüner.Watkins, E., 2005. Kant and the Metaphysics of Causality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Zhuchkov, V. A., 1996, Iz istorii nemezkoy filosofii XVIII veka (predklassicheskiy period) [From the History of German Philosophy of the 18th Century (Pre-classical Period)]. Moscow: IF RAN. (In Rus.)E. KryshtopLudmilaThe ethics of Kant and the ethics of Crusius are strikingly similar. This is manifested in a whole range of principles and concepts. Crusius’ moral teaching hinges on the rigorous moral law which has to be obeyed absolutely, and which makes it different from other prescriptions that are binding only to a relative degree. This is very close to the Kantian distinction between hypothetical and categorical imperatives. Another salient feature of Crusius’ moral teaching is the stress laid on the sphere of internal motives. It is the inner motive that determines the morality of an act, rather than the external form of the act. These and some other features of Crusius’ ethics suggest a possible influence of Crusius on Kant. The possibility of such influence has repeatedly come under close scrutiny. The first works devoted to this problem date to the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Pointers to the possibility of such influence are semantic and structural similarities of the two thinkers’ systems. Besides, it is an unchallengeable fact that Kant was fairly familiar with the main theses of Crusian philosophy. Some scholars proceed from the study of Kantian vocabulary. Some of the terms Kant uses, especially in his early works which later formed the basis of his ethical teaching in the critical period, can be traced to the terms of Crusian philosophy. However, an alternative view is that Kant was primarily influenced by Wolffian philosophy (mainly through Baumgarten), while the direct influence of Crusius remains unproven. I examine both points of view and propose my own solution to the problem.0615202611Allison, H. E., 2012. Essay on Kant. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Baumgarten, A. G., 1740. Ethica philosophica. Halle: Hemmerde.Baumgarten, A. G., 1760. Initia philosophiae practicae primae. Halle: Hemmerde.Berdyaev, N., 1960. The Destiny of Man. New York: Harper & Brothers.Beyer, K., 1937. Zeitliche Einordnung der Vorlesung. In: K. Beyer, ed. 1937. Kants Vorlesungen über die philosophische Religionslehre. Halle: Akademischer Verlag, pp. 231-236.Boca, S., 1937. Kant e moralisti tedeschi. Wolff, Baumgarten, Crusius. Napoli: Luigi Loffredo.Bohatec, J., 1938. Die Religionsphilosophie Kants in der „Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer theologisch-dogmatischen Quellen. Hamburg: Hoffmann & Campe.Ciafardone, R., 1990. Einleitung. In: R. Ciafardone, ed. 1990. Die Philosophie der deutschen Aufklärung. Texte und Darstellung. Stuttgart: Philipp Reclam jun., pp. 11-38.Crusius, Ch. A., 1766. Entwurf der nothwendigen Vernunft-Wahrheiten, wiefern sie den zufälligen entgegen gesetzet werden. Leipzig: Gleditsch.Crusius, Ch. A., 1767. Anweisung vernünftig zu leben. Leipzig: Gleditsch.Esposito, C., 1988. Introduzione. In: I. Kant, 1988. Lezioni di filosofia della religione. Napoli: Bibliopolis, pp. 11-91.Esposito, C., 2004. Kant: von der Ethik zur Religion (und zurück). In: N. Fischer, ed. 2004. Kants Metaphysik und Religionsphilosophie. Hamburg: Meiner, pp. 265-291.Florensky, P. A., 2007. Iz lekcij po istorii filosofii Novogo vremeni. Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences, 1, pp. 20-44. (In Rus.)Gogocky, S. S., 1847. Kriticheskij vzglyad na filosofiyu Kanta [Critical View on Kant’s Philosophy]. Kiev: Tipografija I. Valnera. (In Rus.)Heimsoeth, H., 1926. Metaphysik und Kritik bei Chr. A. Crusius. Berlin: Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft für Politik und Geschichte.Henrich, D., 1963. Über Kants früheste Ethik. Versuch einer Rekonstruktion. Kant-Studien, 54(4), pp. 404-431.Kant, I., 1991. Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by M. J. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 2002. Critique of Practical Reason. Translated by W. S. Pluhar. Indianapolis & Cambridge: Hackett.Kant, I., 2011a. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by M. J. Gregor and J. Timmermann. New York: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 2011b. Inquiry Concerning the Distinctness of the Principles of Natural Theology and Morals. In: I. Kant, 2011. Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime and Other Writings. Edited by P. Frierson and P. Guyer. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 221-248.Krouglov, A. N., 2009. Filosofija Kanta v Rossii v konce XVIII – pervoi polovine XIX vekov [Kant’s Philosophy in Russia at the End of the 18th and in the First Half of the 19th Centuries]. Мoscow: Kanon+. (In Rus.)Kryshtop, L. E., 2016. Kant’s Lectures on Theology. In: I. Kant, 2016. Lekcii o filosofskom uchenii o religii [Lectures on the Philosophical Doctrine of Religion]. Moscow, Kanon+, pp. 299-309. (In Rus.)Marquard, A., 1885. 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Schiller, 1988. Poet of Freedom. Washington DC: Schiller Institute, pp. 337-395.Schmucker, J., 1961. Die Ursprünge der Ethik Kants in seinen vorkritischen Schriften und Reflexionen. Meisenhaim am Glan: Anton Heim.Schmucker, J., 1976. Zur Datierung der Reflexion 3716. Das Versagen der Wortstatistik in der Frage der Datierung der frühen kantischen Reflexionen zur Metaphysik, aufgewiesen an einem exemplarischen Fall. Kant-Studien, 67, pp. 74-101.Schneewind, J. B., 1998. The Invention of Autonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Schönfeld, M., 2000. The Philosophy of the Young Kant. The Precritical Project. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Schwaiger, C., 1999. Kategorische und andere Imperative. Zur Entwicklung von Kants praktischer Philosophie bis 1785. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog.Stark, W., 2004. Nachwort. In: I. Kant, ed. 2004. Vorlesung zur Moralphilosophie. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, pp. 386-391.Kumar RadhakrishnanVivekA stable classification of practical principles into mutually exclusive types is foundational to Kant’s moral theory. Yet, other than a few brief hints on the distinction between maxims and laws, he does not provide any elaborate discussion on the classification and the types of practical principles in his works. This has led Onora O’Neill and Lewis Beck to reinterpret Kant’s classification of practical principles in a way that would clarify the conceptual connection between maxims and laws. In this paper I argue that the revised interpretations of O’Neill and Beck stem from a mistaken reading of the fundamental basis of the classification of practical principles. To show this, I first argue that Kant distinguishes between maxims and laws on the bases of validity and reality. I then argue that although a practical principle necessarily has the feature of validity, its reality in actually moving the agents to action sufficiently makes a principle a practical principle. If this is so, I argue that the classification of practical principles must be based on the extent to which they are effective in human agents (i. e. their reality). Such a classification yields us three exhaustive and mutually exclusive types namely, “maxims that are not potential laws”, “maxims that are potential laws” and “laws that are not maxims”.0615202611Albrecht, M., 2009. Kant’s Justification of the Role of Maxims in Ethics. In: K. Ameriks and O. Höffe, eds. 2009. Kant’s Moral and Legal Philosophy. Translated by N. Walker. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 134-155.Allison, H. E., 1990. Kant’s Theory of Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Atwell, J. E., 1986. Ends and Principles in Kant’s Moral Thought. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.Beck, L. W., 1960. A Commentary on Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Bittner, R., 2001. Doing Things for Reasons. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Brewer, T., 2002. Maxims and Virtues. The Philosophical Review, 111(4), pp. 539-572.Bubner, R., 2000. Another Look at Maxims. In: P. Cicovacki, ed. 2000. Kant’s Legacy: Essays in Honor of Lewis White Beck. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, pp. 245-260.Johnson, R. N., 1998. Weakness Incorporated. History of Philosophy Quarterly, 15(3), pp. 349-367.Kant, I., 1992. Jäsche Logic. In: I. Kant, 1992. Lectures on Logic. Translated & edited by J. M. Young. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 517-640.Kant, I., 1996a. Critique of Practical Reason. In: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Translated & edited by M. J. Gregor, General Introduction by A. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 133-272.Kant, I., 1996b. Groundwork of Metaphysics of Morals. In: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Translated & edited by M. J. Gregor, General Introduction by A. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 37-108.Kant, I., 1996c. The Metaphysics of Morals. In: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Translated & edited by M. J. Gregor, General Introduction by A. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 353-604.Kant, I., 1996d. Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. In: I. Kant, 1996. Religion and Rational Theology. Translated by G. Giovanni, edited by A. W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 36-216.Kant, I., 1997. Lectures on Ethics. Translated & edited by P. Heath. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated & edited by P. Guyer and A. W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 2000. Critique of the Power of Judgement. Translated & edited by P. Guyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 2012. Lectures on Anthropology. Translated & edited by A. W. Wood & R. B. Louden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.McCarty, R., 2009. Kant’s Theory of Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Morrison, I., 2005. On Kantian Maxims: A Reconciliation of the Incorporation Thesis and Weakness of the Will. History of Philosophy Quarterly, 22(1), pp. 73-89.O’Neill, O., 1975. Acting of Principle: An Essay on Kantian Ethics. Columbia: Columbia University Press.Paton, H. J., 1947. The Categorical Imperative: A Study in Kant’s Moral Philosophy. London: Hutchinson’s University Library.Potter, N., 1994. Maxims in Kant’s Moral Philosophy. Philosophia, 23(1-4), pp. 59-90.Reath, A., 2006. Agency and Autonomy in Kant’s Moral Theory: Selected Essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Silber, J. R., 1960. The Copernican Revolution in Ethics: The Good Reexamined. Kant-Studien, 51, pp. 85-101.Timmermann, J., 2000. Kant’s Puzzling Ethics of Maxims. The Harvard Review of Philosophy, 8(1), pp. 39-52.Timmermann, J., 2007. Kant’s Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: A Commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Timmermann, J., 2010. Reversal or Retreat? Kant’s Deductions of Freedom and Morality. In: A. Reath and J. Timmermann, eds. 2010. Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason: A Critical Guide. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73-89.Wood, A., 1999. Kant’s Ethical Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.KantImmanuelThe text of Kant’s first dissertation is a translation from Latin from an academic publication of a collection of Kant’s works: Kant, I. Meditationum quarundam de igne succincta delineatio... In: Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, ed., 1910. Kants Gesammelte Schriften. 1. Abhandling: Werke. Band I: Vorkritische Schriften I, 1747-1756. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1910, pp. 369-384. The publication is available at https://korpora.zim.uni-duisburg- essen.de/kant/aa01/ [Accessed 10 March 2019]. Pagination and illustrations are from the same publication, the page numbers are in square brackets at the beginning of the page. Page footnotes, if indicated, draw on the commentaries of Lewis White Beck, the translator of the dissertation into English from the following edition: Kant, I., 2012. Natur­al Science, edited by E. Watkins, translated by L. W. Beck, J. B. Edwards, O. Reinhardt, M. Schönfeld and E. Watkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 713-714. It was important for the translator to follow the course of Kant’s thought and as far as possible preserve his style, including recurring words. Natural science terminology keeps as close as possible to the dissertation text, so instead of the term “gas”, which Kant does not use, the translator resorts to a loan-translation “elastic liquid,” harking back to the Russian term упругая жидкость (elastic liquid) which was proposed by Mikhail V. Lomonosov but did not catch on. For the same reason the translator uses the loan translation “moment” instead of the more common “motive force”. “Gradus”, however, is always translated as “degree” for the sake of uniformity. All the translator’s additions to the Kantian text are within square brackets. When the meaning of a word is translated in a form that departs from the original meaning due to context the Latin original is attached within round brackets in the grammatical form used by Kant. To facilitate understanding, long compound sentences of the Kantian text are sometimes broken up into several simple sentences. The structure of the text and title page format have been preserved. The translator would like to express sincere gratitude to Alexei N. Krouglov and Svyatopolk N. Yeschenko for their valuable advice, remarks and help and support in preparing this publication.0615202611Academia del Cimento, 1666. Esperienze intorno alla compressione dell’aqua. In: Saggi di naturali esperienze fatte nell’Accademia del Cimento sotto la protezione del Serenissimo principe Leopoldo di Toscana, e descritte dal segretario di essa Accademia. Firenze: G. Cocchini all’Infegna della Stella, pp. 197-205.Adickes, E., 1925. Kant als Naturforscher. Bd. 2. Berlin: de Gruyter.Amontons, G., 1703. Le thermomètre réduit à une mesure fixe et certaine, et le moyen d’y rapporter les observations faites avec les anciens thermomètres. Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences 1703, pp. 50-56.Boerhaave, H., 1732. Elementa chemiae. Volume 1. Lugduni Batavorum: apud Isaracum Severinum.Cassini, J., Maraldi, G. F., 1705. Sur les règles de la condensation de l’air. Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences 1705, pp. 61-74.Des-Cartes, R., 1644. Principia philosophiae. Amsterdami: apud Ludovicum Elzevirium.Descartes, R., 1982. Principles of Philosophy. Translated, with explanatory notes, by V. R. Miller and R. P. Miller. Dordrecht, Boston and London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Euler, L., 1962. Nova theoria lucis et colorum. In: Opera omnia. Ser. 3: Opera physica; Miscellanea; Epistolae, volume 5: Commentationes opticae. Ed.: David Speiser. Basileae: Birkhäuser, pp. 1-45.Fahrenheit, D. G., 1724. Experimenta circa gradum caloris liquorum nonnullorum ebullientium instituta. Philosophical Transactions giving some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious, in many considerable parts of the World [= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]. Vol. XXXIII, no. 381. London: W. & J. Innys, pp. 1-3.Hales, S., 1727. Vegetable Staticks, or, An Account of some Statical Experiments on the SAP in Vegetables: Being an Essay towards a Natural History of Vegetation. London: W. & J. Innys.Hire, de la G., 1705. Sur la condensation et dilatation de l’air. Mémoires del’Académie Royale des Sciences 1705, pp. 144-146.Kant, I., 2012. Succinct Exposition of some Meditations on Fire. In: Kant I. Natural Science, edited by E. Watkins, translated by L. W. Beck, J. B. Edwards, O. Reinhardt, M. Schönfeld and E. Watkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 309-326, 713-714.Monnier, le P C., 1744. Observations d’histoire naturelles faites dans les provinces méridionales de France pendant l’année 1739. In: C.-F. Cassini de Thury, 1744. La Méridienne de l’Observatoire royal de Paris, vérifiée dans toute l’étendue du royaume par de nouvelles observations; Suite des Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences. Année 1740. Paris: H.-L. Guérin & L. Guérin, pp. 111-235.Newton, I., 1706. Optice: sive de Reflexionibus, Refractionibus, Inflexionibus & Coloribus Lucis. Latine reddidit S. Clarke. Londini: S. Smith & B. Walford.Newton, I., 1718. Opticks: or, A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light. 2nd Edition, with Additions. London: W. & J. Innys.Newton, I., 1719. Optice: sive de Reflexionibus, Refractionibus, Inflexionibus & Coloribus Lucis. Latine reddidit S. Clarke. Editio Secunda, auctior. Londini: G. & J. Innys.Secondat, de J.-B., 1750. Expériences sur le terme de la glace, le degré de chaleur du plomb fondant, celui de l’eau, de l’esprit de vin, du mercure bouillant faites au Pic-de-Midi en 1743. & 1746. Remarque sur les Thermomètres. In: Secondat de J.-B. Observations de physique et d’histoire naturelle sur les eaux minérales de Dax, de Bagnères, & de Barèges, sur l’influence de la pesanteur de l’Air dans la chaleur des liqueurs bouillantes & dans leur congélation. Histoire de l’Électricité, &c. Paris: Huat & Moreau, 1750, pp. 75-112.B. MakarovAndreiReview: Valentin A. Bazhanov, Brain — Culture — Society: Kantian Programme in Cognitive Science. Moscow: Kanon+ ROOI “Reabilitatsiya”, 2019, 288 pp.0615202611Bazhanov, V. A., 2019. Brain — Culture — Society: Kantian Programme in Cognitive Science. Moscow: Kanon+ ROOI “Reabilitatsiya”. (In Rus.)Lorenz, K., 1982. Kant’s Doctrine of the a priori in the Light of Contemporary Biology. In: H. C. Plotkin, ed. 1982. Learning, Development, and Culture. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 121-143.A. ShiyanAnnaF. DerzhavinaNadezhdaL. KatrechkoSergeyThe review presents the International Workshop “Transcendental Turn in Contemporary Philosophy-3: Nature (Specificities) of Transcendental Philosophy” held in Moscow on 19-22 April, 2018. The workshop was co-sponsored by the State Academic University for the Humanities, the Russian State University for the Humanities and the Foundation for the Humanities. The review examines the main topics of the workshop, summarises the main presentations and explicates the problem area of modern interpretations of Kant and the development of transcendentalism in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The presentations, questions and discussions centred around the main problems of transcendentalism: the differences between the phenomenon and the thing in itself, between the first and second editions of the Critique of Pure Reason, the relationship between realist and constructivist aspects of Kantian transcendentalism, the transformation of Kantian transcendental philosophy in Neo-Kantianism and phenomenology and more.0615202611Husserl, E., 1984. Logische Untersuchungen, Band II/2. In: U. Panzer, ed. 1984. Husserliana. Gesammelte Werke. Band XIX/1, 2. New York: Springer Science+Business Media; Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff.Kant, I., 1998. The Critique of Pure Reason. Edited and translated by P. Guyer, A. W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Katrechko, S. L., 2018. The Nature of Appearance in Kant’s Transcendentalism: A Semantico-Cognitive Analysis. Kantian Journal, 37(3), pp. 31-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/0207-6918-2018-3-2Katrechko, S. L., Shiyan, A. A., eds. 2018. Proceedings of the International Workshop “Transcendental Turn in Contemporary Philosophy-3: Nature (Specificities) of Transcendental Philosophy” (Moscow, April 19-21, 2018). Moscow: Foundation for Humanities. (In Rus.)