NONE20260602021644745Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityno-reply@journals.kantiana.ruImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversityKantian Journal0207-69182310-370106022026434Письмо Канта на смерть студента Иоганна Фридриха фон Функа (1760): литературно-историческая идентификация. Часть 2: Античные примеры наставлений для душиM.WalterVinzenz Pallotti UniversityIn this second installment (for the first, see Kantian Journal, 2024, vol. 43, no. 2), Kant’s references to ancient consolation writings are elaborated. The general aim is to make Kant’s proximity to the Roman Stoa, and his borrowings from it, more apparent. A comparison with his necrology for Funk then shows more explicitly how Kant takes up this ancient philosophy anew for his time, and for his fellow human beings. In so doing, he continued a trend that had begun in the Enlightenment. In Universal Natural History and Theory of Heavens, Kant showed that the world can exist without God’s constant intervention. Human being must understand his position in the cosmos and his radical finitude. Closeness to God can only arise through the moral feeling and the infinitely distant work of God, heaven itself — a famous motif Kant adopted from Seneca. Therefore, comfort and the resources for coping with life can no longer be drawn from irrational mystical moments and naïve biblical story telling. We can only find comfort in reason, the human capacity which brings us closest to God. Many of the reasons for consolation that Kant applies to Funk in the necrology can be found in Cicero, Seneca, and other authors of that period. With all this in mind, the necrology will have to be viewed philosophically in a completely different light from before. This is because Kant succeeds in reconciling Enlightenment tensions between the return to man alone and the distancing from God, as well as the resulting question of what to do, especially in those moments when it seems that only a God can help. The conclusion and appendix show that Gottsched’s influence on the journalism of the Enlightenment can also be observed in Kant’s reading and adoption of motives from Addison’s “Spectator”: Gottsched commissioned the translation. Kant refers in Funk’s necrology to a story (“The Visions of Mirza”) told by Addison, picturing human life as a dilapidated bridge with many traps. One misstep, and the protagonist falls into the abyss.0602202674010.5922/0207-6918-2024-4-1https://journals.kantiana.ru/kant_collection/15834/83354/Addison, J., 1751. Das 159ste Stück [„Die Gesichte des Mirzah“]. Übersetzt von J. J. Schwabe. In: L. A. V. Gottsched, J. C. Gottsched und J. J. Schwabe, Hg. 1751. Der Zuschauer. Aus dem Engländischen übersetzt. Zweyter Theil. Leipzig: Breitkopf, S. 380-386.Addison, J., 1965. The Visions of Mirza [1711]. In: Addison, J. and Steele, R. 1965. The Spectator. Volume 3. Edited by D. F. Bond. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 121-126.Addison, J. and Steele, R., 1965. The Spectator. 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Erlewein und M. Walter. Leiden & Paderborn: Brill / Fink.Kierdorf, W., 1980. Laudatio funeralis. Interpretationen und Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung der römischen Leichenrede. Meisenheim a. d. Glan: Verlag Anton Hain.Kierdorf, W., 2003. Consolatio as a Literary Genre. In: H. Cancik, H. Schneider and C.F. Salazar, eds. 2003. Brill’s New Pauly. Encyclopedia of the Ancient World. English Edition. Volume III. Leiden & Boston: Brill, col. 704-706.Levinas, E., 2002. En découvrant l’existence avec Husserl et Heidegger. Troisième édition Paris: Vrin.Lucretius Carus, 2019. De rerum natura libri VI. Herausgegeben von M. Deufert. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110959512Malter, R., 1990. Immanuel Kant in Rede und Gespräch. Hamburg: Felix Meiner.Metzger, J. D., 1804. Äußerungen über Kant, seinen Charakter und seine Meinungen. [Königsberg]: s.n.Moritz, K. P., 1886. Anton Reiser. Ein psychologischer Roman. Stuttgart: G. J. Göschen’sche Verlangshandlung.Perkams, M., 2023. 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Terentii Afri Comoediae. Herausgegeben von A. Fleckeisen. Leipzig: Teubner.Tutrone, F., 2023. Healing Grief. A Commentary to Seneca’s Ad Marciam. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter.Walter, M., 2024. Kants Sendschreiben zum Tod des Studenten Johann Friedrich von Funk (1760). Zur literaturhistorischen Einordnung. Teil 1: Gottsched und die Königliche Deutsche Gesellschaft zu Königsberg. Kantian Journal, 43(2), S. 7-49.Warda, A., 1922. Immanuel Kants Bücher. Berlin: Martin Breslauer.Waren, J., 2004. Facing Death. Epicurus and His Cirtics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.«Трансцендентальный коллапс»: аналитическое прочтение КантаA.A.MedovaReshetnev Siberian State University of Science and TechnologyKrasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after V.P. AstafyevThe starting point for this study is Kant’s approach to stating the problem of the conditions of possibility of experience and the thesis of the possibility of objects of experience (KrV, В 197). The thesis lends itself to three interpretations: the creationist interpretation, whereby a priori structures of understanding and reason create objects of experience; the moderate interpretation, in which a priori structures of understanding and reason objectify and identify intuitions; and the transcendental realist interpretation, which presents objects of experience as objectively existing. I then analyse the “polemical” style of the reading of Kant presented in the works of H. J. Paton, P. F. Strawson, J. Bennett, and others. This approach focuses on the problem of the possibility of experience, with its main source being Kant’s argument for causality in the Second Analogy from the Critique of Pure Reason. As a consequence of its polemic, this approach, as formulated by Bennett, treats the problem of the conditions of the possibility of experience as the problem of imposing a causal order on nature. Based on the results of my analysis, I propose two formulations of the above problem, which reflect the epistemic and ontological points of view respectively. In the former case, we have the problem of the “vicious circle” of cognition, while in the latter case we have “transcendental collapse” — that is, the problem of the correlation between reason and reality which acquires the transcendental property of “paradoxical compatibility”. Finally, I discuss the importance of the problem, arguing that it is the foundation of transcendental philosophy, and that which makes it productive.06022026416910.5922/0207-6918-2024-4-2https://journals.kantiana.ru/kant_collection/15834/83357/Bennett, J., 1966. Kant’s Analytic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Bennett, J., 1968. Strawson on Kant. The Philosophical Review, 77(3), pp. 340-349.Chaly, V. A., 2004. Some Aspects of the Interpretation of the Critique of Pure Reason by Sir Peter Strawson. Kantian Journal, 1(24), pp. 88-103. (In Rus.)Fodor, J. A., 1990. Theory of Content and Other Essays. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Hanna, R., 2001. Kant and the Foundations of Analytic Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Kant, I., 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated and edited by P. Guyer and A. W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 1999. Correspondence. Translated and edited by A. Zweig. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 2000. Critique of the Power of Judgment. Edited by P. Guyer, translated by P. Guyer and E. Matthews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Makeeva, L. B., 2013. Analytical Philosophy, its History and Kant. Kantian Journal, 2(44), pp. 56-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/0207-6918-2013-2-5 (In Rus.)Mazijk, C. van, 2020. Perception and Reality in Kant, Husserl, and McDowell. New York: Routledge.Medova, A. A., 2021. Kant’s Postulates of Modality and the Perspective of Transcendentalism. In: A. M. Feigelman, ed. 2021. Revoljucija i evoliuciya: modeli razvitija v nauke, kul’ture, sociume: Trudy III Vserossijskoi nauchnoi konferencii [Revolution and Evolution: Models of Development in Science, Culture, and Society: Proceedings of the III All-Russian Scientific Conference]. Moscow: Russian Society of History and Philosophy of Science, pp. 313-317.Medova, A. A., 2022. Genesis A Priori and the Paradox of Transcendentalism. In: A. V . Smirnov and Y. M. Reznik, 2022. Filosofija v policentrichnom mire. K 100-letiju so dnja rozhdenija A. A. Zinov’eva: Izbr. trudy VIII Rossijskogo filosofskogo kongressa [Philosophy in a Polycentric World. On the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of A. A. Zinoviev: Selected Proceedings of the VIII Russian Philosophical Congress]. Moscow: Sam Poligrafist Ltd., pp. 323-337.Meillassoux, Q., 2008. After Finitude. An Essay on the Necessity of Contingency. London & New York: Continuum.Miroshnichenko, M. D., 2017. Transcendentalism and the Arche-Fossil: How a Phenomenology of the ‘Non-Given’ can be Possible? Philosophy Journal, 10(4), pp. 104-120. https://doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2017-10-4-104-120 (In Rus.)Paton, H. J., 1936. Kant’s Metaphysic of Experience. A Commentary on the First Half of the Kritik der reinen Vernunft. In Two Volumes. Volume 2. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.Pris, F. -I., 2014. The Problem of Access in the Theory of Epistemological Disjunctivism. Philosophical Thought, 10, pp. 1-25, [online] Available at: https://nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=13641 [Accessed 11 August 2023].Pritchard, D., 2012. Epistemological Disjunctivism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Putnam, H., 1981. Reason, Truth, and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Sellars, W., 1967. Some Remarks on Kant’s Theory of Experience. The Journal of Philosophy, 64(20), pp. 633-647.Soboleva, M. E., 2017. Analytical Kantian Studies, Transcendental Idealism and the Thing-in-Itself. Kantian Journal, 36(4), pp. 88-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/0207-6918-2017-4-6 (In Rus.)Strawson, P. F., 1966. The Bounds of Sense: An Essay on Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. London & New York: Routledge.Van Cleve, J., 1999. Problems from Kant. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.Westphal, K. R., 2021. Kant’s Transcendental Deduction of the Categories: Critical Re-Examination, Elucidation and Corroboration. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.Понятие морального чувства в этике КантаA.V.PovecherovaInstitute of Philosophy RASThe concept of “moral sense”, introduced into the philosophical lexicon by Ashley-Cooper Shaftesbury and Francis Hutcheson, has found a place in the teachings of many thinkers. Immanuel Kant was one of them. The position of the theory of moral sense, which exerted a formative influence on Kant’s moral philosophy, varied as it evolved from the pre-critical to the critical period of Kant’s work. In order to find out what this influence was, I first reconstructed the views of Shaftesbury on the nature of the moral sense and then proceeded to analyse the place of this concept in Hutcheson’s philosophy. In the case of the former the moral sense is closely linked with the aesthetic categories of the beautiful and the ugly which correspond respectively to the aesthetic categories of good and evil. The latter associates the moral sense with reason. I then examine Kant’s attitude to the concept of moral sense. First I look at the works of the pre-critical period in which this concept is used and conclude that Kant may have borrowed the concept from Hutcheson. At the same time Kant makes this concept an object of his immanent critique because already now the question arises of the nature and character of virtue and the possibility of its being estimated impartially. Next I turn to Kant’s works of the critical period in which he is more emphatic in claiming that the moral sense cannot be a criterion in making ethical judgments. However, Kant does not exclude this concept from his practical philosophy, but explains it in a different way from the views both of British sentimentalists and from his own views of the pre-critical period. Accordingly, the moral sense is no longer a sensation, but occupies a place in-between feelings as such and reason.06022026709810.5922/0207-6918-2024-4-3https://journals.kantiana.ru/kant_collection/15834/83358/Abramov, M. A., 2000. Shotlandskaya filosofiya veka Prosveshcheniya [Scottish Philosophy of the Age of Enlightenment]. Moscow: IFRAN. (In Rus.)Apressyan, R. G., 2007. Kant and the Ethics of Moral Sense. In: N. V. Motroshilova, ed. 2007. Immanuil Kant: nasledie i proekt [Immanuel Kant: Legacy and Project]. Moscow: Kanon+, pp. 259-271. (In Rus.)Apressyan, R. G., 2015. The Concept of Moral Sense in the Ethics of Francis Hutcheson. Ethical Thought, 15, pp. 170-201. (In Rus.)Artemieva, O. V., 2018. The Problem of moral ability in Modern Ethics. Ethical Thought, 18(2), pp. 72-85. (In Rus.)Burke, E., 1767. A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful. London: J. Dodsley.Cohen, A., 2018. Kant on Moral Feelings, Moral Desires and the Cultivation of Virtue. In: S. Sedgwick and D. Emundts, eds. 2018. Begehren / Desire. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 3-18.Dunn, N., 2024. Kant on Moral Feeling and Practical Judgment. In: E. Valdez, ed. 2024. Rethinking Kant, Volume 7. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 72-96.Falduto, A., 2014. The Faculties of the Human Mind and the Case of Moral Feeling in Kant’s Philosophy. Boston: De Gruyter.Guyer P., 2010. Moral Feelings in the Metaphysics of Morals. In: L. Denis, ed. 2010. Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals: A Critical Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 130-151.Hutcheson, F., 2004. An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.Kant, I., 1992a. Attempt to Introduce the Concept of Negative Magnitudes into Philosophy. In: I. Kant, 1992. Theoretical Philosophy, 1755—1770. Edited by D. Walford. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 203-242.Kant, I., 1992b. Inquiry Concerning the Distinctness of the Principles of Natural Theology and Morality. In: I. Kant, 1992. Theoretical Philosophy, 1755—1770. Edited by D. Walford. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 243-286.Kant, I., 1996. Critique of Practical Reason. In: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Translated and edited by M. J. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 133-272.Kant, I., 1997. Lectures on Ethics. Edited by P. Heath and J. B. Schneewind, translated by P. Heath. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 2000. Critique of the Power of Judgment. Translated by P. Guyer, edited by P. Guyer and E. Matthews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 133-272.Kant, I., 2002. On a Recently Prominent Tone of Superiority in Philosophy. In: I. Kant, 2002. Theoretical Philosophy after 1781. Edited by H. Allison and P. Heath, translated by G. Hatfield and M. Friedman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 425-446.Kant, I., 2005. The Metaphysics of Morals. In: I. Kant, 2005. Practical Philosophy. Edited by M. J. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 353-604.Kant, I., 2007. Essay on the Maladies of the Head. In: I. Kant, 2007. Anthropology, History, and Education. Edited by G. Zöller and R.B. Louden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 63-77.Kant, I., 2011a. Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime. In: Kant, 2011. Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime and Other Writings. Edited by P. Frierson and P. Guyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 11-64.Kant, I., 2011b. Remarks in the Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime. In: Kant, 2011. Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime and Other Writings. Edited by P. Frierson and P. Guyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 65-204.Kant, I., 2016a. The Natural Law of Feyerabend. Introduction (Ending). Kantian Journal, 4, pp. 56-62. (In Rus.)Kant, I., 2016b. Lezioni sul Diritto Naturale (Naturrecht Feyerabend). Milano: Bompiani.Khatcheson, F., 1973. Issledovanie o proiskhozhdenii nashikh idei krasoty i dobrodeteli [An Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue]. In: M. F. Ovsyannikov, ed. 1973. Frensis Khatcheson. David Yum. Adam Smit. Estetika [Francis Hutcheson. David Hume. Adam Smith. Aesthetics], Moscow, pp. 41-261. (In Rus.)Kolomý, V., 2023. Kant on Moral Feeling and Respect. Kantian Review, 28, pp. 105-123.Kulenkampff, J., 2004. Moralisches Gefühl oder moral sense: wie berechtigt ist Kants Kritik? Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik, 12, pp. 233-251.Kuznetsov, V. N., Meerovskii, B. V. and Gryaznov, A. F., 1986. Zapadnoevropeiskaya filosofiya XVIII veka [Western European Philosophy of the 18th Century]. Moscow: Vysshaya shkola. (In Rus.)Povecherova, A. V., 2021. The Concept of Moral Feeling in the Practical Philosophy of A. Shaftesbury, F. Hutcheson and I. Kant. In: A.G. Kataeva, ed. 2021. Prepodavanie yazykov i kul’tur v paradigme gumanitarnogo obrazovaniya: Materialy IV Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii [Teaching Languages and Cultures in the Paradigm of Humanitarian Education: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference]. Moscow: RGGU, pp. 222-233. (In Rus.)Sensen, O., 2012. The Role of Feelings in Kant’s Moral Philosophy. Studi Kantiani, 25, pp. 45-58.Shamis, D. A., 2015. Moral Feeling as Foundation of Knowledge in the Field of Morality. Tomsk State University Journal. Philosophy. Sociology. Political Science, 4, pp. 230-239. (In Rus.)Shaftesbury, A. A. C., 1977. An Inquiry Concerning Virtue, or Merit. Edited by D. Walford. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Tilley, J., 2012. Exciting Reasons and Moral Rationalism in Hutcheson’s Illustrations upon the Moral Sense. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 50(1), pp. 53-83.Walschots, M., 2017. Hutcheson and Kant: Moral Sense and Moral Feeling. In: C.W. Surprenant and E. Robinson, eds. 2017. Kant and the Scottish Enlightenment. London: Routledge, pp. 36-54.Zelenskii, O. A., 2015. Shaftesbury and Hutcheson as Theories of Moral Sense. Aktual’nye voprosy obshchestvennykh nauk: sotsiologiya, politologiya, filosofiya, istoriya [Current Issues of Social Sciences: Sociology, Political Science, Philosophy, History], 5-6(46), pp. 51-56. (In Rus.)Принципы оценки (diiudicatio) и исполнения (executio) в практической философии Канта (на материале «Естественного права Файерабенда» и лекций по этике)L.E.KryshtopPatrice Lumumba Рeoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)Patrice Lumumba Рeoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University).This paper is concerned with the principles of adjudication (diiudicatio, Beurteilung) and execution (executio, Ausübung) in the notes of Kant’s lectures on natural right (“Feyerbend’s Natural Right”). In this manuscript these principles are used as a binary scheme twice, each time in the introduction to the first chapter. To explain the meaning of these concepts I use other cases of their use in Kant’s philosophy. I have established that they are used as a pair only in the notes of various lecture courses and in rough drafts. The majority of these uses occur in the pre-critical period. In the critical period they can be encountered only in the first half of the 1780s. The latest case occurs in “Feyerabend’s Natural Right”. More often than not these terms are used in moral philosophy. Here they have two main meanings: the principle of adjudication corresponds to the objective foundation of volition, whereas the principle of execution points to the objective foundation; to adjudicate moral duty reason alone is enough, to execute it external (divine) will needs to be posited. The research has established that Kant borrows these concepts from the lecture course on logic where their main meaning is different: the principle of adjudication serving to determine theoretical cognition and the principle of execution, practical cognition. The source of the transformation that occurred in transferring these concepts to the sphere of moral philosophy is Meier’s Compendium. The pair is not used in it but the separation of knowledge into theoretical and practical is present. Meier defines practical knowledge as knowledge that can affect volition. “Feyerabend’s Natural Right” reflects all three meanings of the principles of adjudication and execution.060220269912410.5922/0207-6918-2024-4-4https://journals.kantiana.ru/kant_collection/15834/83360/Adickes, E., 1925. Einleitung in die Abteilung des handschriftlichen Nachlasses. In: I. Kant, 1925. Gesammelte Schriften, Band XIV. Berlin & Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter, pp. XXXV-XLVII.Allison, H., 2013. Autonomy in Kant and German Idealism. In: O. Sensen, ed. 2013. Kant on Moral Autonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 129-145.Bobrova, A. S., 2022. The “Vienna Logic” of the 18th Century and the Destiny of Practical Logic in the 20th and 21st Centuries. In: I. Kant, 2022. Venskaja logika [The Vienna Logic]. Moscow: Kanon-Plus, pp. 161-188.Brandt, R., 1982. Das Erlaubnisgesetz, oder: Vernunft und Geschichte in Kants Rechtslehre. In: R. Brandt, ed. 1982. Rechtsphilosophie der Aufklärung. Symposium Wolfenbüttel. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 233-285.Brandt, R., 2010. Immanuel Kant — was bleibt? Hamburg: Meiner.Delfosse, H. P., Hinske, N. and Sadun Bordoni, G., 2010—2014. Kant-Index, Band 30: Stellenindex und Konkordanz zum „Naturrecht Feyerabend“, Teil 1: Einleitung des „Naturrechts Feyerabend“. Stuttgart — Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog.Düsing, K., 1971. Das Problem des höchsten Gutes in Kants praktischen Philosophie. Kant-Studien, 62(1), pp. 5-42.Erdmann, B., 1882—1884. Reflexionen Kants zur kritischen Philosophie. Leipzig: Fues.Goy, I., 2007. Immanuel Kant über das moralische Gefühl der Achtung, Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung, 61(3), pp. 337-360.Guyer, P., 2012. Stellenindex und Konkordanz zum Naturrecht Feyerabend, Teil I: Einleitung des Naturrechts Feyerabend. Ratio Juris, 25, pp. 110-116.Hinske, N., 1977. Die Datierung der Reflexion 3716 und die generellen Datierungsprobleme des Kantischen Nachlasses. Erwiderung auf Josef Schmucker. Kant-Studien, 68, pp. 321-340.Hinske, N., 2014. An Annoticed Kant’s Commentary to the “Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals” (1785) from 1784. History of Philosophy Yearbook 2014, pp. 31-38. (In Rus.)Hirsch, P.-A., 2012. Kants Einleitung in die Rechtslehre von 1784. Immanuel Kants Rechtsbegriff in der Moralvorlesung „Mrongovius II“ und der Naturrechtsvorlesung „Feyerabend“ von 1784 sowie in der „Metaphysik der Sitten“ von 1797. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag.Kant, I., 1992. Lectures on Logic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 1997. Lectures on Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kant, I., 2010. Direito Natural Feyerabend (Curso de Direito Natural (1784), segundo as anotações do aluno Gottfried Feyerabend). Introdução. Cadernos de Filosofia Alemã, 15, pp. 97-113.Kant, I., 2016a. Lezioni sul Diritto Naturale (Naturrecht Feyerabend). Testo tedesco a fronte, a cura di N. Hinske, G. Sadun Bordoni. Milano: Bompiani.Kant, I., 2016b. Natural Right Course Lecture Notes by Feyerabend. In: I. Kant, 2016. Lectures and Drafts on Political Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 81-180.Kant, I., 2016c. Natural Right Lecture Notes by Feyerabend. Introduction. Kantian Journal, 3(57), pp. 75-81. (In Rus.)Kant, I., 2016d. Natural Right Lecture Notes by Feyerabend. Introduction, part 2. Kantian Journal, 35(4), pp. 56-62. (In Rus.)Kant, I., 2017. Jus publicum universale absolutum. Kantian Journal, 36(3), pp. 77-82. (In Rus.)Krauß, W., 1926/1932. Untersuchungen zu Kants moralphilosophischen Vorlesungen. Philos. Dissertation. Tübingen: s.n.Kryshtop, L., 2016. Natural Right Notes Feyerabend and Their Value for Kant Studies. Kantian Journal, 3(57), pp. 67-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/0207-6918-2016-3-6 (In Rus.)Kryshtop, L., 2018. Kant’s Lecture Notes on Logic and Their Importance for Kant’s Practical Philosophy Studies. Voprosy filosofii, 9, pp. 175-185. (In Rus.)Kryshtop, L., 2022. Kant’s Lectures on Logic and Their Significance for Сontemporary Kant Studies. Voprosy filosofii, 4, pp. 105-115.Kuehn, M., 2010. Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals: Its History and Significance of Its Deferral. In: L. Denis, ed. 2010. Kant’s “Metaphysics of Morals”. A Critical Guide. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9-27.Kühn, M., 2004. Einleitung. In: W. Stark ed. 2004. Immanuel Kant. Vorlesung zur Moralphilosophie. New York: Meiner, pp. VII-XXXV.Meier, G. F., 1752. Auszug aus der Vernunftlehre. Halle: Johann Justinus Gebauer.Morrison, I., 2008. Kant and the Role of Pleasure in Moral Action. Athens: Ohio University Press.Sadun Bordoni, G., 2016, Introduzione. In: I. Kant, 2016. Lezioni sul Diritto Naturale (Naturrecht Feyerabend). Milano: Bompiani, pp. 9-50.Schlapp, O., 1901. Kants Lehre vom Genie und die Entstehung der “Kritik der Urteilskraft. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Schmitz, H., 1989. Was wollte Kant? Bonn: Bouvier Verlag.Schmucker, J., 1961. Die Ursprünge der Ethik Kants in seinen vorkritischen Schriften und Reflexionen. Meisenheim am Glan: A. Hain.Schmucker, J., 1976. Zur Datierung der Reflexion 3716. Das Versagen der Wortstatistik in der Frage der Datierung der frühen Kantischen Reflexionen zur Metaphysik, aufgewiesen an einem exemplarischen Fall. Kant-Studien, 67, pp. 73-101.Schwaiger, C., 1999. Kategorische und andere Imperative. Zur Entwicklung von Kants praktischer Philosophie bis 1785. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog.Schwaiger, C., 2005. Christian Wolffs Philosophia practica universalis. Zu ursprünglichem Gehalt und späterer Gestalt einer neuen Grundlagendisziplin. In: L. Cataldi Madonna, ed. 2005. Macht und Bescheidenheit der Vernunft. Beiträge zur Philosophie Christian Wolffs. Hildesheim: Olms, pp. 219-233.Timmermann, J., 2007. Kant’s Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: A Commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Walsh, J., 2024. Kant’s Principia Diiudicationis and Executionis. Kantian Review, [online] Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1369415424000050 [Accessed 28 August 2024].Young, J. M., 1992. Translator’s Introduction. In: I. Kant, 1992. Lectures on logic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. XV-XXXII.Библия — иллюстрированная книга морали? Кантовская «доктринальная герменевтика» и ее польза для моральной культуры человекаS.AbelMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-WittenbergThis research aims to present a coherent analysis of so-called “doctrinal hermeneutics” by examining notable passages from Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason and the Critique of the Power of Judgment. It is first shown that doctrinal hermeneutics essentially relies on symbolic hypotyposis, which can be understood as thinking by analogy supplemented with a reference to intuition. Here, both an historical and a contemporary interpretation inform the reconstruction of what Kant understands by “symbolic hypotyposis”. Further, the specific nature of the ideas that Kant develops in Religion is examined, and it is shown that these are to be classified as ‘impure’ ideas — in contrast to the ‘pure’ ideas dealt with in the second Critique, e.g., of God. With the analogy and the distinction between pure/impure, it is possible to locate the entirety of ideas within a taxonomy. Finally, it is explored the specific purpose of such “symbolic interpretation”, and it is demonstrated that the value in question lies precisely in the ability to bridge the gap between intuition and concepts of pure reason. In this way, we can approach the incomprehensibilities and paradoxes faced by the human being who, while under the authority of the moral law, is nevertheless constituted “naturally”. This type of moral interpretation also positively influences the moral motivation of the interpreter.0602202612515410.5922/0207-6918-2024-4-5https://journals.kantiana.ru/kant_collection/15834/83362/Caruth, C., 1988. The Force of Example: Kant’s Symbols. Yale French Studies, 74, S. 17-37.Dörflinger, B., 2006. Offenbarung — nicht jedermanns Sache. Kants Kritik der historischen Religionen. In: B. Dörflinger, G. Krieger und M. Scheuer, Hg. 2006. Wozu Offenbarung? Zur philosophischen und theologischen Begründung von Religion. Paderborn: Schöningh, S. 141-164.Dörflinger, B., 2009. Über den aufgeklärten Umgang mit Gottes Wort. Kant zur Auslegung „heiliger“ Schriften. In: Ch. Bermes, E.W. Orth und P. Welsen, Hg. 2009. Die Kultur des Textes. Studien zur Textualität. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, S. 123-141.Dörflinger, B., 2010. Kants Jesus. In: W. N. Bryuschinkin, Hg. 2010. X. Kant-Tagung. Klassische Vernunft und Herausforderungen der modernen Zivilisation. Materialien der Internationalen Konferenz. Bd. 1. Kaliningrad: IKBFU Press, S. 34-45.Dörflinger, B., 2012a. Die personifizierte Idee des Guten. Zugleich ein Beitrag zu Kants Christologie. In: B. Dörflinger und G. Kruck, Hg. 2012. Worauf Vernunft hinaussieht. Kants regulative Ideen im Kontext von Teleologie und praktischer Philosophie. Hildesheim & Zürich & New York: Olms, S. 177-189.Dörflinger, B., 2012b. Kant über das Ende der historischen Religionen. In: R. Hiltscher und S. Klingner, Hg. 2012. Kant und die Religion. Die Religionen und Kant. Hildesheim & Zürich & New York: Olms, S. 159-175.Forschner, M., 2009. Idee und Anschauung in Kants Religionsphilosophie. In: H. F. Klemme, Hg. 2009. Kant und die Zukunft der europäischen Aufklärung. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter, S. 143-164.Geismann, G., 2000. Sittlichkeit, Religion und Geschichte in der Philosophie Kants. Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik, 8, S. 437-531.Klingner, S., 2015. Kant und der Monotheismus der Vernunftreligion. Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 97(4), S. 458-480.Klingner, S., 2022. Wofür eine „Religionsschrift“? Kant über die Menschen und ihre moralische Kultur durch Religion. In: B. Himmelmann & C. Serck-Hanssen, Hg. 2022. The Court of Reason. Akten des XIII. Internationalen Kant-Kongresses. Bd. 3. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter, S. 1985-1995.Klingner, S., 2023. Kant und die Erzählung vom Ursprung des Bösen. In: S. Abel und D. Hüning, Hg. 2023. Religion, Moral und Kirchenglaube. Beiträge zu Kants „Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft“ (1793). Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter, S. 43-66.Madonna, L. C., 1994. Die unzeitgemäße Hermeneutik Christian Wolffs. In: A. Bühler, Hg. 1994. Unzeitgemäße Hermeneutik. Verstehen und Interpretation im Denken der Aufklärung. Frankfurt a. M.: Vittorio Klostermann, S. 26-42.Maly, S., 2012. Kant über die symbolische Erkenntnis Gottes. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter.Mellin, G. S. A., 1797. Encyclopädisches Wörterbuch der kritischen Philosophie oder Versuch einer fasslichen und vollständigen Erklärung der in Kants kritischen und dogmatischen Schriften enthaltenen Begriffe und Sätze. Bd. 1. Züllichau & Leipzig: F. Fromann.Niquet, M., 2001. Transzendentale Anthropologie und die Begründung der praktischen Philosophie. In: V. Gerhardt, R.-P. Horstmann und R. Schumacher, Hg. 2001. Kant und die Berliner Aufklärung. Akten des IX. Internationalen Kant-Kongresses. Bd. IV. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter, S. 405-415.Ruhstorfer, K., 2005. Kirchlichkeit und christlicher Offenbarungsglaube in der Religionsphilosophie Immanuel Kants. In: N. Fischer, Hg. 2005. Der Katholizismus und Kant: Stationen einer wechselhaften Geschichte. Freiburg i. Br. & Basel & Wien: Herder, S. 58-81.Schwarz, G., 2006. Gott — eine Frage der Moral? Die Identität von Gott und reiner praktischer Vernunft in der Philosophie Immanuel Kants. In: G. Kruip, M. Fischer, Hg. 2006. Als gäbe es Ihn nicht — Vernunft und Gottesfrage heute. Berlin & Münster: Lit, S. 55-63.Любовь Аксельрод о Канте: осмысление марксистских дискуссий 1920—1930-х годов в СССРT.G.ShchedrinaMoscow Pedagogical State University (MPGU)I.O.ShchedrinaHSE UniversityJ.StolzenbergMartin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU)The authors attempt to look back on discussions of Marxist philosophy and historical materialism in this country without censoring, obfuscating, or simplifying issues in order to assess the prospects of their development. They focus on the work of a follower of Georgy Plekhanov, Lyubov Axelrod, who, in developing the concept of historical materialism, turned to Kant. Axelrod’s published works (from early articles and a dissertation on Tolstoy’s worldview, to her mature works on the history of materialism and philosophical-sociological texts on literary classics) and her epistolary legacy (most notably her correspondence with Plekhanov) show that, for her, rethinking the ideas of Kant was a reference point in the “critique of criticism” directed at the epistemological reasoning of Neo-Kantians, on the one hand, and at the Russian thinkers who had embraced “idealism” on the other. This was essentially the approach adopted by scholars at the Historical Materialism Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences (headed by Vladislav Zh. Kelle) and, even more importantly, this approach is still relevant to the study of the principle of historicity in philosophy and science in Russia today. Analysing the debates between “dialecticians” (headed up by Abram M. Deborin) and “mechanicists” (with whom Axelrod is often identified), the authors hold that, in epistemological terms, her scientific-philosophical concepts of the materialist interpretation of the tradition of historicity is a kind of bridge between the pre-revolutionary tradition of “positive” philosophy on Russian soil, and Marxism as it existed in the USSR.0602202615516810.5922/0207-6918-2024-4-6https://journals.kantiana.ru/kant_collection/15835/83364/Axelrod, E. L., 1902. Tolstois Weltanschauung und ihre Entwicklung. Stuttgart: Druck der Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft.Axelrod (Ortodox), L. I., 1906. Dual Truth in Modern German Philosophy. In: L. I. Axelrod (Ortodox), 1906. Filosofskie ocerki. Otvet filosofskim kritikam istoricheskogo materializma [Philosophical Essays. A Response to the Philosophical Critics of Historical Materialism]. St. Petersburg: Izd. M. M. Druzhininoj i A. N. Maksimovoj, pp. 9-10. (In Rus.)Axelrod, L. I., 1922. Protiv idealizma. Kritika nekotorykh idealisticheskikh techenij filosofskoj mysli. [Against Idealism. A Critique of Certain Idealist Currents of Philosophical Thought]. Moscow: GIZ. (In Rus.)Axelrod, L. I., 1923. The Course of Lectures on Historical Materialism. Lecture 2. Krasnaja nov’ [Red Novelty], 1(11), pp. 177-188. (In Rus.)Axelrod (Ortodox), L. I., 1924. Kritika osnov burzhuaznogo obshhestvovedenija i istoricheskij materializm. Kurs lekcij [Critique of the Foundations of Bourgeois Social Science and Historical Materialism. The Course of Lectures]. Issue I. Ivanovo-Voznesensk: Osnova. (In Rus.)Axelrod, L. I., 1927a. Fed Up! Krasnaja nov’ [Red Novelty], 3, pp. 171-181. (In Rus.)Axelrod, L. I., 1927b. Response to Our Differences. Krasnaja nov’ [Red Novelty], 5, pp. 136-164. (In Rus.)Boev, A., 2005. Lyubov Axelrod: The Story of a Non-Orthodox Orthodox. Scepsis: Magazine of Science and Social Criticism, 3/4. Available at: https://scepsis.net/library/id_395.html [Accessed 02 September 2024] (In Rus.)Bukharin, N. I., 1923. Teorija istoricheskogo materializma: Populjarnyj uchebnik marksistskoj sociologii [The Theory of Historical Materialism: A Popular Textbook of Marxist Sociology]. Moscow & Petrograd: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo. (In Rus.)Filatov, V. P., 1995. Axelrod Lyubov Isaakovna. In: A. I. Abramov, ed. 1995. Russkaya filosofiya. Malyj entsiklopedicheskij slovar’ [Russian Philosophy. Small Encyclopedic Dictionary]. Moscow: Nauka, p. 14. (In Rus.)Kant, I., 2006. Toward Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch. In: I. Kant, 2006. Toward Perpetual Peace and Other Writings on Politics, Peace, and History. Edited and with an introduction by P. Kleingeld; translated by D. L. Colclasure. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, pp. 67-109.Korgunyuk, Yu. G., 1991. “Materializm i empiriokriticizm” i ego kritiki [Materialism and Empiriocriticism and Its Critics]. Voprosy filosofii, 12, pp. 27-38. (In Rus.)Krouglov, A. N., 2024. Filosofiya Kanta v Rossii [Kant’s Philosophy in Russia]. Kaliningrad: IKBFU Press. (In Rus.)Mareeva, E. V., 2017. The Methodological Aspect of the Dispute Between Mechanists and Dialecticians about Spinoza. Voprosy filosofii, 1, pp. 91-101. (In Rus.)Motroshilova, N. V., 2006. Mysliteli Rossii i filosofiya Zapada [Thinkers of Russia and Western Philosophy]. V. Solovyov. N. Berdyaev. S. Frank. L. Shestov. Moscow: Respublika & Kul’turnaya revolyutsiya. (In Rus.)Plekhanov, G. V. and Axelrod, L. I., 1934. Correspondence. In: A. V. Lunacharsky, F. D. Kretov and R. M. Plekhanova, eds. 1934. Literaturnoe nasledie G. V. Plekhanova [Literary Heritage of G.V. Plekhanov]. Volume 1. Moscow: SotsEkGiz, pp. 283-380. (In Rus.)Plotnikova, A. Y., Plotnikov, V. Y. and Shchedrina, T. G., 2024. Chronicle of the Life and Work of L. I. Axelrod. In: A. V. Buzgalin, L. A. Bulavka-Buzgalina, B. I. Pruzhinin and T. G. Shchedrina, 2024. Russkiy marksizm [Russian Marxism]: Lev Davidovich Trotsky, Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, Lyubov Isaakovna Axelrod, Abram Moiseevich Deborin. М.: Nauchno-politicheskaya kniga, pp. 317-323.Pruzhinin, B. I. and Kelle, V. Zh., 2014. A Conversation. In: N. S. Avtonomova and T. G. Shchedrina, eds. 2014. Kul’turno-istoricheskaja epistemologija: problemy i perspektivy. K 70-letiju Borisa Isaevicha Pruzhinina [Cultural-Historical Epistemology: Problems and Prospects. On the Occasion of the 70th Anniversary of Boris I. Pruzhinin]. Moscow: Politicheskaja entsiklopediya, 2014, pp. 486-497. (In Rus.)Pustarnakov, V. F., 2020. Axelrod. In: M. A. Maslin, ed. 2020. Russkaya filosofiya: Entsiklopediya [Russian Philosophy: Encyclopedia], Third Edition. Moscow: Mir filosofii, p. 14. (In Rus.)Shchedrina, T. G. and Shchedrina, I. O., 2022. Immanuel Kant in the Historical Philosophy of Gustav Shpet. Kantian Journal, 41(3), pp. 124-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/0207-6918-2022-3-5Sidorin, V. V., 2021. Lyubov Isaakovna Axelrod. In: A. V. Chernyaev and T. G. Shchedrina, 2021. Institut nauchnoj filosofii. Nachalo [Institute of Scientific Philosophy. The Beginning]. Moscow: Politicheskaya entsiklopediya, pp. 144-152. (In Rus.)State Academy of Artistic Sciences, 1926. Lyubov’ Isaakovna Aksel’rod. K XXV-letiju nauchno-literaturnoj dejatel’nosti [Lyubov I. Axelrod. On the 25th Anniversary of Scientific and Literary Activity]. Moscow: GAKhN. (In Rus.)Trotsky, L., 1986. Trotskyʼs Notebooks, 1933—1935: Writings on Lenin, Dialectics, and Evolutionism. New York: Columbia University Press.Vanchugov, V. V., 1996. Zhenshhiny v filosofii (Iz istorii filosofii v Rossii konca XIX — nachala XX vv.) [Women in Philosophy (From the History of Philosophy in Russia in the Late 19th and the Early 20th Century)]. Moscow: RIC “Piligrim”, pp. 240-247. (In Rus.)Yakhot, I., 1991. The Suppression of Philosophy in the USSR (1920s—1930s). Voprosy filosofii, 9, pp. 44-68. (In Rus.)Zorina, E. V. and Kulakova, T. V., 2002. Axelrod [Orthodox], Lyubov Isaakovna (Itzikovna). In: P. V. Alekseev, ed. 2002. Filosofy Rossii XIX—XX stoletij. Biografii, idei, Trudy [Philosophers of Russia in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Biographies, Ideas, Works]. Fourth Edition. Moscow: Akademicheskij proekt, p. 35. (In Rus.)Учение Канта о войне и мире в философии просвещения и немецкого идеализма. Обзор IV Международной летней школы по изучению наследия Иммануила КантаA.O.SabanovImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversityThis article presents a report of the Fourth Immanuel Kant International Summer School devoted to Kant’s doctrine of war and peace (24-31 July 2022), organised by the Academia Kantiana of the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University with the support of the “Petersburg Dialog” Forum. The lectures of the School’s scientific supervisor, Alexei N. Krouglov, address a wide range of topics: the sources of Kant’s doctrine on war and peace, Kant’s political views and their inherent contradictions, analysis of Kant’s treatise on perpetual peace, as well as its early reception and current discussions. The conference of young scholars heard 22 papers whose content is reviewed here. Among the topics were the cultural, social and intellectual conditions in which the treatise on perpetual peace appeared, its influence on the creation of the League of Nations, the UN and the EU; intersections with twentieth-century philosophical projects were also covered. Some original interpretations were offered.0602202616918210.5922/0207-6918-2024-4-7https://journals.kantiana.ru/kant_collection/15836/83367/Dmitrieva, N. A., ed. 2022. IV Letnyaya shkola po izucheniyu naslediya Immanuila Kanta. Uchenie Kanta o voyne i mire v filosofii Prosveshcheniya i nemetskogo idealizma [The Fourth International Kant Summer School. Kant’s Doctrine of War and Peace in the Philosophy of the Enlightenment and German Idealism]. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, Zelenogradsk, Kaliningrad Region, 24—31 July 2022. Kaliningrad: IKBFU Press.Kant, I., 2000. Critique of the Power of Judgment. Edited by P. Guyer. New York: Cambridge University Press.Krouglov, A. N., 2022. Hegel’s Bellicis View of War. Initial State and Early Works. RUDN Journal of Philosophy, 26(3), pp. 644-657. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2302-2022-26-3-644-657 (In Rus.)Krouglov, A. N., 2023. Hegel’s Bellicis View of War. Mature Works. RUDN Journal of Philosophy, 27(2), pp. 390-405. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2302-2023-27-2-390-405 (In Rus.)Krouglov, A. N., 2024. The Kantian Concept of Human Dignity Today. Kantian Journal, 43(1), pp. 47-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/0207-6918-2024-1-3