The modern economy of Russia’s Baltic regions in the municipal context
... settlements), three settlements of the Vyborg MA and one settlement of the Priozersky MA. The authors estimate the population of the St. Petersburg agglomeration at 6.5 million people, out of which 5.6 million people live in St. Petersburg. Since the total population of the Leningrad Region is more than 1.9 million people, it is easy to calculate that the agglomeration includes less than half of the residents of the Leningrad Region and, at least partially, only seven of the 17 municipal areas.
The ...
Spatial differentiation of rural territories in the Kaliningrad region: implications for socio-economic policies
... were 22,100 people employed in the industry, accounting for 4.4 % of the employed population. This includes 17,700 people involved in crop and livestock farming, hunting and related services, making up 3.5 % of the employed population and 7.5 % of the total rural population. Additionally, 1,700 were employed in forestry and timber harvesting, and 2,700 worked in fishing and fish farming.<2>
1
Rural population change and the number of people employed in agriculture, 1,000 people, 1990—2022
Compiled ...
Knowledge and innovation dynamics of the Northwest Russia under geopolitical changes
... technologies.
Study design
The first stage involves the assessment of scientific activity in Northwest Russia. Indicators for the analysis are the number of commissioned and performed R&D projects and expenditure on R&D by performers and consumers (total and per project). The considered period is 2019—2021. The share of the Northwest regions in the total performed and commissioned R&D in Russia allows us to assess the size of their scientific systems. This and other indicators in absolute values ...
Geography of the mobile internet in the border and interior regions of Russia
... as they determine everyday use of the internet and digital technologies. The study by Zemtsov et al. [25] substantiates the positive relationship between the share of the urban population with higher education and the share of online shoppers in the total regional population.
A high degree of geographical heterogeneity persists across the Russian internet space [25], [26]. The digital divide between urban and rural areas, towns and large cities is still significant [27], [28]. The article by Shestak ...
Population change and the settlement system transformation in Poland, as revealed by the 2021 census
... main reason for the decrease in Poland’s population between 2011 and 2021 was its natural decline (Table 1).
Demographic changes in Poland between 2011 and 2021, people per 1,000 population
Year
Migration gain
Birthrate
Mortality
Natural increase
Total gain
2011
– 0.3
10.2
9.9
– 0.3
0
2021
0.1
8.8
13.8
– 5
– 4.9
Compiled from: Population change — Demographic balance and crude rates at the national level, 2022, Eurostat, URL:
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_gind/default/table?...
Migration distances in Russia: a demographic profile of migrants
... age, and type of residential registration. The Euclidean distance between 130,000 geocoded Russian settlements was computed to estimate migration distances. These geospatial data enabled us to obtain estimations of migration distances by weighting the total distance of all migrations based on their respective numbers. The distance of internal migration was similarly estimated, taking into account age, sex, and type of residential registration. The findings revealed that 31.3 % of domestic residential ...
Territorial structure of inbound and domestic tourism in the Baltic States
... crime rate, a relatively high level of the locals’ ICT skills and affordable prices of services. Constraints to competitiveness include insufficient openness towards international travel and the paucity of natural and cultural resources.
In 2019, the total number of arrivals in Estonia was 3.3 million; in Latvia, 1.9 million; in Lithuania, 2.9 million.<3> The length of stay in the Baltic states varies from year to year, due to both global events and the low-base effect. In 2019, 4.2 million ...
Cross-border tourist mobility as seen by residents of the Karelian borderlands: COVID-19 restrictions
... ‘international inbound/outbound tourist flow’ [3] and ‘cross-border tourism’ [4], [5]. This circumstance points to some specific features of the life of modern society.
The broader term ‘transboundary tourist mobility’ denoting ‘the total inbound tourist flow of foreign citizens into Russia and outbound Russian tourist flow into foreign states’ [6] will be treated here as synonymous with ‘cross-border tourism’, with the emphasis placed solely on Russian-Finnish bilateral ...
Evangelical Lutheran church of Denmark: socio-economic and territorial-organisational aspects
... bishop and a diocesan council, with the bishop of the capital diocese being referred to as primus inter pares (first among equals), which does not confer special privileges. Dioceses are divided into deaneries. At the beginning of 2023, there were a total of 102 deaneries in the country. The lowest level of territorial division is represented by parishes. There are 2,159 of them in total, each governed by a parish priest and a parish council. To improve the efficiency of social activities, parishes ...
Comparative analysis of the territorial support frame of settlement in coastal areas: the case of St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad regions
... study uses statistics from Petrostat, the St. Petersburg and Leningrad regional branch of the Federal State Statistics Service (FSSS), and Kaliningradstat, the Kaliningrad regional branch of the agency.<1> Particularly, it looks at data on the total population from 2005 to 2022 as of January 2 of the corresponding years, the number of settlements and size of urban population as of 1 January 2022, the length of federal, regional and municipal public roads,<2> the length of public railways<3> ...
A typology of the Baltic region states according to excellence in science and technology
... countries (Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia), based on an analysis of a clustered set of national characteristics: R&D financing and staffing in the scientific and technological subsystem. A total of ten indicators, absolute and relative, are investigated. The study relies on combined grouping, graphical and cluster analysis to build a typology of countries and distinguish their types according to their scientific and technological excellence ...
Sanctions risks and regional development: Russian case
... exposure to possible sanctions risks
Threat
Exposure
indicator
Data source
Different hazardous
aspects / potential negative
impacts of sanctions risks
Threat of disruption of regional trade ties
Share of exports to unfriendly countries in the region’s total exports in 2019—2021
Customs services of Russia and other countries
Limited access to highly profitable markets of unfriendly countries
Unpreparedness of transport system for reorientation of trade flows
Share of imports from unfriendly countries ...
Priorities for the development of manufacturing industries in the Kaliningrad region
... Kaliningrad region had established itself on the national level as a significant manufacturing centre. In 2021, its companies accounted for 1.2 % of the national manufacturing production, whilst the population of the region did not exceed 0.7 % of the Russian total. The production output, both in absolute terms and relative to the national figures, had increased significantly compared to the 1991 level. Yet, this rise followed the decline of the 1990s, which was more dramatic in the region than across the ...
The spread of the COVID-19 infection in Russia’s Baltic macro-region: internal differences
... Baltic macro-region comprising seven Russian territories complicates the application of regression analysis, which is well suited for larger universes (dozens or hundreds of objects). It would be ill-considered to draw on municipal statistics, such as total and major-cause mortality, when analysing the spatial spread of the pandemic in the Baltic regions of Russia because data on COVID-19 mortality, especially in the first year of the pandemic, are generally recognised as insufficiently reliable ...
The geopolitical effect of the maritime factor on the spatial development of post-Soviet Russia: the Baltic case
... in the turnover of the Great Port of St. Petersburg, down by 37.5 % in 2022.<7> Finally, the increasingly strained Russian—Turkish relations are likely to complicate Russia’s subsea pipeline exports of natural gas through and through.
The total number of Russia’s coastal regions faced with socio-economic, transport-logistic and military-political complications has increased due to the military escalation in Ukraine. Now, these are not only the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol,...
The Visegrad Group and the Baltic Assembly: coalitions within the EU as seen through Russian foreign policy
... the population size, the volume of national GDP (table 1).
Table 1
Population of the Visegrad countries and the countries
of the Baltic Assembly in millions of people as of 01.01.2020 <15>
Countries
Population, million people
Percentage in the total population of the European Union
EU -282
512.3
100
Visegrad group – V4
63.6
12.4
Hungary
9.7
1.8
Poland
37.9
7.3
Slovakia
5.4
1.05
Czech Republic
10.6
2.06
Countries – BA / BCM
6.0
1.17
Latvia
1.9
0.37
Lithuania
2.8
0.54
Estonia
1.3
0.25
Source: ...
Foreign trade activity of the subjects of the Russian Federation: prospects for maintaining the geographical structure of supplies
... prospects for maintaining the existing supply geography becomes expedient. The article divides the subjects into four groups, taking into account the “new” criterion which determines the level of contribution of “unfriendly” countries to the total volume of exports and imports of Russian regions. The first group included the regions whose volume of interaction with “unfriendly” countries is more than 50 % of the total volume of their imports and exports. The second one brings together ...
Evaluating the efficiency of the research sector in Russian regions: a dynamic data envelopment analysis
... Z1, Z2, Z1T, Z2T are filled with numerical values (data).
When forming OUT and INS matrices, the * operator means the element-wise product, i. e., Hadamard rather than the matrix product.
The main procedure is as follows:
NMaximize[
Flatten[{
Part[ (Total /@ OUT), #],
Part[ (Total /@ INS), #] == 1,
Thread[ (Total /@ OUT) < = (Total /@INS)],
Thread / @Thread[OUT < = INS],
Thread[ VARS > 0 ]
}],
VARS] & /@Range[n]
Let us comment on this procedure. In Mathematica, all expressions are contained ...
University performance and regional development: the case of Russia’s North-West
... students
k6 — number of leading foreign professors and lecturers per 1,000 students
k7 — share of full-time students enrolled in bachelor’s, specialist’s, and master’s programmes having studied abroad for at least a semester (trimester) in the total number of students
Research
k8 — number of PhD students per 1,000 students
k9 — number of doctoral students per 1,000 students
k10 — number of researchers per 100 academic staff
k11 — number of license agreements per 1,000 academic staff
...
The adaptation of Russian regions’ economies to the rupture of relations with Europe: the case of Baltic Sea ports
... crisis, the European direction was the main priority of Russian foreign economic and foreign trade policy [1], [2].
The majority of Russian exports went to European countries. In the period from 2011 to 2014, the share of 37 European countries in the total Russian commodity exports was 53—55 %. After the launch of the first wave of anti-Russian sanctions, this share decreased, but not very much — from 2015 to 2021 it ranged from 42 to 49 %. For certain types of goods, it was even higher. For example,...
Three Russian Baltic regions in the context of confrontation between Russia and the West
... Russia. Although St. Petersburg had not fully regained its pre-crisis industrial output by 2021, it strategically diversified its economic functions, particularly through the burgeoning service sector. In 1997, St. Petersburg contributed 3.3 % to the total GDP of Russian regions, accounting for 2.3 % of shipped goods in its own industrial sector. By 2020, this share had increased to 5.6 % (with 4.1 % in the industrial sector), positioning St. Petersburg as the second-largest contributor to GDP, ranking ...
A new role of cooperation under economic sanctions as seen by residents of the Kaliningrad region
... the Kaliningrad region. Despite its relatively short history, the region’s consumer cooperative system comprises as many as 174 retail enterprises, with more than half operating in rural areas, 22 machine shops and 24 catering establishments. The total performance of consumer cooperatives in the Kaliningrad region amounted to 2.2 billion roubles in 2021 and approximately 1.2 billion in the first half of 2022. Governmental support is provided within the framework of the programme “Development ...
Changes in the structure and geography of tourist flows during the COVID-19 pandemic
... tourist flow to selected areas is used in this study. It is calculated as follows:
IВinbTour=
ΣTourinbBalt
× 100%,
Σtourinb
where IВinbTour stands for the contribution of the Baltic region to the structure of inbound tourism; ΣTourinbBalt, for the total inbound tourist flow from Baltic region states; Σtourinb, the total inbound flow.
The index was calculated to cover the whole Baltic Sea region (in the ‘narrow sense’), with the exception of Russia since entry to EU countries was restricted ...
The economy of Russian Baltic regions: development level and dynamics, structure and international trade partners
... data of the national census).<2>
Overview of Russia’s Baltic regions
Indicator
St. Petersburg
Leningrad region
Kaliningrad region
Area, 1,000 km2
1.4
83.9
15.1
Population, 1,000 people (as of 01.10.2021)
5602
2001
1030
The region as % of the total national:
area
0.008
0.490
0.088
population, 01.10.2021
3.81
1.36
0.70
GRP, 2019
5.40
1.29
0.55
international trade, 2020
7.52
1.58
1.50
Prepared based on data from:
Preliminary results of the 2021 National Census (
, RG.RU, URL:
https://rg.ru/2022/05/30/predvaritelnye-itogi-vserossijskoj-perepisi-naseleniia....
The sea factor in the federal regulation of Russia’s spatial development: post-Soviet experience and current priorities
... geopolitical terms — a balance that is constantly calibrated within the land-sea dichotomy and accompanied by the advanced development of coastal areas, regions and municipalities. In an even broader interpretation, the sea factor also encompasses the total influence (which has geopolitical and geo-ideological elements) exerted on a certain territory by the so-called maritime states and civilisations (as understood by Alfred Thayer Mahan [12]) as well as by trans-continental, trans-basin production ...
Hybrid texts as a form of interaction between avant-garde artistic and political discourses
... multimedia type of hybridization includes texts that use innovative technologies and new media channels while combining several information transfer channels. This way, a new system of relationships is built and the possibility arises to create a new ‘total work of art’.
Badiou, A., 2004. Delez. Shum bytiya [The noise of being]. Moscow (in Russ.).
Barthes, R., 1994. Izbrannye raboty: Semiotika: Poetika [Selected Works: Semiotics: Poetics]. Moscow (in Russ.).
Bakhtin, M. M., 1975. Voprosy literatury ...
The Accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: Geopolitical implications for Russia’s position in the Baltic Sea region
... certain gaps between different groups of states in the region (Baltic Trio, Scandinavian peninsula, South Baltic countries) in their military and political priorities [20].
Among the types of military equipment Sweden and Finland have to contribute to the total NATO war potential, experts close to the Pentagon mentioned (as of mid-2022) about 150 fighters, including 96 JAS-39 Gripen multirole fighters used by Sweden, and 62 F/ A-18 Hornet multirole combat aircraft in Finland (the latter are planned to ...
Economic development of Russia’s north-western regions and migration to the St. Petersburg agglomeration
... in employment is evidence that most of the migrants work in St. Petersburg while living in its surroundings. Employment growth in St. Petersburg halted in 2015, as opposed to Moscow, where it continues. Accordingly, the share of St. Petersburg in the total employment in the NWFD increased by a mere 5 percentage points — to 45.3% in 2021 — owing to a decline in northern regions and the five other regions of the federal district. In the first sub-period, the share of St. Petersburg remained unchanged ...
Artificial Intelligence: a catalyst for entrepreneurship education in the Baltics
... scientists from various fields of science in the topic of “entrepreneurial potential of students using artificial intelligence”. The majority of the publications are related to business, management, accounting, and computer science. However, 10 % of the total number of publications come from the field of social sciences.
The analysis of publications related to the issues of student entrepreneurial potential using AI revealed the fact that most often researchers cite the work by Obschonka and Audretsch ...
Different approaches to studying the tourist flows geography (the case of the Benelux countries)
... leading countries in terms of the volume of inbound tourist flow in this region are considered: France, Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Belgium. Four different indicators were used to analyze the distribution of inbound tourist flow: the total number of arrivals of foreign and domestic tourists in the region, inbound tourist flow diversity index, the share of arrivals from a particular country in the total volume of inbound tourist flow, and the degree of attendance calculated on the ...
Efficiency analysis of seaports in Russia’s Baltic basin: performance evaluation
... Russian ports, mitigating adverse environmental effects, and establishing state-of-the-art port infrastructure.
Nowadays, five sea basins have been identified in the Russian Federation: the Baltic, Arctic, Far Eastern, Caspian, Azov-Black Sea, where a total of 67 ports operate. According to the Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transport (Morflot), in general, the cargo turnover showed positive dynamics in 2022, with the highest volume of transportation attributed to the ports of the Baltic and ...
Internet diffusion and interregional digital divide in Russia: trends, factors, and the influence of the pandemic
... online, %
GDP per capita (+), high level of education (+), age (–/+), employment in services (+)
Factor analysis for dependent variables
Pick, Sarkar, Johnson, 2015 [36]
1. Share of households with a desktop computer or laptop, %.
2. Share of the total number of households with broadband Internet access, %.
3. Share of people aged 18 years and older living in households with only cordless phones, %.
4. Number of subscribers of mobile wireless high-speed devices per capita
Influence of neighbouring ...
Small towns of Latvia: disparities in regional and urban development
....15
Poverty rate, %
0.1
Crimes per 1,000 population
0.05
Net natural increase per 1,000 population
0.1
Long-term net migration per 1,000 population
0.1
Post-working age population per 1,000 working age population
0.05
Income tax per capita, euros
0.2
Total
1.00
The indicators of a territory’s development, expressed in different units (people, euros, %) are grouped into the TDI are standardised using the formula
t =
x – x
,
S
where t is performance on the key indicators standardised for a specific ...
Assessment of the CNS function in fetuses with different pathology
... somatic pathology of the fetus, revealed by screening ultrasound; and the intrauterine functioning of the nervous system in the presence of an abnormality of the central nervous system. The research shows that in healthy fetuses the average value of the total assessment of general movements is within the limits of the norm (15 ± 0,88), which indicates the normal development of the central nervous system. In fetuses with CNS pathology, the average value of the total assessment of general movements is ...
The rhetoric and logic of the representations of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1878 in Russian public discourse
... against nationalism]. Moscow (in Russ.).
Vereshchagin, V. V., 1898. Na voine v Azii i Evrope. S risunkami Khudozhnika V. V. Vereshchagina [On the war in Asia and Europe. With drawings Artist V. V. Vereshchagin]. Moscow (in Russ.).
Guzikova, M. V., 2004. «Total'naya mobilizatsiya» Ernsta Yungera kak proekt modernosti: istoricheskaya rekonstruktsiya i interpretatsiya [“Total Mobilization” by Ernst Jünger as a project of modernity: historical reconstruction and interpretation]. Ph. D. Ekaterinburg ...
Determination of hyperglycemia in patients with acute coronary syndrome
... syndrome, hyperglycemia is observed, which is represented by elevated fasting plasma glycemia and glycated hemoglobin levels. It was found that an increase in the level of glycated hemoglobin was accompanied by an increase in the level of triglycerides, total serum cholesterol. At the same time, glycated hemoglobin correlated especially with the parameters of fat metabolism — total serum cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins and triglycerides. At the same time, the level ...
The features of heavy metal accumulation in forest mushrooms in the Kaliningrad region
... radionuclides by lichens and mushrooms // Radiat Environ Biophys. 1986. N 25(1). P. 43—54.
4. Baeza A., Guille F. J., Salas A., Manjo J. L. Distribution of radionuclides in different parts of a mushroom: Influence of the degree of maturity // Science of the Total Environment. 2006. N 359. P. 255—266.
5. Malinowska E., Szefer P., Bojanowski R. Radionuclides content in Xerocomus ba-dius and other commercial mushrooms from several regions of Poland // Food Chemistry. 2006. N 97. P. 19—24.
6. Kalač P....
Comparison of the methods of total antioxidant activity analysis
Five varieties of apples from the Baltic region were studied by means of two different analytical methods. The results of experiment demonstrate that the values of total antioxidant activity obtained through spectrophotometric and amperometric methods are comparable. The authors determined the relation between the total content of ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds in apples, pulp, and juice of the variety.
1....
The state of antioxidant system in patients with alcohol abuse
...
5. El.-Sokkary G., Reiter R. J., Tan D.-X. et al. Inhibitory effect of melatonin on products of lipid peroxidation resulting from chronic ethanol administration // Alcohol & Alcoholism. 1999. Vol. 34. № 6. P. 842—850.
6. Kusano C., Ferrari B. Total antioxidant capacity: a biomarker in biomedical and nutritional studies // Journal of cell and molecular biology. 2008. Vol. 7. P. 1—15.
7. Мисин В. М., Сажина Н. Н., Короткова Е. И. Сравнительный анализ ...
Military and political cooperation between Germany and Lithuania in the late 2010s to early 2020s
... for each mission meant that Germany sometimes did not allocate military forces to any of the three groupings for one or even several consecutive months. From 2004 to 2009, the Luftwaffe participated in the Baltic Air Policing mission only three times, totalling less than nine months out of a total duration of 69 months in this period.
During the mid-2000s and early 2010s, Germany deployed fewer than 200 troops in the Baltic states or their vicinity, while simultaneously committing approximately 7,000 ...
The border as a barrier and an incentive for the structural economic transformation of the Kaliningrad exclave
... it was served by four railway ferries, a RORO vessel, and two multi-purpose dry bulk carriers. Overall, 18 vessels provided supplies to the region on an irregular basis. In the next few years, it is planned to build a new terminal and increase the total number of ferries to ten. In addition, several customs clearance regulations have been changed specifically for the region to ensure a quick response to the changing situation at land borders. Nevertheless, in the absence of an alternative, ferry ...
Information and propaganda strategies in German non-state media discourse during the COVID-19 pandemic
... strategies to achieve common biopolitical goals, striking a balance between propaganda and outreach. A comparative analysis was conducted of German publications that focused on the pandemic and appeared during the four waves (January 2020 —March 2022). A total of 54,515 texts from the German media (Süddeutsche Zeitung, Die Zeit, Die Tageszeitung) were examined. Methodologically, the study draws on the Herman-Chomsky propaganda model and Jacques Ellul’s concept. The results show that non-state media ...
France’s strategy in the Baltic region: military and political aspects
... periods acquired an almost daily character; moreover, long-distance flights from French bases in Mont-de-Marsan and Istres began to be practised.<17> Since then, France is one of the most active participants in air patrolling in terms of the total number of takeoffs (2,800 by 2019) and hours spent in the sky (3,600).<18> Among other things, the pilots improve their skills in identifying targets and train various actions in case of a top-level alert.
At the same time, the French Navy ...
Estonian ‘Balticness’ as a social construct: meanings and contextual specifics
...
Results
Between 1 March 2011 and 1 march 2021, Estonian presidents, prime minister and ministers of foreign affairs made 99 statements that had at least one occurrence of a word coming from the root balti, its derivative or a related form; there were 274 total occurrences of such words and 33 of phrases, compounds and abbreviations containing the root balti (Fig. 1).
1
Structure of the study corpus
Source: here and below, calculated by the author based on data available on the official websites of the ...
The unexpected someone in Nobel history
The main intention of the article is to prove that the unique style of Handke’s creative individuality reflects his special life-saving SOMEONE, who resists in his negative dialectic the dictatorship of another pernicious SOMEONE who sets the false movement. In a remarkable symmetry to post-structuralist theories about the “totalitarianism of language”, Handke experiences in his own verbalized existence the pernicious power of some of this totalitarianism, seeking to free himself from it in...
Geological conditions for submarine groundwater discharge in the South-Eastern Baltic
... канд геогр. наук. — Калининград: Атлантическое отделение ИО РАН, 2014. — 155 с.
17. Burnett W.C. et al. Quantifying submarine groundwater discharge in the coastal zone via multiple methods // Sci. Total Environ. — 2006. — № 367. — pp. 498—543.
18. Donis D., Janssen F., Liu B. et al. Biogeochemical impact of submarine ground water discharge on coastal surface sands of the southern Baltic Sea // Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. — ...
Effects of storm events on the upper atmos-phere in the Baltic sea
The paper presents the results of observations the ionospheric parameters in Kaliningrad (54° N, 20° E) during a meteorological storm in the Baltic sea on October 2018. The analysis of ionospheric variations showed the increase in the total electron content reached 20 % relative to the averaged values, and the increase in the critical frequency of the F2 layer was 19 % during the storm. The increase in the amplitudes of ionospheric variations with periods of 6—20 min over the area ...
Youth unemployment in the Latgale region of Latvia: causes and consequences
Youth unemployment is a serious problem in Latvia, as unemployed young people make up 16.3 % of the total number of unemployed in the country, while in the Latgale region the number of unemployed young people aged 15—24 years was 18.8 % of the total number of unemployed in the country in 2015. The purpose of this study is to identify the main current ...