Territorial structure of inbound and domestic tourism in the Baltic States
... Baltics is still not fully understood, remaining a peripheral interest of Russian and international recreational geographers.
Materials and methods
To develop a classification of regions of the Baltic States according to advances in tourism, we used a statistical method consisting in automatic data processing and collating, namely cluster analysis. The term was coined by the American psychologist Robert Tryon in 1939 [32]. A definite advantage of cluster analysis is its applicability to processing ...
The innovative process in the Baltic Sea region
... performances of Baltic countries are compared. Finally, the research aims to conclude, as well as to analyse, the future innovation development of the BSR. The research material for this desk study is collected from various sources, including journal articles, statistics, media, research reports, and other publications.
1. European Commission 2012, ICT for Competitiveness & Innovation, available at: http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/sectors/ict/index_en. htm (accessed 9 July 2012).
2. Eurostat 2012, Innovation ...
The modern economy of Russia’s Baltic regions in the municipal context
... district levels in the Kaliningrad and Leningrad regions based on their economic development and the response of their economies to the crises of 2020 and 2022. Emphasis is placed on the possibilities of conducting such assessments by merging Rosstat statistics with publicly available accounting and tax reporting data from the Federal Tax Service. The contribution also assesses the role of small businesses in municipal economies and their effect on employment, income levels of the population, and ...
Knowledge and innovation dynamics of the Northwest Russia under geopolitical changes
... innovation types is reflected in the assessment indicators. Innovation indicators can rely on data on research and development, scientific publications, patents, innovative products and processes [36], [37]. The most common are patent- and R&D expenditure statistics [36; 38]. Less common indicators for assessing scientific, technological and innovative potential include [39], [40] the number of computers with Internet access, the share of organizations with a website, the share of Internet users, the number ...
Spatial differentiation of rural territories in the Kaliningrad region: implications for socio-economic policies
... development of agriculture, population dynamics, and settlement patterns, while also exploring their interconnectedness and external impacts. The research draws upon comparative-geographical, economic-statistical, and cartographic analyses utilizing official statistical data. The study reveals that since the early 2000s, agricultural production in the Kaliningrad region has been outpacing the national average growth rate. This is primarily attributed to the advancement of larger organisations, while the growth ...
Territorial differences in the innovative development of Sweden, Finland, and the North-western federal district of the Russian Federation
... [Capital of the country], available at: http://kapital-rus.ru/articles/article/180465 (accessed 24 May 2012).
2. Regiony Rossii. Social'no-jeconomicheskie pokazateli. 2011 [Regions of Russia.Socio-economic indicators. 2011], 2011, Moscow, Federal State Statistics.
3. Federal'naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoj statistiki Rossii, 2012 [Federal State Statistics of Russia, 2012], available at: http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat/rosstatsite/main/ (accessed 01 May 2012).
4. Fond obschestvennogo mneniya ...
The demographic problems of the Pskov region and the main approaches to solving them at the level of the regional state authorities
This article analyses the demographic problems of the Pskov region. The authors propose a system of government regulation of demographic processes in view of the functions of the regional executive authorities.
1. Predpolagaemaja chislennost' naselenija Pskovskoj oblasti do 2030 goda 2010. In: Statisticheskij bjulleten. Pskov.
2. Pskovskaja oblast v cifrah: statisticheskiy sbornik. 2010. Pskov.
3. Pskovskij statisticheskij ezhegodnik. 2009: statisticheskij sbornik. 2009. Pskov.
4. Regiony Rossii...
Geography of the mobile internet in the border and interior regions of Russia
... development of digital infrastructure in the context of realizing their integration potential. This article assesses the geography of the mobile internet in Russia and its connection with the development of border regions. The authors use geo-information, statistical, and econometric analyses to assess the impact of mobile technologies on interregional information transfer, commodity-money flows, and migration. The study demonstrates the diversity in the availability of mobile internet access among residents ...
A typology of the Baltic region states according to excellence in science and technology
... been identified: the two main types are traditional market economies and post-socialist countries, whose common features are observed in all sets of main characteristics. Several subtypes are described as well. The research draws on 2010—2019 (2020) statistical data from the European Statistical Office (Eurostat), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Russia’s Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat).
Introduction
The research and technological component ...
Evangelical Lutheran church of Denmark: socio-economic and territorial-organisational aspects
The study exemplifies the use of an institutional-territorial approach for a comprehensive description of a national denominational landscape. The article aims to provide such an account by analysing relevant official data and performing statistical processing using computational tools. The focus is on the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark and its administrative-territorial structures. The study places emphasis on the financial aspect, one seldom discussed in academic discourse. ...
Information and propaganda strategies in German non-state media discourse during the COVID-19 pandemic
... encompassing intimidation, along with the recurrent utilization of specific speech clichés, in shaping the resulting impact. The intimidation strategy is considered one of the leading techniques of propaganda [13], [14]. The publication of intensive care statistics and the number of deaths from the coronavirus was aimed at instilling fear of the disease. This fear played a role in motivating people to adhere to the imposed restrictions and seek vaccination [15]. At the same time, propaganda corresponds ...
The spread of the COVID-19 infection in Russia’s Baltic macro-region: internal differences
... Covid-19 response acts to identify regional features affecting the spread of the disease. The spatial characteristics of Russia’s Baltic regions, germane to the propagation of Covid-19, were distinguished by examining selected social and economic statistical indicators. Based on the space of places/space of flows dichotomy, Russia’s Baltic regions can be divided into three spaces: 1) St. Petersburg, the Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions (dominated by spaces of flows; highly permeable space); ...
The economy of Russian Baltic regions: development level and dynamics, structure and international trade partners
... distributed territorial socio-economic system, including the three Russian Baltic regions, will be particularly beneficial. The period covered by the article is 1996—2021, with a special focus on 2014—2021. The study is based on the economic and statistical analysis of official data of Rosstat and the Federal Customs Service on the sectoral structure and dynamics of the gross regional product (GRP), volume and changes in foreign trade, and its commodity and geographical structure.
Introduction
...
Analysing the dynamics of the Baltic States’s production linkages with Russia
... World Economy and International Relations, vol. 62, № 1, p. 5—15. doi: 10.20542/0131-2227-2018-62-1-5-15.
23. Ahmad, N., Bohn, T., Mulder, N., Vaillant, M., Zaclicever, D. 2017, Indicators on global value chains: A guide for empirical work, OECD, Statistics Working Papers 2017/08. doi: 10.1787/8502992f-en.
24. Fortanier, F. 2016, Towards merchandise trade statistics without asymmetries, The OECD Statistics Newsletter, № 64, р. 7—11. URL:
https://www.oecd.org/sdd/OECD-Statistics-Newsletter-March-2016....
The territorial differentiation of demographic development of the Baltic macroregion
...
Миграционные тенденции в странах Балтийского региона: пространственно-временной аспект // Балтийский регион. 2010.
№
4(6).
С
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53—61.
3.
Central
Statistical Office of Poland. URL
:
http
://
www
.
stat
.
gov
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pl
(дата обращения: 10.10.2010).
4.
Central
Statistical Bureau of Latvia.
URL:
http://www.csb.lv/avidus.cfm
(дата обращения: 10.10.2010).
5.
Federal
...
The influence of the sea on the economic development and settlement structure in the Baltic Sea region
... reflect the uneven influence of the proximity of the Baltic Sea on the development of population and national economies. Qualitative differences between mesoregions are measured using a combination of theoretical and empirical typologies. An economic, statistical, and cartographic analysis helps to identify a special type of mesoregions — coastal development corridors, which make an important contribution to the economic development and consolidation of the Baltic macroregion. In transnational macroregions,...
Reseach of loses at propagation of the radio signal of cellular communication on the basis of statistical models
Calculation of level of losses of a radio signal of cellular communication in the conditions of a city with dense many-storeyed building on the basis of statistical models is resulted. On the basis of statistical look-ahead estimations of loss of capacity of a signal on an input of user's stations scientific directions of perfection of parameters of cellular communication can be developed.
1.
Бабков ...
The Belarus Business Environment as Assessed by the Management of Leading Finnish Companies Operating in the Country
... Doing Business in Belarus, available at: http://www.economy.gov.by/dadvfiles/001713_783132_Doing_Business_ENG.pdf (accessed 12.08.2014).
11. Foreign direct investments, National Bank of the Republic of Belarus, vailable at: http://www.nbrb.by/engl/statistics/ForeignDirectInvestments/ (accessed 22.09.2014).
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13. Opros “Delovoy klimat v Respublike Belarus 2013”, RDWB, 2013, Repräsentanz der Deutschen Wirtschaft in Belarus....
The assessment of research and technical potential in the framework of the innovative model of development of regional economy
... Kaliningradskoj oblasti [The concept of innovation infrastructure development of the Kaliningrad region], 2008, Kaliningrad, 146 p.
6. Nauka i innovacii v Kaliningradskoj oblasti. Statisticheskij sbornik [Science and Innovation in the Kaliningrad region. Statistical Compendium], 2011 Kaliningrad, Territorial'nyj organ Federal'noj sluzhby gosudarstvennoj statistiki po Kaliningradskoj
oblasti, 40 p.
7. Nauchnye issledovanija i innovacii Kaliningradskoj oblasti v 2010 godu. Analiticheskaja zapiska [Research ...
International cross-border migration in the South-East Baltic: factors, structure, consequences
... v 2009 godu // Informacionnoizdatel'skij centr «Statistika Rossii». [online] Available at: <http://www.statrus.info/catalog/readbook.jsp?issue=1041816> (Accessed 28 Oktober 2010).
10. Demographic Yearbook of Poland, Warsaw, 2009 // Central Statistical Office.[online] Available at: <http://www.stat.gov.pl> (Accessed 26 Oktober 2010).
11. International and foreign migrations (NTS-5, data for years 1995—2009) //Regional data bank of Central Statistical Office. [online] Available at: ...
Population change in global urban regions
... Belgrad.
13. Annuaire Statistique de la France. 2005. Vol. 108. P. 2005.
14. Anuário Estatístico do Estado de São Paulo 2002. 2004. São Paulo.
15. Beaverstock, J., Smith, R., Taylor, P. 1999. Cities, № 16 (6), pp. 445—458.
16. Beijing Statistical Yearbook. 2007. Beijing.
17. Focus on London. 2001—2008. London.
18. Indicateurs statistiques de la Region de Bruxelles-Capitale. 2007. Bruxelle.
19. Insee. Ile-de-France. 2006. Faits et chiffres, № 137.
20. Japan Statistical Yearbook....
Economic development of Russia’s north-western regions and migration to the St. Petersburg agglomeration
... NWFD as a whole:
, (3)
where A, a, b, α, β are constants. Equation (3) helps detect trends in fund elasticity change and refine the calculations by formula (2).
Data and analysis
The study was based on regional data published by the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) on gross regional product (GRP) dynamics, employment, investments, population size, structure of the economy, and other indices in 1998— 2021. Other inputs were data from Rosstat territorial units and Statistics Finland....
Evaluating the efficiency of the research sector in Russian regions: a dynamic data envelopment analysis
... of DEA is that its results often challenge the stereotypes about how well regions can fare in research and technology. Yet, these results are to be taken with a grain of salt as they heavily depend on the quality of the data. For example, if regional statistics systematically misrepresent the amount of expenditure or personnel capacity in a region, the resultant assessment may be incorrect.
Overall, the methodological problems of DEA are a by-product of its advantages. Firstly, DEA is very sensitive ...
Efficiency analysis of seaports in Russia’s Baltic basin: performance evaluation
... analyzing ports from the perspectives of management, logistics, and macroeconomics. The system approach can also incorporate environmental considerations and innovative solutions in port infrastructure management. By proposing a new approach to interpreting statistics on Baltic seaports’ performance and presenting empirical research on sustainable development in transport and logistics systems, this study enables a multidimensional examination of seaport performance and establishes a framework for efficiency ...
The impact of the food embargo on consumer preferences and cross-border practices in the Kaliningrad region
... A survey of 1,019 respondents was conducted in September 2021. Additionally, a comparative analysis of average food prices in the region and neighbouring countries from 2012 to 2019 was carried out based on data from Kaliningradstat and the national statistics services in Poland and Lithuania. The ways to obtain embargoed food were systematised using content analysis of social media, advertising and joint purchase services, travel agency websites, regional news portals and blogs. The study found ...
Comparative analysis of the territorial support frame of settlement in coastal areas: the case of St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad regions
... [45], Stanislav Lachininsky and Ivan Sorokin [46], Mikhail Kalmykov [47] and other. Ivan Gumenyuk, Veronika Yustratova [48] and Anna Belova have looked at the features of settlement in the Kaliningrad region [49].
Materials and methods
This study uses statistics from Petrostat, the St. Petersburg and Leningrad regional branch of the Federal State Statistics Service (FSSS), and Kaliningradstat, the Kaliningrad regional branch of the agency.<1> Particularly, it looks at data on the total population ...
Migration distances in Russia: a demographic profile of migrants
... Probably, short-term changes that occurred within one year did not have a significant effect on the calculated values since the analysis covered a much longer period. Moreover, there is no reason to believe that Covid affected migration distances as the statistics do not show considerable changes in migration destinations in 2020.
The work used de-identified data on migration with places of origin and destination indicate for each instance. The calculations and analysis factored out ‘automatic returns’,...
Attractiveness of the Kaliningrad region: pull factors and reasons for disappointments of migrants from Russian regions
... in Russia: age characteristics Demograficheskoe obozrenie [Demographic overview], vol. 3, № 4, p. 47—65 (in Russ.).
57. Chudinovskikh, O. S. 2021, On the issue of creating a population register and using administrative data for the needs of state statistics, Voprosy statistiki [Issues of statistics], vol. 28, № 1, p. 5—17 (in Russ.).
58. Mkrtchyan, N. V. 2020, Problems in the statistics of internal Russian migration, generated by a change in the accounting methodology in 2011, Demograficheskoe ...
The potential of natural and economic ecosystem accounting to support the management of coastal and marine territories on the example of the Kaliningrad region
The article reveals the statistical potential and the existing possibilities of establishing environmental-economic and ecosystem accounting to support coastal and marine management in the Kaliningrad region. The relevance of these accounts is determined by the geopolitical ...
Framework for the Analysis of Geography of Transnational Corporations Investments Abroad
... companies — an area of human geography that remains understudied in Russia. The authors refer to foreign direct investment (FDI) studies to stress the importance of analysing individual transnational corporations. Special attention is paid to FDI statistics, including international statistics provided by IMF, OECD, and UNCTAD, the official data of central banks on FDI destinations, and information on companies’ assets by geographical segments. The article emphasises limitations of classical ...
Local border traffic and the development of retail trade in the Kaliningrad region and Polish borderlands
... development of retail trade in the Kaliningrad region and the Polish border voivodeships as well as prospects of its development in view of the changing geopolitical situation and adjustment of the currency exchange rates at the end of 2014. Based on statistics and analytical data, the authors arrive at the conclusion that the positive effect of LBT outdoes its negative impact on various sectors of the border regions’ economies, including retail trade.
1. Anisevich, R., Palmovsky, T., Dragileva,...
Long-term forecast of water surface temperature in the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean
The article examines the results of use of the physical-statistical method for the forecast of seasonal trend of the sea surface temperature (SST) with the lead time of 8 months and results of statistical method of SST superlong-term forecast, lead time — 1 year. In the first case mean-squared prediction error of SST according to independent data makes 0,5 оС, in the second case — 0,2 оС, that is much less than the reasonable mistake ...
Motivations of Russian firms to invest abroad: how do sanctions affect Russia’s outward foreign direct investment?
... Arctech, available at: http://arctech.fi/arctech-helsinki-shipyard-to-russian-ownership/ (accessed 30.12.2014).
2. Bakowski, P. 2011, Russian organized crime: The EU perspective, Library Briefing, Library of the European Parliament, 04.03.2011.
3. BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2006, British Petroleum, June 2006.
4. BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2014, British Petroleum, June 2014.
5. Bulatov, A. S. 1998, Russian Direct Investment Abroad: Main Motivations in the Post-Soviet Period,...
Natural Increase in the Baltic South and South-West
... Pomeranian, and Warmian-Masurian Voivodeships, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, the Kaliningrad and Leningrad region, and the federal city of Saint Petersburg) in 2002—2011. The study uses standard methods of demographic analysis, the data provided by national statistical services and Eurostat. All regions analysed are characterised by a low stationary phase of the demographic transition model (DTM). The situation proves to be unfavourable in the Polish regions under consideration and highly unfavourable in ...
Commodity flow model for an exclave region: Rent-seeking in the ‘transitional period’ of the special economic zone
... Model, The Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, no. 36(1), p. 76—83.
9. Liu, L. N., Vilain, P. 2004, Estimating Commodity Inflows to a Substate Region Using Input-Output Dat a: Commodity Flow Survey Accuracy Tests, Journal of Transportation and Statistics, no. 7(1), p. 23—37.
10. Vacar, A. 2006, Regional economic modelling: evaluating existing methods and models for constructing an Irish prototype, Munich Personal RePEc Archive, available at: http://mpra. ub. uni-muenchen. de/7650 (accessed ...
Innovation Capacity of Russia and the Baltics: a Comparative Approach
... Socio-economic indicators. 2011], 2011, Moscow, Rosstat.
17. Regiony Rossii. Social'no-jekonomicheskie pokazateli. 2012 [Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators. 2012], 2012, Moscow, Rosstat.
18. Rossijskij statisticheskij ezhegodnik. 2012 [Russian Statistical Yearbook. 2012], 2012, Moscow, Rosstat.
19. Soglashenie o vozobnovlenii dejstvija Soglashenija mezhdu Pravitel'stvom Rossijskoj Federacii i Evropejskim Soobshhestvom o sotrudnichestve v oblasti nauki i tehnologij (Zakljucheno v g. Rime 06....
Innovative factors and conditions of sustainable development of rural territories
... Medynsky, V. G., Skamay, L. G. (eds.). 2002, Innovacionnoe predprinimatel'stvo [Innovative entrepreneurship], Moscow, JuNITI, 589 p.
8. Kaliningradskaja oblast' v cifrah, 2012: Kratkij statisticheskij sbornik [Kaliningrad Region in Figures, 2012: Short Statistical Book], 2012, Kaliningrad, Kaliningradstat, 183 p.
9. Nikolaev, A. I. 2001, Innovacionnoe razvitie i innovacionnaja kul'tura [Innovative development and innovation culture], Nauka i naukoznanie [Science and naukoznanie], no. 2, p. 54—65....
The Baltic macroregion: geographical macrostructures, communication features, innovative potential
... views], Rostov-on-Don.
7. Fedorov, G. М., Zverev, Yu. М., Korneevets, V. S. 2008, Rossija na Baltike: 1990—2007 gody [Russia on the Baltic Sea: 1990—2007 years], Kaliningrad.
8. Federal'naja sluzhba gosudarstvennoj statistiki [Federal State Statistics Service], available at: http://www. gks. ru (accessed 05 October 2010).
9. Musial, K.., (ed.). 2002, Approaching Knowledge Society in the Baltic Sea Region, Gdansk; Berlin.
10. Castells, M. 1997, The power of identity: the information age: ...
University performance and regional development: the case of Russia’s North-West
... to measure the performance of each of the five functions taking into account the criteria of meaningfulness (the selected indicators should characterize the functions of a higher education system), accessibility (availability of initial data in open statistical databases), continuity (availability of initial data for the studied period).
Universities’ performance indicators for sustainable development of the region
Function
Indicators
Educational
k1 — number of students enrolled in bachelor’s,...
Models for countering the segregation of ethnoreligious immigrant areas in Denmark and Sweden
... Scandinavian countries against the backdrop of migration crises.
The study is based on government strategies and state programs of Denmark and Sweden that contain various measures and initiatives to counter the segregation of immigrant areas, as well as statistical data on the composition and religious affiliation of the population of these countries.
As a result, this study compares Danish and Swedish models for countering the processes of segregation of immigrant areas. The article pays special attention ...
Sanctions risks and regional development: Russian case
... trade chains with major partners
Restrictions on the import of significant and technologically complex products
Share of imports in enterprise expenses for raw materials, supplies, semi-finished products, and components in 2019—2021
Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat)
Breaking of production chains with major technology partners
Restrictions on import of critical machines, equipment, and technologies for production development
The threat of foreign economic isolation of the region’s ...
The geopolitical effect of the maritime factor on the spatial development of post-Soviet Russia: the Baltic case
... Severodvinsk and Arkhangelsk (the northern track), and particularly Anapa (the Black Sea track, recreation). Although the year 2022 brought about a more dramatic change in the geopolitical conditions of Russia’s spatial-economic dynamics, relevant statistics are not yet available. Against this background, the contribution of certain regions to the overall national statistics decreased throughout the study period. This illustrates the broader trend of the modern economy shifting towards inland centres,...
The Swedish institute’s scholarship policy as a soft power instrument
This paper examines how soft power, nation branding and academic cooperation came together in the scholarship policy pursued by the Swedish Institute (SI) from 1995 to 2023. An investigation of the organisation’s materials, scholarship statistics and feedback interviews with SI programme alumni suggests that the implementation of the scholarship policy was erratic during the study period. A comprehensive analysis of the Institute’s efforts was carried out to describe the relationship ...
Statistical analysis of tourism flows between Ukraine and the Baltic Sea Region countries in 2012—2019
... the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index of the World Economic Forum and data from the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine on the number of foreign citizens visiting Ukraine and the number of Ukrainians travelling abroad. The study employs the statistical methods of structural shifts analysis, time series analysis, and graphical visualisation. The findings indicate that Ukrainian outbound tourism was growing steadily over the study period, whilst visa-free travel to the Schengen Area had no ...
Changes in the structure and geography of tourist flows during the COVID-19 pandemic
... impact of the pandemic on the territorial redistribution of tourist flows in the Baltic region. The study draws on regional annual and monthly data on international and domestic tourist arrivals between 2019 and 2021, available on the websites of the statistical offices of the Baltic Region countries. The regions earlier dependent on tourist arrivals from Russia experienced the largest drop in inbound tourism during the Covid-19 pandemic. Yet, domestic tourism burgeoned in most of the region’s countries....
Reputation core of Russian authorities: the case of the regional level of executive power
...
22.9
32.5
20.3
23.4
28.6
28.5
13. Service to the people, moral values / reference points of authorities
23.8 (22.8)
22.6
19.9
26.8
24.2
26.8
23.4
14. Efficiency of resource management, budget spending
22.7 (17.8)
19.8
25.5
25.7
22.0
22.0
22.0
Source: statistics is calculated by the author on the basis of data obtained from a mass questionnaire survey of the population of the regions of the Central Federal District, 2021.
In public opinion, the distribution of the characteristics of the reputation ...
Small towns of Latvia: disparities in regional and urban development
... the towns using an index of territorial development of regions, towns and villages. The literature on the subject of the study was analysed [18], [19], [20]. Legislative and regulatory documents on the 2019 territorial reform were studied along with statistics.
Results and discussion
The Habitat II international conference of the UN sustainable urban development programme called upon states to monitor their development with the help of integrated urban development indices.<10> In this vein,...
Quantitative analysis of parts of speech functioning of in Boris Ryzhy’s poetry
... multifaceted approach that combines quantitative, interpretive and comparison and collation types of analysis. It is worth pointing out that the methodology of standardized data processing procedures was applied, as well as the comparative analysis of statistical results. Academic novelty involves the percentage of the main parts of speech in Boris Ryzhy’s poetical works and poems of other poets of the 19th and 20th centuries in the comparative aspect. The analysis results show that counting the ...
Demographic development processes in the history of the Kaliningrad region: national trends and regional specifics
... Kaliningrad region from a historical perspective and assess the extent to which the region’s demographic development corresponds to the national model accepted in contemporary historiography. The empirical sources used in this study include demographic statistics from published and archival materials; theoretically, it draws on the concepts of demographic and epidemiological transitions. Analysis of statistics and historiography is employed along with the comparative historical method. The migration ...
Management of Migration Processes in the Far East: Dysfunctions of Socio-Demographic Policy in the Region
... migration of Russia’s population, because many regions of the country set an urgent task to increase regional migration attractiveness due to the prolonged migration outflow of the population. As part of the empirical basis, the author relies on available statistical data, sociological surveys and the author’s research. The article provides an analysis of statistical reports of the Russian Federation and the Far East. Based on the results of the study, the author identifies factors that can stimulate ...