New principles of resource distribution in the EU and their impact on the countries of the Baltic region
... In the face of a rapidly deteriorating economic situation, EU countries took unprecedented steps radically changing the principles of resource allocation in the Union. These included the recovery plan for Europe, making the EU budget conditional on respect for the rule of law and the new EU resources system. This article seeks to identify the essential characteristics of the decisions made within the Multiannual Financial Framework and define their significance for advancing integration. The study ...
Knowledge and innovation dynamics of the Northwest Russia under geopolitical changes
...
In 2019—2021, the broadest research agenda was in St. Petersburg, the Vologda and Kaliningrad regions — 45, 38 and 31 fields of knowledge. The Pskov and Novgorod regions performed R&D on the smallest number of fields of knowledge — 14 and 18, respectively. In the periphery group, the top 5 fields of knowledge for performed R&D include mainly social sciences and humanities. The semi-periphery shows a combination of social and humanitarian knowledge and natural sciences as leading in scientific ...
The EU Vs. Russia: Legal Nature and Implementation of the Union’s Restrictive Measures
... Security Policy, 2012, Brussels, 15 June, available at: http://europeansanctions.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/eu-guidelines-on-sanctions-2012.pdf (accessed 23.09.2014).
3. Council Decision 2014/145/CFSP of 17 March 2014 concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine, 2014, OJ ,L 78, 17.03.2014, p. 16—21.
4. Council Regulation (EU) No 269/2014 of 17 March 2014 concerning restrictive measures in respect ...
The modern economy of Russia’s Baltic regions in the municipal context
... Kaliningrad region, from the very beginning of the formation of the current LSG system,<2> tried to minimize the role of the settlement level, creating only three municipal areas and 19 urban districts. Although, in 2009, there were 15 and seven, respectively, by 2017, they had returned to the original scenario, and by 2019, the three remaining areas had transformed into urban districts. By 2022, under the new federal regulations (2019 amendments to the law on LSG), only ten municipalities retained ...
Artificial Intelligence: a catalyst for entrepreneurship education in the Baltics
....<17>
The dynamics depicted by the blue background of the columns illustrate the fluctuations in the number of LinkedIn members with AI skills across different countries. Estonia and Lithuania show a positive trend with an increase of 0.76 % and 0.18 %, respectively. Conversely, Latvia experiences a decrease, with a loss of 0.27 % of such participants.
Conclusions
The study conducted shows that the use of machines/algorithms with AI elements introduces significant changes in the economy, social sphere,...
Reputation and status in Denmark’s strategic culture
... on status and reputation in Denmark’s strategic culture
As a small power incapable of ensuring national security unaided, Denmark has historically been preoccupied with relations with key allies and the country’s reputation amongst them. In this respect, Denmark seems to prove the thesis about the deep concern of small states over the issues of status sovereignty, and formal and informal equality with other participants in international relations, chiefly larger and influential countries [1]....
Emission levels and identification of NOx and SO2 sources in the South-eastern Baltic on the results of observations at the background monitoring station Diabla Góra (Poland)
... pollutant roses, application of a conditional probability function, and inverse trajectories were considered to analyze the data and identify emission sources. The average concentration of NOx and SO2 for the study period was 2.12 µg/m3 and 0.27 µg/m3, respectively. The results showed a definite pattern for daily and monthly variations, with peaks in the morning hours and at the beginning and end of the year (January and December, respectively). The main identified sources of NOx and SO2 emissions ...
The spread of the COVID-19 infection in Russia’s Baltic macro-region: internal differences
... convents and monasteries.<8> Although such facilities posed a challenge in other regions as well, in Pskov, the scale of outbreaks was more considerable and the number of hotbeds greater.
Comparable to Pskov in both areas (55,401 km2 and 55,399 km2 respectively) and population size (592,400 and 620,200 people respectively), the Novgorod region shows a similar pattern of excess mortality and proportion of employment in manufacturing, also experienced outbreaks of the type discussed above.<9>
...
Reputation core of Russian authorities: the case of the regional level of executive power
... experts identified the difference in the factors underlying the formation of reputation (“the work of local authorities is assessed based on personal experiences of interaction”). As one expert pointed out, “there is a tendency to accord greater respect and favour to those occupying the highest (such as the president) and the lowest (such as the district or municipal levels) positions of authority, as well as those who are less visible to the public eye and those who are encountered more frequently....
The economy of Russian Baltic regions: development level and dynamics, structure and international trade partners
... annual net migration per 10,000 population in 2014—2020 was 15 throughout Russia, 63 in St. Petersburg, 156 in the Leningrad region and 96 in the Kaliningrad region<1>. The population of Russia’s Baltic regions increased by 8, 13 and 6 %, respectively, from the end of 2014 to 1 October 2021 (the data of the national census).<2>
Overview of Russia’s Baltic regions
Indicator
St. Petersburg
Leningrad region
Kaliningrad region
Area, 1,000 km2
1.4
83.9
15.1
Population, 1,000 people ...
Kant on Human Dignity: Autonomy, Humanity, and Human Rights
... often overrated. Consequently, the highest duties of the human being are to ensure that his fellow human beings enjoy unhindered autonomy and receive the honour that their dignity duly deserves, as well as to look after their welfare and treat them with respect, regardless of their dispositions. I review recent literature to appraise this new frontier within Kantian scholarship. I also explore the works of philosophers, such as Herman, Korsgaard, Wood, Höffe, and, specifically, Hill, on Kant’s conception ...
Vernunft und Glaube. Zu Kants Deduktion der Gnadenlehre
Kant’s deduction of the Christian doctrine of justification, respectively the doctrine of grace, leads to the question in what sense philosophy can deal with God’s grace without falsely replacing it with its own arguments. Kant’s answer (a) is that the imputation of evil without attempt to justify it by means ...
Kant als Mystiker? Zur These von Carl Arnold Wilmans’ dissertatio philosophica
... contexts of Wilmans’ dissertation. Furthermore, the focus of my study is directed towards Kant’s essay On a Newly Arisen Superior Tone in Philosophy. I show that the central Kantian theorem of the fact of reason converges with his doctrine of respect to the moral law as intelligible feeling. This rapprochement allows the latter to play an argumentative role that, by serving as ratio cognoscendi of freedom, is also of epistemic value. Kant’s practical philosophy turns out to be based on a ...
Affection of Law: Fichte on the Place and Boundaries of Pure Ethics of the Imperative
... essentially incapable of delivering a pure and higher moral doctrine. I examine the substance of these critical arguments in the context of his later metaphysics. Fichte maintains that in the “second type” of worldview man himself feels and understands, respects and loves himself only as a subject of unconditional law, therefore the pathos and “affection of law” pervades all his assessments and motivations. This affects the impartiality of moral assessment if the requirements of the law are diverged ...
The development of positive self-relation by means of eurhythmics
This article attempts to solve two interrelated problems: to analyse the correlation between the body image disturbance and such self-relation characteristics as time competence, autonomy, self-respect, self-acceptance, selfconfidence, social boldness, initiative in social contacts, aggression, and hostility; to consider the opportunity of psychological management by means of eurhythmics. The comparative analysis of the results of eurhythmics application proves that this method is effective in the...
The January uprising in the worldview of the Warsaw positivists
... significantly to the formation of the ideology of this philosophical movement. Positivists openly condemned the Polish liberation movement, believing that armed conflicts would lead to the disappearance of the Polish nation. Despite this, they held great respect for the participants of the January Uprising, simultaneously realizing the futility of armed methods in the struggle for the independence of Poland. In addition to criticizing the Polish liberation movement, Warsaw positivists negatively assessed ...
Priorities for the development of manufacturing industries in the Kaliningrad region
... the food industry, it is advisable to work towards self-sufficiency in terms of raw materials and focus on the local consumer market by creating agro-industrial clusters and developing animal husbandry, fisheries and fish farming, and crop farming, respectively.
The regional government has already embraced a cluster policy in industry. A promising measure is establishing shipbuilding and amber processing clusters designed to evolve into interregional constellations by incorporating businesses from ...
The border as a barrier and an incentive for the structural economic transformation of the Kaliningrad exclave
... imports from countries lying far beyond the Baltic region, including China (12.3 %), Korea (10.8 %), Brazil (10.4 %) and Paraguay (7.8 %).
In 2015, the region’s GRP decreased by 1.5 %, and industrial production dropped by 7.8 %, compared to Russia’s respective – 0.6 % and – 3.4 % decline. The most significant decrease was observed in the automotive industry, where the output halved, and in the production of electronic and optical equipment (by 40 %). The production of sausage products, meat, ...
The Accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: Geopolitical implications for Russia’s position in the Baltic Sea region
... immediate war threat or rather a political and psychological factor. In the political communities in Finland and Sweden, a prevailing desire is to downplay the danger that their accession to NATO poses for Russia, and to place all the blame for the respective geopolitical choices of Helsinki and Stockholm on Moscow itself. For instance, the well-known Finnish diplomat, former ambassador of Finland to the Russian Federation and Germany René Nyberg believes that in the context of miscalculations ...
Three Russian Baltic regions in the context of confrontation between Russia and the West
... experienced a decline of 2.7 %, and the Kaliningrad region saw a significant decrease of 19.5 %. Enterprises heavily reliant on imported components suffered the most. In the automotive assembly sector, production levels dropped by 31.6 % and 36.5 %,<4> respectively, compared to 2021. Wood processing, furniture manufacturing, and machinery and equipment repair also saw a substantial decline. In the Kaliningrad region, computer production, railway carriage manufacturing, and metallurgy were also affected....
The geopolitical effect of the maritime factor on the spatial development of post-Soviet Russia: the Baltic case
... by Russia in the post-Soviet period. The primary focus is on the situational territorial and economic shifts of 2014 and 2022, and their implications for Russian territories in the Baltic region. Pronounced inter-basin differences are described with respect to the coastalisation of the population. The study also evaluates the economic condition of key Russian maritime centres and their resilience to external influences, especially geopolitical challenges. The article offers a geopolitical justification ...
Spatial differentiation of rural territories in the Kaliningrad region: implications for socio-economic policies
... organisations taking centre stage. In 2000—2021, concentration was growing in the region, as is evident from Table 5 showing the growing contribution of organisations to the total output of grain, potatoes, vegetables, meat, milk and eggs. In this respect, the Kaliningrad region far outstripped the national average. As the table suggests, organisations take the lead in the production of all products considered except for potatoes and vegetables, where their contribution increased nevertheless between ...
The Swedish institute’s scholarship policy as a soft power instrument
... destination. The SI highlights Sweden’s innovative business practices, alongside an optimal balance between work or study and personal life. Moreover, the SI emphasizes Swedes’ readiness for collaborative work and cooperation, coupled with a deep respect for personal space, individual choices, and the principle of equal opportunities, as key attributes of the Swedish social fabric. Of paramount importance, according to the SI, is Sweden’s openness to diverse cultures, including its willingness ...
Information and propaganda strategies in German non-state media discourse during the COVID-19 pandemic
... Bürger” — citizens). In addition, a group of children and adolescents (“Jung Mensch”) is distinguished in the third wave and is discussed not only in terms of morbidity and the vaccination campaign (although this topic prevails), but also with respect to social problems. For example: in Die Zeit, 06/02/2021: “Junge Menschen haben ein anderes Zeitgefühl. Ihnen fehlt die Erfahrung, dass Krisen wieder vorbeigehen. Ihr Leben ist hier, in der Pandemie, ein Danach gibt es nicht.” Das sagt die ...
Population and settlement of the Kaliningrad region at the beginning of 2023
... spatial organization of settlement on the basis of a three-stage system of inter-settlement service. The authors noted strengthening role of Sovetsk and Chernyakhovsk in serving the cities and rural areas of the North and South-East of the region, respectively, developing rural-urban ties between the centers of municipalities with their rural settlements, and within municipal districts, which testifies to the strengthening support functions of the centers of the first level municipalities.
...
The role of the concorded renaming in the formation of the oikonymy in the Kaliningrad Region
The article examines the ways in which the original East Prussian and new Soviet oikonyms were concorded during the post-war renaming of some settlements in the Kaliningrad region. A comparative phonetic and semantic analysis of the respective names revealed that the same thematic correlation (with a predominance of references to the flora, fauna and water bodies of the area) and ideological antonymy, usually manifested in an indirect form, prevail among them. In addition, translation ...
Societal security in the Baltic Sea Region: the Russian perspective
... by the entire population of the region across the borders that separate them in the states of the BSR. This situation, therefore, calls for a regional assessment of the specific and diverse needs and aspirations of the population beyond those of its respective government.
The Russian globalist school challenges both the narrow understanding of societal security as public security, suggested by neorealists and the neoliberal legalist and human rights approaches. At the same time, globalists agree ...
Really: syntactics without semiotics?
... semiotics are different research programmes: the first one deals with specific features of language structures, while the second one discusses general characteristics of all sign systems, from a perspective of interpreting most or all of them as secondary respective to natural language. Formal models of language deal with classes of elements and predict their positions. Lexicographic descriptions provide instructions to the use of particular language items treated as signs with their concepts and syntactics....
Evaluating the efficiency of the research sector in Russian regions: a dynamic data envelopment analysis
... V2 * X2 + W1 * Z1 + W2 * Z2;
VARS contains a list of symbolic variables for optimisation. The other rows include symbols for matrices of size n × T filled with symbols and data. U1, U2, V1, V2, W1, W2 are filled with symbols u1, u2, v1, v2, w1, w2 respectively.
Y1, Y2, X1, X2, Z1, Z2, Z1T, Z2T are filled with numerical values (data).
When forming OUT and INS matrices, the * operator means the element-wise product, i. e., Hadamard rather than the matrix product.
The main procedure is as follows:
...
International heritage in the memorial landscape of the Kaliningrad region
... are still to be seen on the Brandenburg Gate.
Busts of the philosopher Karl Marx, the author of The Communist Manifesto and Capital, and Ernst Thälmann, a German communist politician, were erected in Kaliningrad in the Soviet period in 1961 and 1977 respectively. Marx and Thälmann were the most celebrated figures in the German segment of the Soviet pantheon, which also included other prominent thinkers and working class movement leaders: Friedrich Engels, Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg and Clara ...
Expansionism in Poland’s strategic culture: historical retrospective and variations
... security aspects
Development vs security
Regional leadership vs vassalage
Assessment of environment
Dangerous
Very dangerous
Poland as seen by other countries
Reasonable power
Epitome of valour
What Poland has to inspire in its neighbours
Anything but fear
Respect for the country’s power
What Poland’s behaviour towards other countries is based on
Borrowing best practices in governance and technology
Securing its rightful place in the region
Attitude to military and political alliances
Positive if they ...
The impact of the food embargo on consumer preferences and cross-border practices in the Kaliningrad region
... shopping trips to neighbouring countries. According to the survey, 35.7 % of the Kaliningrad region’s population visited Poland, and 17.8 % — Lithuania. High travel intensity (once a month or more) is typical for 11.4 and 3.4 % of the population, respectively.
Among the purposes of trips to Poland, the first place is shared by leisure (visiting museums, cafes, cultural events, and attractions) and food shopping. In trips to Lithuania, the latter was not so popular due to the higher cost of products....
Population change and the settlement system transformation in Poland, as revealed by the 2021 census
... such as population size, composition, and migration patterns can differ substantially. Two voivodeships on the shore of the Baltic Sea, the Pomeranian and the West Pomeranian, belong to different NUTS1 regions, the Northern and the North-Western, respectively. The name “centralny” (Central) seems somewhat inappropriate for a macroregion consisting of the Lodz (its principal city is Lodz) and the Holy Cross (Kielce) voivodeships since neither of them is in any sense “central”. Lodz, once ...
Comparative analysis of the territorial support frame of settlement in coastal areas: the case of St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad regions
... area’s population density reached 84.8 people/km². The city of St. Petersburg is home to 5,377,500 people (73.8 %), and the Leningrad region has a population of 1,911,600 (26.2 %), with a population density of 3,737 people/km² and 22.6 people/km² respectively. With a population of 1,027,800 people, the Kaliningrad region has the 50th largest area in the country and a population density of 68.1 people/km². The residents of the city of Kaliningrad account for 48.5 % of the region’s population ...
Migration distances in Russia: a demographic profile of migrants
... Euclidean distance between 130,000 geocoded Russian settlements was computed to estimate migration distances. These geospatial data enabled us to obtain estimations of migration distances by weighting the total distance of all migrations based on their respective numbers. The distance of internal migration was similarly estimated, taking into account age, sex, and type of residential registration. The findings revealed that 31.3 % of domestic residential relocations occurred within very short distances ...
France’s strategy in the Baltic region: military and political aspects
... distancing from Russia as a way of internal consolidation got noticeable in both organisations [6, p. 178]. For Obichkina, “this choice contradicted the traditional geostrategy of the Fifth Republic, but France, not sharing it, did not actively resist it respecting the desire of the former socialist countries to break with the Soviet past” [6, p. 178]. As a result, Paris has to deal with a certain paradox: not considering it necessary to aggravate relations with Russia, French diplomacy nonetheless ...
The peaks and troughs of Russian-Estonian relations
... systems of the USSR and Estonia were not only different: they were precise opposites. Although this imposed serious limitations on the development of relations across all spheres, the search for ways towards mutual understanding remained possible. In this respect, Tambi draws the reader’s attention to several remarkable episodes. For instance, in 1921, when large areas of European Russia were stricken by famine, the government of Estonia and the Estonian Red Cross provided humanitarian aid to Soviet ...
Territorial structure of inbound and domestic tourism in the Baltic States
... the World Travel and Tourism Council,<1> the industry accounted for 12.1 % of Estonia’s GDP in 2019, compared to 10.3 % worldwide. In Latvia and Lithuania, this proportion is also significant, albeit below the global average: 7.7 % and 6.0 % respectively. Moreover, tourism, one of the most labour-intensive sectors of the economy, creates new jobs. Estonia’s tourism industry is the largest contributor to national employment (11.7 %). In Latvia and Lithuania, the share of those employed ...
Estonian ‘Balticness’ as a social construct: meanings and contextual specifics
... alternative narrative focuses on deliberate distancing from the image of a ‘post-Soviet country’, which might be evoked in the mind of an external observer confronted with the term ‘Baltic States’. Estonian politicians also emphasise that in some respects (sometimes very specific ones, such as popular knowledge of English or internet connection quality), Estonia is not inferior to the Nordic countries. These achievements are opposed to the possible negative associations relating to ‘Soviet legacies’,...
The two-party tendency in Poland’s political system: manifestations, causes and prospects
... the seats (however, the Senate of Poland does not have broad powers). The difference in the number of seats won by the two parties in the Sejm and in the Senate is mainly explained by the use of different voting systems: proportional and majoritarian, respectively. As for the European Parliament elections, since 2009 deputies from PiS and PO have traditionally won from 75 to 80 % of the Polish quota.
The results of PiS and PO1 in national elections since 2005, %
Year
% of seats
% of votes in the first ...