Changes in the structure and geography of tourist flows during the COVID-19 pandemic
... Baltic Sea region (in the ‘narrow sense’), with the exception of Russia since entry to EU countries was restricted to Russian citizens after March 2020 with the tourist flow from Russia decreasing to negligible amounts as a result.
The 2021-on-2019 reduction in the index is of particular interest as the structure of inbound tourist flows changed dramatically in spring 2020 after international travel restrictions had been imposed. In 2020, the amount of tourism between January and March often exceeded ...
A review of the existing generalizations of the Deuring Reduction Theorem
The article is focused on various generalizations of the Deuring Reduction Theorem. Our research proves that the most appropriate theorem for further elaboration is the one that relates the decomposition of pK into prime ideals with the decomposition of A[p] into indecomposable BT1-group schemes up to isomorphism....
Three Russian Baltic regions in the context of confrontation between Russia and the West
... paramount importance [29].
Within this geopolitical context, I look into the development of three Baltic (Baltic Sea-facing) regions of Russia—St. Petersburg, the Leningrad, and the Kaliningrad regions—from 2014 to 2023. Over this period, the ongoing reduction in cooperation with Western neighbours in the Baltic region has gradually evolved into an almost complete cessation, with trade ties diminishing and continuing to do so.
The level, development dynamics, and economic security of the three regions ...
Population change and the settlement system transformation in Poland, as revealed by the 2021 census
... this decision seems to create more problems for Poland than its eastern neighbours. If the current trends persist, the eastern voivodeships, the stronghold of the right-wing conservatives in power, may not only rapidly lose population but also face a reduction in the level of socioeconomic development.
Introduction
In the second and the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century, the population structure in Europe underwent significant changes. Many countries experienced a combination ...
Finding optimal BKZ parametrs for NTRU lattice reduction
This article is devoted to selection of optimal parameters for lattice reduction attack against lattice-based cryptosystems that use lattices with low rank sublattices. It illustrates design flaws caused by current approach to buiding these types of cryptosystems. Its relevance and novelty lies in the description of the ...
Application of dimension reduction methods in objects homogeneity evaluation: airport network analysis
An application of dimension reduction methods in the analysis of the phenomena of socio-economic systems by analyzing the choice of direction of development of socio-economic development is considered. In particular it is shown that the use of algorithms dimension reduction methods ...
A method of an algorithm creation of cyclic reduction for solving of the system of equations with block-tridiagonal matrix
An approach to the method of cyclic reduction for the system of equations with block-tridiagonal matrix of arbitrary dimension is presented. Formulas for elimination of unknowns in arbitrary order are obtained. Algorithms for the first and second boundary problems are described.
1. Buzbee ...
Models for countering the segregation of ethnoreligious immigrant areas in Denmark and Sweden
... political discourses. It is noted that Swedish authorities are increasingly incorporating Denmark’s more radical approaches to address migration issues within their political programmes. Despite the results of Denmark’s anti-immigration policies and the reduction in the number of segregated immigrant areas, a myriad of issues persist due to EU immigration policies. The problem of forging a new civic identity rooted in the linguistic, religious and cultural homogeneity of Danish society amidst its multiculturalism ...
Priorities for the development of manufacturing industries in the Kaliningrad region
... exclave, whilst the state saddled itself with ensuring the region’s self-sufficiency as regards natural gas, electricity, and food products [12].
After the EU imposed sanctions against Russia in 2014, Russian—(Western) European trade dwindled. This reduction occurred mostly in terms of physical volumes. In terms of value, as the RIA Novosti agency reports with a reference to Eurostat data, 2002 saw an increase in Russian—European trade by 2.3 %<5> due to the growing global prices of goods ...
Spatial differentiation of rural territories in the Kaliningrad region: implications for socio-economic policies
... primarily attributed to the advancement of larger organisations, while the growth rates of household and small-scale farms remain comparatively low. This development trend is underpinned by a surge in labour productivity accompanied by a substantial reduction in the workforce. Consequently, rural residents are increasingly seeking alternative employment opportunities, either moving to urban areas or engaging in a different type of economic activities. Contrary to the situation in most regions of ...
Economic development of Russia’s north-western regions and migration to the St. Petersburg agglomeration
... crisis of 2008—2009, employment started declining not only in northern regions but also in the quintet of other regions, and the Leningrad region joined in the decline starting in 2015 (Fig. 1). The region’s positive migration balance coupled with a reduction in employment is evidence that most of the migrants work in St. Petersburg while living in its surroundings. Employment growth in St. Petersburg halted in 2015, as opposed to Moscow, where it continues. Accordingly, the share of St. Petersburg ...
Societal security in the Baltic Sea Region: the Russian perspective
... these initiatives.
• Climate action. Work on climate change should integrate both mitigation and adaptation, which requires enhanced regional cooperation. This focus area encompasses several related dimensions: emergency preparedness and disaster risk reduction management related to climate and weather risks, monitoring emerging health risks, food security risks, responding to stresses in regional ecosystems, and other challenges. The goal in this area is to mainstream climate change adaptation into ...
Migration distances in Russia: a demographic profile of migrants
... migration distance reaches 80 km at the level of parishes (there are 1785 such units in the country); 141 km, municipalities (290); 297, NUTS-2 regions (8); 380 km, NUTS-1 (3) [7]. The dependence between the number of units and migrants is non-linear: a reduction in the number of administrative units does not entail a proportion decrease in the number of migrants.
To our knowledge, there are neither Soviet nor Russian studies into the connection between migration distance and motives as, until recently,...
Analysis of Algorithms for Computing in Jacobian of a Picard Curve
In this article a representation of the elements of the Jacobian of a Picard curve is considered, which allows us to construct an algorithm for the reduction of divisors with complexity O(deg(D)). Addition of divisors can be performed using the reduction algorithm.
1. Barreirol E. R., Sarlabous J. E., Cherdieu J.-P. Efficient Reduction on the Jacobian Variety of Picard Curves // Coding Theory, Cryptography and Related Areas. 1998. P. 13—28.
2. Sarlabous J. E., Barreirol E. R., Barceló ...
Kant, neokantians, and phenomenologists of reflection and reduction
The article is devoted to comparison of Kant methodology and the phenomenology, which provide insight into the area of pure consciousness. Divergences in levels of its understanding are marked, disagreements concerning values of reflection and reduction between Kant and Neo-Kantian philosophers and representatives of phenomenology come to light. The analysis of basic concept of phenomenology, «intentionality», is carried out by means of Kant aprioristic forms.
1. Гуссерль Э. Картезианские ...
The problem of sociological reductionism in gender studies
Social constructivism is a philosophical and methodological approach widely used in the gender studies of the second half of the 20th century. The author examines the theoretical framework for sociological constructivism and ideological reasons behind its popularity in feminist philosophy. The author considers social constructivism as a form of sociological reductionism in explaining human behaviour.
1. Батлер Дж. Психика власти: теории субъекции. Харьков...
University performance and regional development: the case of Russia’s North-West
... computers per student grew in nine regions, except for the Vologda region, where it increased until 2019 and then declined in 2021 to 0.25, which is the minimum (with a maximum of 0.42 in the Murmansk region). Increased use of electronic resources led to a reduction in printed educational publications per student in eight regions out of ten. The exceptions are the Republic of Komi and the Murmansk region, where their numbers grew to 258.76 and 226.22, respectively. These are the maximum values among the ...
Current status of the Eastern Baltic cod population Gadus morhua callarias Linnaeus, 1758
... state and dynamics of the Eastern Baltic cod population over the past 30 years has been conducted. The Eastern Baltic cod is one of the most important commercial species in the Baltic Sea. An ecological regime shift in the early 1990s, resulting from a reduction in the frequency of large North Sea inflows, led to a decrease in salinity and oxygen levels in the bottom layers of the deep basins of the Baltic Sea. This caused a sharp deterioration in the spawning conditions. Factors influencing the Eastern ...
The ecological state of the Vistula lagoon using indicators of water quality and eutrophication
... (SCWPI) and the widely used world index, the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI), demonstrated similar seasonal and long-term variability. The launch of modern treatment facilities in 2016 led to a significant reduction in pollution in the Primorskaya Bay. However, in recent years, an increase in pollution has been observed in the eastern region, where the main river runoff (from the Pregolya River) enters and where the new discharge of Kaliningrad's treatment ...
The geopolitical effect of the maritime factor on the spatial development of post-Soviet Russia: the Baltic case
... region went up by 20 % from 1989 to 2021. Similar trends were observed in the Black Sea-Azov region and the Caspian region, with the latter driven exclusively by Dagestan. In the Russian Far East, the population of coastal cities stabilised after a 17 % reduction of the 1990s. The only coastal area where depopulation became a steady trend was the Arctic basin (Table 2).
Population of Russian coastal cities in Russia (by maritime basins) and their proportion in the national coastal population in 1989—2021,...
The impact of the food embargo on consumer preferences and cross-border practices in the Kaliningrad region
... the exclave residents’ typical cross-border practices of grocery shopping in the neighbouring countries.
Previous Studies
One of the apparent effects of the food embargo on the population of Russia was the growth of consumer prices caused by the reduction in imports, low self-sufficiency in many commodities and reduced competition in the domestic market [7], [8]. Household incomes were also decreasing. Thus there was a shift in consumption to less expensive, often low-quality, goods [7].
Another ...
Small towns of Latvia: disparities in regional and urban development
... development disparities amongst Latvia’s towns. Its key objectives are to analyse and interpret measures and rankings comprising the territorial development index for Latvian towns, parent regions taken into consideration; to identify factors in the reduction of development disparities amongst regional towns and the restoration of polycentric development trends.
The territorial development index (TDI) for regions, towns and villages, devised by the Latvian State Regional Development Agency, is an ...
Portfolio optimization in the case of an exponential utility function and in the presence of an illiquid asset
... obtain essentially different results. We provide the Lie group analysis of the corresponding HJB equation.
For the main three-dimensional PDE with the exponential utility function, we obtain the complete set of the nonequivalent Lie group invariant reductions to two-dimensional PDEs according to an optimal system of subalgebras of the admitted Lie algebra. We prove that in just one case the invariant reduction is consistent with the boundary condition. This reduction represents a significant simplification ...
Information metabolism and innovation dynamics in the Rostov agglomeration: the role of the coastal factor and economic clustering
The article focuses on the issues of innovative development of coastal agglomerations, as advancement drivers for the regions of Southern Russia, which experience a reduction in contact potential in modern geo-economic conditions that complicates international economic and technological cooperation. The aim of the study is to identify the specifics of the information metabolism processes as the basis of innovative ...
NOTA NOTAE rule in Kant’s syllogistics
The article analyses the meaning of the Nota Notae rule in Kant’s syllogistics; it defines two functions of the rule: justification of syllogistic inferences and regulation of modi reduction procedure.
1.
Аристотель.
Аналитики. Минск, 1998.
2.
Ахманов А.
С.
Логическое учение Аристотеля. М., 1960.
3.
Брюшинкин В.
Н.
Кант и силлогистика....
A new role of cooperation under economic sanctions as seen by residents of the Kaliningrad region
... and organisational resources, and enhanced prospects for forging rational economic relationships [2]. When specifying the benefits of cooperative forms of management, researchers tend to focus on factors contributing to competitiveness, such as cost reduction through a unified marketing strategy, purchasing raw materials in large batches, joint deliveries and a diversified assortment policy [3].
Analysis of the literature sheds light on the essence of cooperative forms of management by distinguishing ...
Sanctions risks and regional development: Russian case
... undermine the standard of living for their residents [5], [6], since it requires time and resources to reorient trade, technological and other flows, not to mention direct restrictions against Russian citizens — infringement of free movement rights, reduction of opportunities to receive medical care abroad, etc. Exposure to the described risks, coping and adaptation capabilities differ significantly between regions [9], [10], [11], [12]: territories more integrated into the global economy, including ...
Confiscation Estonian style: legal and political aspects of potential seizure of Russian assets in EU countries
... consent, and secondly, through the deprivation of property rights to income from the use of the property. Moreover, in the event of unsuccessful investment of Russian assets, EU member states (Germany, France and Austria) will bear the risk of loss or reduction of the asset.
Some experts believe that in the study situation, there are grounds not to apply the principle of sovereign immunity to the assets of the Bank of Russia since the UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property ...
The Role of the Kantian “Power of Judgment” in the “Nonmodern” Study of Conscious Experience
... reflective power of judgment. I conclude that conscious experience as a subject matter of research is a hybrid object, and only the project of “nonmodern” science will make it possible to create a relevant theory of consciousness that does not resort to reduction.
Chalmers, D., 2015. Soznayushchiy um: V poiskakh fundamental’noy teorii [The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory]. Moscow: Librokom. (In Rus.)
Crenshaw, K., 1989. Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black ...
Problems of transliteration and translation of Kazakh geographical names
... majority of the country's geographical names undergo various modifications. The authors identify and scrutinize several types of transformations, including transliteration, phonetic adjustments, morphological changes, lexical transformations, reduction (pollination), translation or calquing, reinterpretation, and renaming (denomination). The study establishes that these modifications adhere to general language laws and are influenced by differences in the typological characteristics of ...
The modern economy of Russia’s Baltic regions in the municipal context
... calculations.
In the Kaliningrad region, its administrative centre, Kaliningrad, is predictably the economic leader in the share in the total and per capita incomes. At the same time, the long-term (since 2012) trend in the indicator under consideration is the reduction of intermunicipal differences. Over the past years, the Guryevsk MD has assumed growing importance in the region’s economy. This area in the suburbs of Kaliningrad has been the leader in housing development since 2010, with over 50 % of the ...
The border as a barrier and an incentive for the structural economic transformation of the Kaliningrad exclave
... decline was much deeper and faster in Kaliningrad than across Russia (see Fig. 1). By 1995, industrial production had fallen to 40 % of the 1989 level (compared to the national average of 51 %). As for the sectoral structure, there was a noticeable reduction in the proportion of machine engineering, the food industry and the textiles, clothing, leather and footwear sectors. The increase in the share of the fuel industry and energy in the same year to 13.9 %, compared to 1.3 % in 1989, was a mere ...
Modern trends in paradiplomacy: a case of Russian-Finnish regional cooperation
For several decades, EU-Russian regional cooperation helped effectively respond to the local challenges. The EU terminated programmes for regional cooperation with Russia and Belarus in 2022. The existing paradiplomatic structure, however, may be of interest to scholars and policymakers as a model to be reproduced by Russia in cooperation with non-EU neighbours. The study aims to identify the main trends in paradiplomacy by examining Russian-Finnish regional collaboration. It reviews theoretical...
‘Definition of poetry’: Frege vs. Jakobson
... but rather to the linguistic environment inherent within the sign. It underscores the "auto-referentiality" (Faryno) of an artistic statement. Pragmasemantics and aesthetic-functional concepts of poetic reference both contribute to a reduction, albeit from opposite angles: pragmasemantics locates the referents of the poetic sign within ‘possible’ (artistic) worlds but somewhat overlooks the unique characteristics of poetic language. In contrast, functionalism sidelines the question ...
Geography of inbound tourism and transboundary tourism-and-recreation region-building in Sweden
... country’s cross-border tourism-and-recreation regions and delineate their borders. This research employs statistical and cartographic methods. The incoming tourist flow to Sweden grew steadily until 2020. However, the Covid-19 crisis has led to a drastic reduction in the number of incoming tourists. Based on the 2019 statistics, the findings confirm the existence of a developed transboundary tourism-and-recreation mesoregion that brings together Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. The formation boasts strong ...
Evaluating the efficiency of the research sector in Russian regions: a dynamic data envelopment analysis
...
Following the target-setting method, Svetlana Ratner [31] proposes calculating projections for the inefficient objects of regional systems within the space of inputs and outputs on the efficiency frontier. This would make it possible to determine input reduction and output increase targets, thus ensuring the object’s efficiency. Window analysis has been employed for the dynamic assessment of objects’ efficiency. This method involves selecting an observation window of a certain length for each production ...
Efficiency analysis of seaports in Russia’s Baltic basin: performance evaluation
... facilities have been launched (two berths and navigation signs)
2018
The necessary safety facilities for the icebreaking fleet have been established, resulting in decreased costs for renting berths
Vyborg
Large-scale modernization associated with a reduction in coal shipments and a focus on liquid cargo
2024—2025
Port dependence on the coal supply has been decreased
Vysotsk
A grain terminal is planned to be launched with an estimated contract sum of 5.5 billion rubles
2022
Plans include the creation ...
Conceptualizing emotions through discourse: a pragmatic view on the reader's interest
... participant for provoking the reader’s interest. The comparative methods of empirical discourse analysis are used to identify and describe popularisation strategies. The results show that participants employed four strategies to transform academic texts: reduction N = 94), simplification (N = 81), contextualization (N = 58), and concrete elaboration (N = 17). The strategies tend to present the most significant text ideas, reduce reader’s efforts for processing, and introduce the reader into the discourse-world....
A typology of the Baltic region states according to excellence in science and technology
... development factor. The typology here is based on the cost of the geographical division of functions (‘fragmentation cost’) [20], concentrated on the level of training [21]. These studies assume that excessive specialization of regions leads to a reduction in the well-being of the population [22], and, consequently, to a drop in the level of development.
Within the FSA-CSA matrix paradigm, the development of GPS is influenced by investments of transnational corporations (TNCs), as well as government ...
The two-party tendency in Poland’s political system: manifestations, causes and prospects
... paid monthly for each child) was supported by 77 % of people, which fully blocked the opportunities of other parties to oppose it [23, p. 186]. An important role was played by the annulment of the pension reform carried out under the rule of PO and the reduction of retirement age. The PiS programme stated as its main goal ‘a Polish model of a modern welfare state’.<5> At the high of its popularity in the early 2020, PiS enjoyed the record level of support in the region of 50 %.<6> In ...
Achievements and challenges in the Kaliningrad healthcare system during “real socialism”
... Health Department of the Kaliningrad region, Oblispolkom (Regional Executive Committee) and the Bureau of Medical Statistics from the respective funds of the State Archive of the Kaliningrad Oblast. Further development of the health infrastructure, the reduction of infant and maternal mortality, the success in developing the ambulance system, a significant increase in the number of doctors and paramedics, and the expansion of access to basic healthcare for citizens are the features of the period under ...
Cross-border tourist mobility as seen by residents of the Karelian borderlands: COVID-19 restrictions
... towns of Finland; they rarely visit any other parts of the neighbouring state. Usually, the visitors limit their travel to major supermarkets and shopping malls located in suburbs or at the border, timing their trips to coincide with sales and price reductions [12].
Prof Ivan Pirozhnik of the Pomeranian Academy in Słupsk distinguishes two ways a border can influence border space development: firstly, tourist attractions create recreational landscapes in the vicinity of border checkpoints; secondly,...
The economy of Russian Baltic regions: development level and dynamics, structure and international trade partners
... region, industrial production dipped by 0.2 %; manufacturing, by 1.1 %.<7> In the Kaliningrad region, the decline in production was much deeper: by 15.7 % and 18 %<8> respectively. Its import-substituting manufacturing was affected by a reduction in the imports of raw materials and semi-finished goods.
Particularly severe difficulties arose in the motor vehicle assembly industry, which manufactures the final product from components produced abroad, with very little value added created ...
Influence of ecological changes on hospitality industry technologies
... chains which consider ecological changes introduced into the technological processes of hotel enterprises, as well as the practices of eco-certification. The authors highlight some benefits, including economic ones, from the introduction of waste reduction and recycling programs in hotels. Green activities in the post-coronavirus period, due to growing demand for more environmentally friendly services, is seen as the one of primary importance. The article shares the analytical results of the Russian ...
Kant and Wittgenstein on Thought Experiments and the Matter of Transcendental Arguments
It is necessary to reconsider P. M. S. Hacker’s assessment of Kant and Wittgenstein’s philosophical affinities and the question concerning Wittgenstein’s alleged use of “transcendental arguments”. First, Alfred Norman’s reading of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus as a thought experiment receives revision to develop a view of the Critique of Pure Reason as a large-scale thought experiment that shares important logical features with the Tractatus. Then the question is addressed whether...
Lecture at Tartu State University, March 13, 1981
Lotman, Yu. M., 1974. On the reduction and deployment of sign systems (On the problem of “Freudianism and Semiotic Cultural Studies”). In:
Materialy 1-go Vsesoyuz
nogo (5-go) simpoziuma po vtorichnym modeliruyushchim sistemam
[Materials of the 1st All-Union (5th) Symposium ...
Towards a classification of transboundary tourist and recreation mesoregions in the Baltic region
In the wake of the Covid-10 pandemic, the Baltic region saw a dramatic reduction in tourist flows in 2000—2021; the decrease was as much as tenfold in some destinations. This study aims to classify the 16 transboundary tourist and recreational mesoregions of the Baltic region according to 2019 tourist flows. The research ...
The development of the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad in changing geopolitical and geo-economic conditions (based on the GRP analysis)
The development of the Kaliningrad region, Russian exclave in the Baltic, is significantly influenced by foreign policy factors. The deterioration of relations between Russia and the West has led to a reduction in the region's economic ties with the neighbouring Baltic States. The coastal position of the region has enabled the development of foreign trade relations with East Asian and Latin American States. Diversification of ties and federal support ...
Hybrid attack on Learning with Errors (LWE) with sparse secret
In 2007, Howgrave-Graham proposed attack against NTRU cryptosystem, which consists of two parts, combining lattice reduction technique and a combinatorial method called meet-in-the-middle (MiTM). In this article, we apply hybrid attack to the Learning with Errors Problem (LWE) with sparse secret. The LWE problem is considered to be one of the most important in lattice-based ...
The effect of volatile organic compounds on the content of photosynthetic pigments in reed fescue leaves Festuca arundinacea Schreb. in experiment terms (for example, limit, aromatic hydrocarbons and esters)
... pentane, hexane, benzene, as well as mixtures of pentane and hexane; pentane and hexane with benz(a)pyrene. The influence of o-xylol, benz(a)pyrene, butyl atetate; mixtures of butyl acetate with o-xylol and benzene with o-xylol caused a more intense reduction in the content of pigments three days after the treatment of plants. At the same time, the maximum change in the content of pigments during the experiment is caused by the action of butyl acetate, o-xylol and a mixture of butyl acetate ...