The two-party tendency in Poland’s political system: manifestations, causes and prospects
... contrary, pursuing right wing policies, they were considered as potential partners. The tongue-in-cheek abbreviation POPiS, a blend of the Polish names of the two parties that translates as ‘performance’ or ‘show’, hinted at the political and ideological kinship of these forces. In the 2002 local election, the parties even submitted common lists of candidates all over the country but for the capital voivodeship. After the 2005 parliamentary election, the first one in which PiS and PO came ...
Geopolitical Security of Russia: Remarks on the Problem Statement
... archetypes.
The Cold War era was characterized by a global power struggle between two dominant superpowers, each possessing a formidable arsenal of nuclear weapons. This confrontation played out on a global stage, with both sides vying for dominance in the ideological, political, and socio-economic realms. The all-encompassing nature of this conflict meant that it extended to all levels and sectors of international relations and security. At its core, the Cold War was a competition for control over the ...
Actualization of the dialectical unity of “Friend-foe” in the ideological attitudes of G. Radtke’s novel “Die Tätowierten”
The article analyzes the actualization of the dialectical unity of “friend-foe” on the example of the German-language novel G. Radtke “Die Tätowierten”for young adults. The study relies on the research of the ideological attitudes of the GDR through the analysis of theoretical sources, the method of continuous sampling, linguistic analysis of contextual blocks of the story, and establishes the spheres of human activity that represent the rejection of the values ...
Ethnography in Translation Studies: an object and a research methodology
... Interpreting Studies.
London; New York: Routledge.
Crisafulli, E., 2002. The Quest for an Eclectic Methodology of Translation Description. In: T. Hermans, ed.
Crosscultural Transgressions. Research Models in Translation Studies II: Historical and Ideological Issues
.
Manchester: St Jerome, pp. 26—43.
Davidson, B., 2000. The interpreter as institutional gatekeeper: The social-linguistic role of interpreters in Spanish-English medical discourse
. Journal of Sociolinguistics,
4 (3), pp. ...
Multimodal text as a means of political identification: an analysis of the Russian blogosphere
... addresser is encoded and expressed in the information product. The analysis results in a typology of multimodal texts, classified into three types based on their political identity and intended purpose. The first type comprises blogs that have a clear ideological basis that marks the political identity of the producer, with a ‘concentrated’ multimodal text. The second type includes blogs that do not reflect the author's political identity, with an ‘amorphous’ multimodal text intended for political ...
Translation and Discourse Analysis
... and Oxford: Blackwell.
Kim, M., 2007. Using Systemic Functional Text Analysis for Translator Education. An Illustration with a Focus on Textual Meaning. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 1(2). pp. 223—246.
Manfredi, M., 2018.
Investigating ideology in news features translated for two Italian media
. Across Languages and Cultures, 19(2). pp. 185—203.
Martin, J. R. and White, P. R. R., 2005. The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave.
Mason, I., 2004....
The ideological campaigns of the late Stalinism period at kolkhozes of the Kaliningrad region: everyday history
This article analyses the major ideological campaigns of 1946—1953 on the basis of earlier unknown materials from the archival funds of Kaliningrad kolkhozes. The author considers the influence of campaigns on the mass consciousness of peasants and their social behaviour from the ...
Soviet-Polish cooperation in the mid-1970s — early 1980s: ideological contacts and the ideology of contacts (regional aspects)
This article analyses different aspects of bilateral ties between the Kaliningrad region and the Polish Olsztyn and Elblag voivodeships in the mid-70s-early 19 80s. The author pays special attention to the problems of ideological interaction and emphasizes the crucial role of the economic development issues.
1. Государственный архив новейшей истории Калининградской области (ГАНИКО). Ф. 1. Оп. 69. № ...
‘People in Black’: Semantization of the concepts ‘sectant’ and ‘baptist’ in the anti-religious campaign of 1958—1964
... assigning meanings to new concepts through mass media and fiction. Simultaneously, established concepts had to undergo reshaping to align with the new worldview of the 'Soviet citizen’. The transformation of the semantic structure of religious vocabulary, ideologically marked, reflected the shift in the fundamental values of Soviet society. This article, employing component and contextual analyses, explores the target semantization process of key concepts during Khrushchev's 1958—1964 anti-religious ...
Reputation and status in Denmark’s strategic culture
... with the Danish perception of the US as the safeguard for the liberal world order and associated multilateral institutions. Denmark’s value-driven militarised foreign political activism in the post-Cold War era is thus not only pragmatic but also ideological as it seeks to promote liberal values, democracy and human rights under American leadership. The article concludes that factoring in status and reputation in strategic culture studies may complement the explanations of security community formation,...
The ways of modality expression in the poem “On the way to Skyros” by Joseph Brodsky
... Brodsky. The goal of this article is to identify the ways the author expresses his guidelines in the process of transformation of the mythological plot (the myth of Theseus). The analysis has been carried out on three levels: linguistic, compositional and ideological in order to determine the specifics of expression of the author’s modality in the poem in question. It has been established that the substantial (ideological) plan of the text, represented by a system of characteristic motives, forms the ...
The Visegrad Group and the Baltic Assembly: coalitions within the EU as seen through Russian foreign policy
... European integration is a vital question. There is no exact answer. At the same time, with small integration unions or consulting associations, the situation looks somewhat clearer. In this case, the goals are specific and pragmatic. There may be some ideological rhetoric, but it is nothing more than an attempt to divert attention from performing systemic economic and political tasks. Hence, another hypothesis discussed in the article — small integration unions and consulting associations have a ...
Current trends in the development of a green finance system: methodology and practice
The concept of green growth and sustainable development is turning into a global ideology guiding the transformation of national economies. The focus is shifting from quantitative assessments of performance to rational choice conditions. Rationality is becoming the decisive factor behind sustainable green growth, and a change in the ...
Tool-Kit for Ethical Analysis of Video Games: Answer to the Challenges of the New Enlightenment
... the explosive development of science and technology in the Modern period and come to the conclusion that their triumph and existential threats stem in many ways from the ideals of Enlightenment, so that the future of humankind depends crucially on an ideological rethinking of man’s status in the world. They stress the need to enhance the responsibility of the individual so that each individual becomes conscious of sharing the destiny of the whole of mankind and the world. I argue that in the framework ...
Entertainment and education through literary translation in a diaspora newspaper. Literary translations in Prosveta, a newspaper of Slovene-American émigré community
... translation assumed different roles in émigré periodicals: from serving educational purposes, through amplifying the diaspora’s cultural identity, to providing entertainment to their readership, and that all these roles conformed to the political and ideological orientation and positioning of the newspaper and its editors. The article focuses on the newspaper Prosveta (The Enlightenment), a left-of-centre progressive newspaper published by the Slovene diaspora in the U. S., and the presence of literary ...
Czesław Miłosz’s “Theological treatise” in the context of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s religious worldview
... theological problem of apoсatastasis and offered their interpretation of it. The paper also examines Miłosz’s contribution as an essayist to the comparative study of Dostoevsky's works (Dostoevsky — Mickiewicz and Dostoevsky — Swedenborg). The ideological basis of “Theological Treatise” is the dialectical relationship between faith and truth, which is associated with Miłosz's appeal to Dostoevsky's ‘creed’ from his famous letter to Fonvisina. Like Dostoevsky, Miłosz criticizes the ...
Georges Gurvitch and Sergey Hessen on the Possibility of Forming Social Unity
... Anthropology, 8(3), pp. 71-78. (In Rus.)
Gurvitch, G., 1918. Rousseau and the Declaration of Rights: The Idea of the Inalienable Rights of an Individual in the Political Doctrine of Rousseau. Petrograd: Wolf Printing House. (In Rus.).
Gurvitch, G., 1924. The Ideology of Socialism in the Light of Recent German Literature. Sovremennye zapiski / Annales contemporaines, 18, pp. 404-419. (In Rus.).
Gurvitch, G., 1925. State and Socialism. Sovremennye zapiski / Annales contemporaines, 25, pp. 508-523. (In Rus.)....
The concepts of citizenship and estate in Russian history — continuity and / or intermittence
... concept “people” in contemporary history taking into account its possible interpretation as a bearer of sovereignty. This concept goes back to the time of early bourgeois revolutions. The author holds that there are certain parallels between the ideology of citizenship, the development of the concept “people / nation” and the interpretation of the concept “citizenship”. Contemporary theoretical debates about citizenship are fully applicable to the history of the interpretation of citizenship ...
“Russian people” in the literature and documents of the 19th century: an experience of linguistic portraiture
... century about Russian identity. Vestnik Omskogo universiteta. Seriya “Istoricheskiye nauki” [Bulletin of the Omsk University. Series "Historical Sciences"], 2 (6), pp. 92—110 (in Russ.).
Plungyan, V. A., 2008. Corpus as a tool and as an ideology: on some lessons of modern corpus linguistics. Russkiy yazyk v nauchnom osveshchenii [Russian Language and Linguistic Theory], 2 (16), pp. 7—20 (in Russ.).
Rymar’, S. V., 2012. Russian nationality. Vestnik Chelyabinskogo gosudarstvennogo ...
Party system nationalization in Estonia
... Since the project will soon turn thirty, it is timely to ask whether it has been a success. This article employs Grigorii Golosov’s index of political party nationalization to understand whether the ‘integration’ project has helped to narrow the ideological divide between ethnic Estonians and ethnic Russians. In other words, the study asks whether ethnic Estonians and ethnic Russians vote for the same political parties in comparable proportions or there are ‘Estonian’ and ‘Russian’ parties ...
Hybrid texts as a form of interaction between avant-garde artistic and political discourses
...., 2014. Teoriya avangarda [Avant-Garde Theory]. Moscow (in Russ.).
Vinogradov, V. V., 1963. Stilistika. Teoriya poeticheskoy rechi. Poetika [Stylistics. Theory of poetic speech. Poetic]. Moscow (in Russ.).
Gur'yanova, N. A., 2010. Avant-garde and ideology. Russian Literature, 67 (3—4), pp. 365—402 (in Russ.).
Deleuze, G., 1998. Logika smysla [The logic of meaning]. Moscow (in Russ.).
Dem'yankov, V. Z., 2002. Political discourse as a subject of political philology. Politicheskaya nauka....
Events as a semantic framework for the construction of reality: the prospects of a transition to a dynamic ontology
...
Acemoglu, D., Robinson, J.A., 2012. Why Nations Fail. The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. N.Y.: Crown Business.
Bergson, H., 1946. The Creative Mind: An Introduction to Metaphysics. New York: Philosophical Library.
Dijk, Т. van., 1998. Ideology: A Multidisciplinary Approach. London.
Galtung, J., 1977. Essays in methodology. Vol. 1: Methodology and ideology. Copenhagen: Christian Ejlers.
Habermas, J., 2001. On the pragmatics of social interaction: Preliminary studies in the theory of ...
Analytic philosophy: a historico-critical survey
... logische Analyse der Sprache // Erkenntnis. 1931. Vol. 2.
5. Carnap R. Logische Syntax der Sprache. Wien, 1934.
6. Fodor J. The Language of Thought. N. Y., 1975.
7. Gellner E. Words and Things, A Critical Account of Linguistic Philosophy and a Study in Ideology. With an Introduction by Bertrand Russell. L., 1959.
8. Goodman N. The Structure of Appearance. Cambridge (Mass.) , 1951.
9. Moore G. E. The Nature and Reality of Objects of Perception. Reprinted in Moore G. E. Logical Studies. L., 1922.
10....
On the Semiotic Model of Image
... subdividing semiotic. Pragmatics of natural languages. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands. pp. 94—119.
Morris, C. W., 1938. Foundations of the theory of signs. International encyclopedia of unified science, 1 (2), pp. 1—59.
Monticelli, D., 2016. Critique of ideology or/and analysis of culture? Barthes and Lotman on secondary semiotic systems. Sign Systems Studies, 44 (3). pp. 432—451.
Peirce, C. S., 1934. Collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce: Vol. V. Cambridge.
Peirce, C. S., 1931—1958. Collected ...
Don Carlos by F. Schiller in the translation of A. Mickiewicz and in the context of the Legend of the Grand Inquisitor by F. M. Dostoevsky
The author analyzes genetic connections and typological convergences of the drama «Don Carlos» by F. Schiller and the works of A. Mickiewicz and F. Dostoevsky. In the intertextual aspect, the author comes to a conclusion about the key role of the ideology of freedom and power in F. Schiller’s drama «Don Carlos», in «The Great Improvisation» by A. Mickiewicz and the legend of The Great Inquisitor by F. Dostoevsky. It is shown that F. Dostoevsky reduces the ideology of freedom and power, typical ...
Correlation of theory and practice in victorian policies: Edward Derby case
Using the works of the most prominent British political intellectuals, the author examines the correlation of theory and practice in Victorian politics. The analysis shows the suspicious attitude of British politicians toward ideologies. The core role of morality and religion in Victorian politics is highlighted. The author reconstructs the concept of conservative progress, which was used to solve tactical party objectives on the basis of three most significant sources ...
Workers’ settlements in the Kaliningrad region and their subsequent renaming in 1946—1947
... workers’ villages. Numerous toponyms were proposed, many of them were changed several times. The only geographic name that was approved immediately by the Government of the RSFSR was Znamensk, since it incorporated the semantic root znamya (banner). The ideologically laden Komsomolsk was replaced with Zheleznodorozhny as a reference to the fact that most residents worked at the railway station. Another settlement was named Tchaikovsky but then was given the ideologically laden name Pionersky.
1. The ...
The ‘Russian Poetic Speech — 2016’ Project as a Cultural Narrative of Modern Russian Poetry
... presents a methodological description of the ‘Russian Poetic Speech — 2016’ narrative project aimed to identify, demonstrate, and study a cross-section of modern Russian poetry. The author addresses the foundations of the narrative project, its ideology, as well as its publication and promotion components. The article explores the mechanism for understanding and using the power of Russian poetry and addresses its ultimate goal — the creation of a new humanitarian ideology. The author proposes ...
Sergiusz Piasecki’s The Tower of Babel: the poetics of the genre
... features of artistic incarnation of the actual autobiographical material, the genre forming role of Belarusian and Russian substrata, the influence of the tradition of Russian classical novel, as well as the manifestation of the elements of adventure and ideological novels.
1. Бахтин М. Эстетика словесного творчества. М., 1979.
2. Песецкий С. Человек, превращенный в волка. Минск, 2012.
3. Пясецкі С. Аўтадэнунцыяцыя ...
On the development of the "Greater Finland" iIdeology
This article focuses on the role of Länsipohja and Ruija in the "Greater Finland" ideology. The growing interest in the closely related peoples in the 1920s became a prerequisite for the foundation of the Academic Karelia Society (AKS). The author addresses the activity of the AKS concerning Länsipohja and Ruija.
1.
Rommi P.
Snellman ...
Paul Natorp
... 2 : Der Marburger Neukantianismus in Quellen. Basel; Stuttgart, 1986.
28. Jegelka N. Paul Natorp: Philosophie, Pädagogik, Politik. Würzburg, 1992. (Epistemata: Reihe Philosophie; Bd. 109).
29. Kiuchi Y. Unrequited Love for Germany? Paradigm and Ideology in Educational Research in Japan until 1945 // Educational Studies in Japan: International Yearbook. 2007. № 2. P. 45—56.
30. Natorp Bunko. Universitäre Sondersammlungen in Japan. URL: http://tksosa. dijtokyo.org/?page=collection_detail....
The influence of S.T. Shatsky’s pedagogical views on the organization of children’s life during the formation of the pioneer organization (1922—1929)
... of the educational process, allowing for the identification of valuable experience for further use in modern conditions, when a new stage of development of children’s organizations is observed in the Russian Federation. Despite the primary goal of ideological education in the pioneer organization, its activities reflected comprehensive elements such as play, labor education, art, and social education. According to S. T. Shatsky, these are fundamental elements in organizing children’s life. ...
Mass, Community, Communion
... cohesion and the sociality (or sociability) of the individuals who make up these groups. The first Russian translation of this article, as well as its English-language original, are provided with the publisher’s notes, revealing the historical and ideological context of the formation of Gurvitch’s theory of sociability and the circumstances of the emergence of this article.
Antonov, M., 2016. La théorie du droit de Georges Gurvitch et ses origines philosophiques russes. Droit et société,...
The Relationship Between the Individual and the Collective in the Social Philosophy of Georges Gurvitch
... and the USA at the final stage of his career, Gurvitch studied the individual person and collective units as interacting sides of the collective social subject. He sought to overcome the struggle between individualism and collectivism which found its ideological expression in the rivalry of the French (Emile Durkheim) and German (Max Weber) schools of sociology. Gurvitch formulated the concept of society as dynamic interaction and mutual determination of the individual and collective unit. In his ...
The January uprising in the worldview of the Warsaw positivists
... Warsaw positivists on the January Uprising. The author turns to literary works, letters, and memoirs of representatives of Warsaw positivism and concludes that the suppression of the uprising in 1863-1864 contributed significantly to the formation of the ideology of this philosophical movement. Positivists openly condemned the Polish liberation movement, believing that armed conflicts would lead to the disappearance of the Polish nation. Despite this, they held great respect for the participants of the ...
Translation of the absurdist literature as an example of cultural transfer (“Cases” by Daniil Kharms in Korean translations)
... manifest in the creation and perception of a secondary text. The study scrutinizes literary translation as a linguistic and creative endeavour, illustrating the meticulous approach of the translator Kim Jung A in authentically representing the author's ideology and aesthetics. Furthermore, the article, for the first time, unveils the ways in which the aesthetics of the absurd are culturally transferred into a foreign context, specifically in the translations of stories and "cases" by Kharms ...
Polynominativity of geographical objects in the linguocultural context
... 2023. Ekaterinburg — Sverdlovsk — Ekaterinburg: the city image in the dynamics of a toponymic text. Slovo.ru: Baltic accent, 14 (1), pp. 29—53,
https://doi.org/10.5922/2225-5346-2023-1-2
(in Russ.).
Kachalkova, Yu. A. and Rut, M. E., 2019. “Ideological” urban place names and the renaming of city streets. Voprosy onomastiki [Problems of onomastics], 16 (3), pp. 179—192,
https://doi.org/10.15826/vopr_onom.2019.16.3.038
(in Russ.).
Kelmakov, V. K., 2019. Belaya Kama vpryam' li belaya?...
Where and how meanings emerge
... constructive dialogue of stakeholders. In 2 parts]. Moscow (in Russ.).
Gaidenko, P. P., 1979. Filosofiya Fichte i sovremennost' [Fichte's Philosophy and Modernity]. Moscow, 288 p. (in Russ.).
Galtung, J., 1977. Essays in methodology. Vol. 1: Methodology and ideology. Copenhagen: Christian Ejlers, 387 p.
Grigoriev, V. P., 1977. Paronymy. In: A. D. Grigor'eva, ed. Yazykovye protsessy sovremennoi russkoi khudozhestvennoi literatury. Poeziya [Language processes of modern Russian literature. Poetry]. Moscow,...
The Accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: Geopolitical implications for Russia’s position in the Baltic Sea region
... and “makes its foreign and security policy decisions independently” [13, p. 14].
In Sweden, submitting the application to join NATO was somewhat more controversial than in Finland (especially because possible NATO accession was traditionally an ideological issue and reflected the contradictions between, mainly, Social Democratic ‘NATO skeptics’ and right-wing supporters of rapprochement with the Alliance) [14, p. 27—28]. This is evidenced by discussions in the working group set up in March ...
The geopolitical effect of the maritime factor on the spatial development of post-Soviet Russia: the Baltic case
... Mackinder published his seminal works. The seven decades of Soviet rule were marked both by pronounced continental tendencies (see, for instance, [22]) and extensive (and mostly successful) efforts to launch a quasiglobalist maritime project. The ideological framework for this project was provided in the 1976 publication of Admiral Sergey Gorshkov titled The Marine Power of the State [23], which postulated the marine-continental status of eh USSR. Many of these successes, however, were nullified ...
Book-centric picture of the world in O. Tokarchuk’s novels “The Journey of the Book-People” and “The Books of Jacob”
The authors have conducted a comparative analysis of the novels by Olga Tokarczuk, "The Journey of the People of the Book" and "The Books of Jacob,", where the conceptual role is played by motifs of travel and books, and the theme of religious-mystical societies of the 17th-18th centuries becomes significant. The genre specificity of the two texts, features of their narrative structure, and character systems are considered. It is asserted that the two analyzed books share a logocentric...
Historical policy and memorial culture of modern Romanian society
... canon; 3) the memorial practices of the contemporary intellectual community are interconnected with the development of civil and ethnic nationalist discourse; 4) the participation of intellectuals in memory politics actualizes the political and ideological heterogeneity of modern society, contributing to the simultaneous coexistence and competition of different forms of historical memory. It is assumed that the role of Romanian civil society in the historical politics of contemporary Romania ...
The Swedish institute’s scholarship policy as a soft power instrument
... North-Western Federal District. For example, Norwegian programmes were found to be closely intertwined with the soft power strategies of the country, and the organizations hosting these programmes experienced a significant surge in allegations of political and ideological influence.<1> However, it’s worth noting that Norway’s efforts to promote its national brand through education and academic mobility are comparatively less robust when compared to Sweden’s initiatives.
This paper delves into an ...
A part outside the whole? (To Anton Zimmerling's article “Really: syntactics without semiotics?”)
... anthology]. Moscow, pp. 45—97 (in Russ.).
Nöth, W. and Jungk, I., 2015. Peircean visual semiotics: Potentials to be explored. Semiotica, 207, pp. 657—673,
https://doi
. org/10.1515/sem-2015-0058.
Ongstad, S., 2004. Bakhtin’s triadic epistemology and ideologies of dialogism. In: F. Bostad, C. Brandist, L. S. Evensen and S. Faber, eds. Bakhtinian perspectives on language and culture. London, pp. 65—88.
Ongstad, S., 2005. Context. In: P. Strazny, ed. Encyclopedia of linguistics. Vol. 1. New York,...
Semantics of abionims in S. Snegov’s novel “People as Gods”
... comes to the conclusion that the onomastic space of the work is connected with the writer’s picture of the world, who models the possible path of development of human civilization, based on the priority of the moral law. Literary abionyms perform an ideological and aesthetic function and at the same time endow the novel with additional deep meanings that contribute to a more holistic perception of artistic reality.
Rozhin V.O.
S. Snegov, science fiction, “People as Gods”, onomastics,...
The role of the concorded renaming in the formation of the oikonymy in the Kaliningrad Region
... of some settlements in the Kaliningrad region. A comparative phonetic and semantic analysis of the respective names revealed that the same thematic correlation (with a predominance of references to the flora, fauna and water bodies of the area) and ideological antonymy, usually manifested in an indirect form, prevail among them. In addition, translation (usually partial), semantic antonymy and borrowing were used somewhat less frequently by the renaming activists to concord oikonyms. The author ...
Right-wing radical ideologems in the politics of South American states
The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of right-wing radical ideologies on political processes in South America. Right-wing radicalism has a long history of presence in the political reality of South American states. Having gone a long way from the usual ideas and concepts of the continental elites to the organization ...
Kant and the New Enlightenment: On the Balance between Duty and Utilitarian Ends
... modern theories of social conflicts, the communication theory of J. Habermas and the justice theory of J. Rawls. The overall conclusion is that Kant’s philosophy is not a philosophy of exclusion, capitalist values and utilitarianism and is not their ideological basis.
Anscombe, E., 1958. Modern Moral Philosophy. Philosophy. The Journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy, 33(124), pp. 1-19.
Bakhurst, D., 2022. Categorical Moral Requirements. Kantian Journal, 41(1), pp. 40-59.
http://dx.doi....
International heritage in the memorial landscape of the Kaliningrad region
... class movement leaders: Friedrich Engels, Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg and Clara Zetkin, to name a few. Both busts were created by the famous Soviet sculptor Boris Edunov. Today, the monument to Marx performs an educational and cultural rather than ideological function, reminding of the work and heritage of one of the greatest 19th-century thinkers, whose ideas had a tremendous impact on the modern history of Russia and the world. The bust of Thälmann, as well as the street and garden square bearing ...
Expansionism in Poland’s strategic culture: historical retrospective and variations
... and Russia substituted for France, Sweden and Turkey’s Danube vassals) [22], [23]. John Sobieski, however, looked askance at his new allies: he used to liken the Germans to horses as, he insisted, neither knew their real power [24, s. 39].
From the ideological perspective, Poland positioned itself as the region’s most Catholic country and, when devising its project, relied on the logic of converting neighbours to a ‘truer’ religion. Yet, in the 16th—17th centuries, this doctrine lost its ...