Cross-border tourist mobility as seen by residents of the Karelian borderlands: COVID-19 restrictions
... role it plays in their lives. These are manifested in regular trips to the neighbouring state, frequent contacts with Finnish travellers, marked preferences and a network of contacts with Finnish residents and organisations. The COVID-19 restrictions affected the routines of the residents of the Karelian borderlands more severely than those of people living in the inner municipalities or the regional capital. The findings of the study provide a comprehensive picture of the significance of cross-border ...
Migration distances in Russia: a demographic profile of migrants
... Petersburg and the Leningrad region. Yet, we repeatedly heard the opposite: 12 % of respondents from Vorkuta named Krasnodar Krai as the preferred migration destination.
Along with external and context-dependent factors, the distance of migration is affected by the vicissitudes of one’s life course events and the events involving one’s friends and relations. It is generally believed that education is a principal migration-encouraging factor. A recent study [8] has shown that although it is ...
The biogeochemical activity of exotic gymnosperm species in industrial urbanised ecosystems
... anthropo-genic pollution (Russia’s Non-Black Earth zone). The author examines data on the biogeochemical activity of Thuja occidentalis, Juníperus sabína, and Picea pungens in the conditions of polymetallic contamination of air and soils in the area affected by iron and steel plants. It is shown that most Gym-nospermae species accumulate such macroelements as K, Ca, and Cl. Thuja occidentalis accumulates V, Cr, Fe, Ni, and As in the area affected by iron and steel plants and is sensitive to emissions....
Priorities for the development of manufacturing industries in the Kaliningrad region
... between the ports of Kaliningrad and Leningrad regions. The refusal of access to EU skies has required rerouting flights from Kaliningrad to other regions of the country through the neutral waters of the Baltic Sea.
In the region, sanctions have severely affected the development of all manufacturing companies relying on raw materials and/or semi-finished products imported from unfriendly countries. The operating structure of these businesses, which explains their heavy dependence on exports and imports,...
The border as a barrier and an incentive for the structural economic transformation of the Kaliningrad exclave
... the economy, leading to the near-complete collapse of the region’s previously dominant cross-industry fishing sector, which accounted for 12 % of the country’s fish and seafood catch and 33 % of the region’s industrial output. The crisis also affected machine engineering, which, comprising 28 % of industrial production, primarily served the interests of the fishing sector and the military [20].
Located in the western part of the USSR, the Kaliningrad region was one of the USSR’s strongholds....
The adaptation of Russian regions’ economies to the rupture of relations with Europe: the case of Baltic Sea ports
... In particular, in the spring of 2023, the share of enterprises that began modernizing their manufacturing process increased to 33 %. As a result, in the spring of 2023, 32 % of Russian enterprises came to the conclusion that they were generally not affected by the sanctions (in the spring of 2022 there were only 19 % of such enterprises)<7> [14].
Intensive efforts to adapt to the sanctions were also undertaken at various levels, including Russian federal ministries and departments, regional ...
Three Russian Baltic regions in the context of confrontation between Russia and the West
... features, limitations and development prospects of three Russian territories bordering the Baltic Sea — St. Petersburg, and the Leningrad, and Kaliningrad region — amid the sharply heightened confrontation between Russia and the West, which has affected the Baltic region. The time frame spanning from 2014 to 2023 was chosen for the study. This period encompasses the sanctions imposed by Western countries and their associations, primarily the EU, in response to the return of Crimea and Sevastopol ...
Internet diffusion and interregional digital divide in Russia: trends, factors, and the influence of the pandemic
... we tested several hypotheses:
1. Differences between the Russian regions in the level of Internet penetration generally correspond to the spatial features and innovation diffusion factors identified in the literature (Table 2). The digital divide is affected by differences in income, education level, business development, as well as geographical characteristics of the region: proximity to a large city (hierarchical diffusion) and the source of innovation (neighborhood diffusion). The accessibility ...
Sanctions risks and regional development: Russian case
... operations, especially for western and northwestern regions [21], [22].<6> If restrictions on exports from Russia led to the need for its reorientation, reduced business profits and regional budget revenues, then restrictions on imports to Russia affected the ability to purchase technological equipment, and components, and fulfill production orders. Thus, restrictions on imports led to the stoppage of the activities of numerous automobile factories in the Leningrad, Kaliningrad, Kaluga regions,...
The geopolitical effect of the maritime factor on the spatial development of post-Soviet Russia: the Baltic case
... engagement of coastal territories in the formation of transboundary maritime regionalisation structures. This trend, accurately described in [28], has been most pronounced in the Baltic region, with a substantial geopolitical element [27]. All these trends affected the architecture of the Russian space, producing a change in its economic and settlement proportion towards coastal territories, which was evident at the level of trends and average figures. The Eurocentric and north-western dimension had the ...
Territorial structure of inbound and domestic tourism in the Baltic States
... transformation of the territorial structure of tourism in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The spatial and temporal organisation of tourism in these countries has undergone significant changes since they became independent and joined the EU. These changes have affected the geography of tourist flows and destinations of interest. This study aims to define the geographical and economic peculiarities of the development of tourism in the Baltic States and to identify the central, peripheral and semi-peripheral ...
The spread of the COVID-19 infection in Russia’s Baltic macro-region: internal differences
... connecting it to the city, and the region’s COVID-19 policy response concentrated on this part. The other one has its own local centres, which turned into hotbeds of infection and transmitted it further to their rural periphery.
The Leningrad region was affected by horizontal and spatial diffusion of COVID-19. In terms of horizontal diffusion, the region was both a source and adopter of the infection. Although many residents of the region commute to St. Petersburg, a number of local towns (for instance,...
The sea factor in the federal regulation of Russia’s spatial development: post-Soviet experience and current priorities
... its coast and its strategic goals and interests conveyed in the national Maritime Doctrine<1> — all these factors have been recently discussed in the literature [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. The country’s strategic goals have been significantly affected by two tendencies, which have been plainly visible in the 1990s—early 2000s: the growing marine economy and increasing coastalisation (the gravitation of the economy, infrastructure and people towards the sea).
The 2025 Strategy for the Spatial ...
Migration processes in the Kaliningrad region, Klaipeda region, Warmia and Mazuria in 1945—1950: a comparative study
The change in borders as a result of World War II spawned massive displacements of millions of people that affected East Prussia, ceded to the USSR and Poland. The article examines the migration processes caused by these changes in the territory of the former German province, i. e. in the Kaliningrad region of the RSFSR, the Klaipeda region of the Lithuanian ...
The effect of Covid-19 on labour migration in the CIS
... elusive, albeit important, object of study. The governments of most CIS countries acted promptly and decisively in countering the pandemic. The comprehensive measures have had a serious impact on citizens’ mobility and employment situation. Among the affected are millions of migrants working in the CIS. This article offers a comparative analysis, followed by synthesis, of the negative effects of the Covid-19 pandemic as seen through the prism of employment and the situation of migrant workers in the ...
The evolution of agricultural nature management models in the Baltic States and the Kaliningrad region in 1890—2016
In each historical period, regional models of agricultural practices are affected by a combination of natural, political, and economic factors. Such models incorporate indicators of changes in the cultivated land area, land structure, and the intensity of agricultural practices. At early stages, the evolution of a model is ...
Evangelical Lutheran church of Denmark: socio-economic and territorial-organisational aspects
... Fund has provided financial support for 205 socially important initiatives of the Church. In 2022, the focus areas included encouraging the transition of church structures to resource-saving technologies, as well as assistance provided to young people affected by COVID-19. In its support, the Fund takes into account the Church’s partnership with local communities, geographic reach, innovativeness, and high levels of volunteerism.
The Church of Denmark has several tax benefits. It is exempt from corporate ...
Models for countering the segregation of ethnoreligious immigrant areas in Denmark and Sweden
... immigration and integration policies contributed to a decrease in new flows of refugees and migrants. This allowed the Danish authorities to focus on the integration of non-Western migrants who lived in the ghetto.
These changes in integration policy again affected the definitions of a ghetto and divided disadvantaged areas into three categories: ‘vulnerable residential areas’, ‘ghettos’ and ‘hard ghettos’ (hårde ghetto). A ‘vulnerable area’ had to meet at least two of five criteria: ‘50 ...
A new role of cooperation under economic sanctions as seen by residents of the Kaliningrad region
The current economic crisis conditions call for a search for new mechanisms to maintain the population’s well-being. Within this setting, cooperation may be considered a priority form of entrepreneurial activity, enabling the consolidation of financial resources and reducing business costs. This article aims to assess the potential of consumer cooperation in the Kaliningrad region under anti-Russian sanctions. The authors analyse the features of cooperation development within the territory and...
Fluctuating asymmetry of leaves of mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) as a bioindicator of aerotechnogenic pollution of the city of Orenburg
... determine the impact of aerotechnogenic pollution on the magnitude of the fluctuating asymmetry of the leaf blade of the populations of mountain ash within the city of Orenburg. The study revealed that the leaf blades of mountain ash in urban conditions are affected by anthropogenic factors, experiencing air pollution and accumulating harmful substances. The fluctuating asymmetry method can be used as an indicator of plant development instability in urban ecosystems. Elevated environmental stress, based ...
Spatial differentiation of rural territories in the Kaliningrad region: implications for socio-economic policies
... to 33 % amongst retirees.
The gender structure of rural populations depends crucially on the economic specialisation of their places of residence and the economic situation in the district centres. In the immediate suburban zone, it is also greatly affected by the workforce needs of Kaliningrad. For example, the Baltic urban district has the highest percentage of men (65 %) among working-age individuals because of its coastal location, an economic specialisation of the district centre that relies ...
Economic development of Russia’s north-western regions and migration to the St. Petersburg agglomeration
This article aims to analyse the development of Russia’s North-Western Federal District (NWFD) regions between 1998 and 2021, based on data from Rosstat. It focuses on how the territories responded to migration to the St. Petersburg agglomeration in the early 21st century and compares their progress with the cores of the St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Helsinki agglomerations. For building the models, regions with similar development dynamics were divided into four sectors: St. Petersburg, the Leningrad...
Reputation and status in Denmark’s strategic culture
... desire to continue the ‘activist’ course is at odds with the actual capabilities of the country’s armed forces
Commenting on Denmark’s unique position within the EU, Lyudmila Babynina writes that the abolished defence opt-outs have negatively affected not only Denmark’s political status but also its defence and affiliated industries. She notes that the country could still participate in essential areas of cooperation not directly related to the EU’s CSDP, such as military mobility or combating ...
Methods of combating hogweed (Heracleum spondylium) and the possibility of their application in the Kaliningrad region
... and mechanical methods, as well as grazing and mulching. The methods have been evaluated and compared, and it is suggested that an integrated approach combining several methods may be the most effective solution. However, the characteristics of the affected area, the age of the plants and the use of the affected land must be taken into account to determine the appropriate method. In conclusion, preventive measures are proposed to stop the spread of hogweed seeds.
Zhuk А.А., Odinaevs ...
On economic well-being and current measures to support small businesses in agriculture in the Kaliningrad region
... producers were identified and certain practical tools were proposed that can provide a solution to some of these problems. One of the main conclusions of this study is the assurance that despite the change in external conditions that have negatively affected the conditions of operation, small businesses in the Kaliningrad region continue to work and are actively developing, thereby providing conditions for the development of rural areas of the Kaliningrad region.
Gumenyuk I.S. Richter A....
Revisiting harm caused by illegal entrepreneurial activities
... Criminal Code of the Russian Federation". Within the framework of this study, a classification of damage from illegal entrepreneurship is proposed, depending on the subjects to whom it may be caused, and the need to include the loss of profits of the affected persons in the composition of the damage from the crime under consideration is analyzed.
Berezdovets M.S.
illegal entrepreneurship, harm, damage, income, profit, lost profit
5-13
10.5922/sikbfu-2023-2-1
Societal security in the Baltic Sea Region: the Russian perspective
... environment — the environment that is distinct from that of any other region. Neoliberals believe that the entire BSR community shares some norms and values, which provide them with the incentive for a cohesive society [19], [20]. However, society is affected both positively and negatively due to the ongoing and rapid changes, mainly resulting from the geopolitical, geoeconomic and ecological dynamics in the region and its neighbourhood. While some of the changes bring new opportunities for the BSR,...
The Impact of COVID-19 on immigration: the transformation of Norwegian migration policy on asylum seekers
... modelling, relied on the idea of unbounded growth at the sub-national, national and supra-national level. The article focuses on immigration to Norway, showing how institutional constraints were used to deal with the spread of COVID-19 and how they affected immigration to the country.
Due to complexity reasons, we focus exclusively on the situation of asylum seekers, giving additional attention to unaccompanied minors. These groups’ migration status is assumed to make them especially susceptible ...
Statistical analysis of tourism flows between Ukraine and the Baltic Sea Region countries in 2012—2019
... features and trends in inbound and outbound tourism flows between Ukraine and the Baltic Sea region (BSR) countries in 2012—2019. The research question is whether inbound our outbound tourism prevailed and how visa-free travel to the Schengen Area affected the number of Ukrainians travelling to the Baltic Sea Region. Two data sources were used in the study. These are the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index of the World Economic Forum and data from the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine ...
Cultural types and the perception of current environmental risks by local communities of the Baltic Sea region
... article deals with how local communities perceive the image of risks formed and reproduced via various communication channels. The structural context and the context of communication are taken into account. Another focus is on how this perception is affected by the type of community members’ cultural attitudes (according to Mary Douglas’s grid/group model). The space of categorical variables obtained through multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) aids in clustering the cases (respondents) as ...
Efficiency analysis of seaports in Russia’s Baltic basin: performance evaluation
... significant investments in infrastructure and the implementation of informational transformations in the Baltic Seaports (totaling 117.1 million), the development dynamic is currently negative. Specifically, the Saint Petersburg port’s performance has been affected adversely. In 2022, the share of incoming ships decreased by 30 %, with only 294 sea vessels recorded compared to 418 in 2021. The decline in the number of foreign vessels arriving at the Baltic Seaports appears to be the primary factor contributing ...
The impact of the food embargo on consumer preferences and cross-border practices in the Kaliningrad region
... retailers [2], [3].
Russia’s restrictions on the import of agricultural produce and food products from some Western countries introduced in 2014 impacted all food market participants — from producers and processors to trade organizations. These changes affected the consumer whose usual food preferences had to transform. The Kaliningrad region as an import-dependent region in terms of food faced a radical market restructuring. In addition, in the Russian exclave, the problems of economic availability ...
France’s strategy in the Baltic region: military and political aspects
... published already under President Macron takes into account new divergences between Russia and the West and develops a slightly more detailed position on the issue. The authors of the document believe that the northern and eastern borders of Europe “are affected by Moscow’s intent to rebuild a sphere of influence” (including the Kaliningrad region as an outpost), and particularly in the Baltic, the Russian authorities observe an “aggressive posture”.<4> As a response to their constant ‘military ...
The economy of Russian Baltic regions: development level and dynamics, structure and international trade partners
... the Leningrad region, industrial production dipped by 0.2 %; manufacturing, by 1.1 %.<7> In the Kaliningrad region, the decline in production was much deeper: by 15.7 % and 18 %<8> respectively. Its import-substituting manufacturing was affected by a reduction in the imports of raw materials and semi-finished goods.
Particularly severe difficulties arose in the motor vehicle assembly industry, which manufactures the final product from components produced abroad, with very little value ...
Territorial differentiation of the rural population of the Kaliningrad region
Rural territories of the Kaliningrad Region are affected by polarization processes, which can characterize all regions of Russia. But at the same time, due to the small size of the region, they have their own features. In particular, they have a higher level of transport connectivity and a more developed ...
Preserve vs dismantle: major trends in the Baltics’ politics of memory regarding Soviet monuments at sites of mass violence
Another round of the Soviet ‘monument fall’ in the Baltics, which began in the early 2000s, continued into 2022. This process, however, has not affected Soviet memorials at the sites of mass violence perpetrated during the German occupation of the Baltics. This article aims to investigate major trends in the Baltics’ politics of memory regarding Soviet monuments erected at sites of mass violence....
Transformation of the tourist and recreation sphere of the Russian-Belarusian border region within the pandemic consequences
... serious challenge for the whole world. All sectors of the economy suffered damage to a certain degree, taking all possible measures to prevent the aggravation of the epidemiological situation. The tourism and recreation sector found itself among the most affected industries. This article is devoted to the urgent problems of transformation in the tourist and recreational sphere of the Russian-Belarusian border areas, in the context of changes in the volume and structure of the flow of tourists, the reasons ...
The influence of urbanization on the morphometric indicators of women (the case of the indigenous peoples of the north)
... allow us to conclude that for the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, the processes associated with the development of the North, urbanization, changes in nutrition, blood mixtures led to a change in morphometric indicators and negatively affected the course of childbirth and, accordingly, the health of newborns.
Chegus L.A., Solovieva A.V.
anthropometry, height, weight, body mass index, pelvic dimensions, pregnancy, childbirth, newborns
77-88
Organized crime in Soviet Russia: the paradox of institutionalization. Part two
... bringing to life a massive near-criminal social world. In particular, it was a matter of increasing corruption of local structures, the apparatus of management, including Party officials at various levels, which had not been known before. Corruption also affected law enforcement agencies, especially the police. In this part of the article, the author noted that in a very short period of history related Y. V. Andropov certain steps were taken to curb the most visible and dangerous manifestations ...
Structural changes in the economy of the Russian North-West regions: institutional factor
... and Karelia Republics have diversified their economies by developing manufacturing and mining, while the Murmansk and Pskov regions did that by stimulating agriculture. Regional factors generating rent at significant transaction costs are found to be affected by institutional factors. The paper concludes that structural changes in the economy of the Russian north-west regions are wavelike in nature. The indexes of regional GVA and industrial market development point to the existence of a transition ...
Sustainable development of coastal regions: geographical and geopolitical factors and limitations
... development factors, such as geographical and economic-geographical position, environmental conditions and their geographical diversity, natural resource and their location, spatial features of the economy and the settlement structure. Coastal regions are affected by sundry other factors, such as the presence of a seacoast, viewed as a special resource, access to maritime transport and the availability of marine resources, including renewable ones, which are essential for sustainable development. The geopolitical ...
Naturalising Kant
... by judging whether they are warranted, and by seeking to amend them when the warrant is confirmed. Societies (and individuals) make moral progress when they deliberate (or simulate deliberations) in accordance with three norms. All those potentially affected should be included; the best available information should be used; and participants should aim for an outcome all can accept. How far is naturalised Kant from the great philosopher? I leave the answer to the scholars.
Bennett, J., 1966....
Transport connectivity as a factor in overcoming challenges of the periphery: the case of rural areas in the Kaliningrad region
... doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.03.016
.
25. Hirai, H., Kondo, N., Sasaki, R., Iwamuro, S., Masuno, K., Ohtsuka, R., Miura, H., Sakata, K. 2015, Distance to retail stores and risk of being homebound among older adults in a city severely affected by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, Age and Ageing, no. 443. p. 478—484. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afu146
.
26. Pilkington, H., Prunet, C., Blondel, B. et al. 2018, Travel Time to Hospital for Childbirth: Comparing Calculated ...
Spatial diffusion of Asian direct investments in the northern European EU countries
... of FDI spatial diffusion patterns and their correlation with the existing hierarchy of cities. In our research, we used the example of Asian companies working in the Baltic states, Finland, Sweden and Denmark, newcomers to internationalisation, not affected by the ‘neighbourhood effect’, and contrasted them with Western European investors. We confirmed the validity of the hierarchical wavelike model of the FDI spatial diffusion with the dominance of metropolitan urban agglomerations. It was ...
Impact of remigration on the worksphere under Covid-19: the case of Lithuania
... remittance literature. Therefore, the first aim of this article is to explore the types of remigrants’ social remittances, the ways they are transmitted and their acceptance in the work sphere. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the work sphere was heavily affected as many workplaces were closed because of the quarantine and requirements to maintain social distancing. Thus, the second aim of this article is to investigate the impact of Covid-19 on the transfer of remigrants’ social remittances to the ...
The labour market of Russia’s Kaliningrad exclave amid Covid-19
The Covid-19 pandemic, which has swept across the globe, is a serious challenge to the Russian labour market. This article examines the consequences of Covid-19 for Russia’s Kaliningrad exclave and how its territorially isolated and lockdown-affected small labour market responds to drastic changes in employment, income, and consumption. Another question is how the immigrant-rich labour market will rebalance the supply-demand equation. Official statistics from the regional government and its subordinate...
From the Mediterranean to the Baltic: the problem of implementing the principle of solidarity in the EU area of immigration and asylum
The 2015 migration crisis significantly affected the EU’s area of freedom, security, and justice and challenged the cohesion and solidarity of the European Union. Although the crisis is past its peak, it is not over yet: problems and challenges associated with it persist. One of them is the ...
Geopolitical turbulence and its economic and geographical projections: the case of Russia’s western border regions
The socio-economic development of countries and world regions during recent decades has been affected by the confrontation of global and regional centres of power, their growing geoeconomic and geopolitical rivalry, accompanied by increasing geopolitical turbulence. The article aims to substantiate the concept of geopolitical turbulence in ...
Managerial competencies required: a comparative analysis of Moscow and the Kaliningrad region
In a post-industrial society, social processes are dynamic, complex, and diverse. Social interaction management is turning into a competency in its own right. This competency is shaped by many factors, which are affected by the institutional setup as well as the individual features and localisation of the subject and object of management. Investigating and developing the managerial competencies that are necessary for the successful operation of society is a major ...
The changing role of border regions in the regional policies of the EU and Russia
... distribution of federal investment in fixed assets. It is shown that the federal border region policy is largely a reflection of the features and problems of Russia’s regional policy as a whole. Currently, the development of cross-border cooperation is affected more strongly by national security concerns than by economic growth considerations. Cross-border cooperation is no longer part of the regional policy. Border regions, however, have received an increasing proportion of federal investments in recent ...