Current Scenarios for the Demographic Future of the World: The Cases of Russia and Germany
In this article, we explore the demographic future of the world with a focus on scenarios for Russia and Germany. We seek an alternative to the Western standards of scenarios for global demographic development. We consider demographic development both in a positive and negative sense. Our analysis rests on such theoretical structures as the general theory of population, the classical theory of demographic transition, the concepts of the ‘second’, ‘third’, and ‘fourth’ demographic transitions...
Demographic Situation and Demographic Security in the Regions of Russia’s Western Borderlands
In this study, I address the vast and complicated problem of population replacement in Russia’s border regions. Although both national and regional demographic indicators have improved in Russia in recent years, many issues relating to sub-replacement fertility, irrational migration, etc. remain unresolved. This lends an urgency to studying regional demographic security, namely, the problems of ensuring replacement fertility, regulating migrations, and overcoming a skewed age and sex structure...
Spatial differentiation of rural territories in the Kaliningrad region: implications for socio-economic policies
The article analyses the challenges associated with the development of rural areas in the Kaliningrad region. The author analyses trends in the development of agriculture, population dynamics, and settlement patterns, while also exploring their interconnectedness and external impacts. The research draws upon comparative-geographical, economic-statistical, and cartographic analyses utilizing official statistical data. The study reveals that since the early 2000s, agricultural production in the Kaliningrad...
Kant and the Problem of Optimism: The Origin of the Debate
... de. 1737, Examen de l’essai de M. Pope sur l’homme, Lausanne.
Crusius, Chr. A. 1743, Dissertatio philosophica de usu et limitibus principii rationis determinantis, vulgo sufficientis, Leipzig.
Crusius, Chr. A. 1744, Ausführliche Abhandlung von dem rechten Gebrauch und der Einschränkung des sogenannten Satzes vom zu-
reichenden, oder besser determinirenden Grunde, aus dem Lateinischen übers. von Chr. F. Krausen, Leipzig.
Crusius, Chr. A., 1753, Entwurf der nothwendigen VernunftWahrheiten,...
Population Ageing as a Sociodemographic Problem in the Baltic Region
Population ageing is a major problem of European development in the 21st century. Rapid population ageing in most developed countries will continue to drive the dependency ratio up. This research aims to forecast dependency ratio in the Baltic region until the end of the century. A more detailed population analysis and forecast is provided for the case of the Baltic States — Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The authors use Bayesian probabilistic predictions based on data from the Population...
Military and political cooperation between Germany and Lithuania in the late 2010s to early 2020s
Since the mid-2010s, Germany has significantly adjusted its approaches to the use of the Bundeswehr, pivoting its strategic focus from regions distant from the Euro-Atlantic community to those within or near it. This has underscored the pressing need to address issues related to securing steadfast allies in Eastern Europe and enhancing cooperation with them. This article aims to explore the current evolution of German-Lithuanian relations in both political and military domains. The approach of...
Internet diffusion and interregional digital divide in Russia: trends, factors, and the influence of the pandemic
The demand for digital technologies has been growing due to a shift in the technological and economic paradigm. The need for online services has increased since the beginning of the COVID pandemic. There are significant disparities between Russian regions in the digital technology accessibility and the development of computer skills. In 2020, the Internet diffused rapidly in most regions, although previously, there had been a slowdown. As markets got saturated with digital services, the digital divide...
On the Role of Gesinnung in Kant’s Ethics and Philosophy of Religion. Part I
... 1790. Goettinger Taschen Calender vom Jahr 1790. Göttingen: Dieterich.
Anon., 1943. Gesinnung. In: A. Götze, ed. 1943. Trübners deutsches Wörterbuch. Bd. 3: G-H. Berlin: de Gruyter, p. 145.
[Assmann, C. G.], 1776. Gedichte meiner Gesinnung. Von dem Verfasser der Gemählde der Tugend. Dresden: Hilscher.
Bahrdt, C. F., 1786. Griechisch-Deutsches Lexicon über das Neue Testament, nebst einem Register über Luthers deutsche Bibel, welches auch Ungelehrte in den Stand sezt, dieß Wörterbuch zu gebrauchen ...
Geo-demographic typology of municipalities of the Kaliningrad region
The article discusses the emergence and development of geo-demographic research in Russia, the US and Europe. It was concluded that despite the differences in purpose and nature of this kind of research, the geo-demographic classification remains the primary methodology in the analysis of geodemographic situation. The cluster analysis is applied to study territorial differentiation of geo-demographic development of the Kaliningrad region.
1. Sleight P. Targeting customers: How to use geodemographic...
Is demographic development of central Russia facing a tipping point?
The article studies current trends and problems of demographic development in Central Russia. Particular attention is paid to the Smolensk region which is considered to be one of the most demographically troubled Russian regions. The causes of the drop in absolute and relative fertility rates in the region have been revealed. One of them is the dramatic change in the age structure of the population due to the fact that demographic development entered the recession phase which in its turn might be...
Geography of external migration ties of the Kaliningrad region in the 1990s and 2000s
The article studies changes in migration relations between the Kaliningrad region and other regions of Russia and the former Soviet republics in 1990s and 2000s. Migratory flows intensity was assessed on the methodology of calculation of interregional migration intensity ratio (KIMS). The study analyzes the information on the annual arrivals and departures in the Kaliningrad region since 1992 provided by the Kaliningrad regional statistics office. Mapping of migration areas dynamics in the Kaliningrad...
Kant’s perpetual peace project and the project of the European Union
...., 2000.
3. Cappeletti M., Secombe M., Weiler J. Integration Through Law. N.Y., 1986.
4. Gerhardt V. Immanuel Kants Entwurf „Zum ewigen Frieden“: eine Theorie der Politik. Darmstadt, 1995.
5. Habermas J. Kants Idee des ewigen Friedens — aus dem historischen Abstand von zweihundert Jahren // Lutz-Bachman, Matthias / J. Bohman (Hrsg.). Frieden durch Recht. Kants Friedensidee und das Problem einer neuen Weltordnung. Frankfurt a. M., 1996. S. 7—24.
6. Höffe O. Ausblick: Die Vereinten Nationen ...
The border as a barrier and an incentive for the structural economic transformation of the Kaliningrad exclave
This paper aims to study how geopolitical shifts affect regional economies and their structures. Border functions and regimes act as tools for the economy and society to adapt to the redistribution of political influence, movements of people, goods, capital and information between integration associations, individual countries and their cores. A changed environment may slow down the development of some industries (and even cause them to decline) and give a boost to others, with these two processes...
The Swedish institute’s scholarship policy as a soft power instrument
This paper examines how soft power, nation branding and academic cooperation came together in the scholarship policy pursued by the Swedish Institute (SI) from 1995 to 2023. An investigation of the organisation’s materials, scholarship statistics and feedback interviews with SI programme alumni suggests that the implementation of the scholarship policy was erratic during the study period. A comprehensive analysis of the Institute’s efforts was carried out to describe the relationship between...
Visual text of medieval Vladimir: the analysis of the dominant image of cathedral exteriors
The article attempts to determine the conceptual foundations for analyzing the influence of the artistic design of the temples of medieval Vladimir on the formation of the urban sacred space. The study aims to use the example of Vladimir during the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky and Vsevolod III to substantiate the city-forming significance of exterior sculptural programs as a visual text that encodes the key parameters of the semantic organisation of urban environment. Hermeneutic presuppositions and...
Management of Migration Processes in the Far East: Dysfunctions of Socio-Demographic Policy in the Region
The author identifies and analyzes the dysfunctions generated by the socio-demographic situation in Russia. This study contains a critical analysis of the demographic indicators of the Far Eastern Federal District and Russia as a whole, through which a critical assessment of the region’s current development program and an analysis of its compliance with public expectations are formed. One of the fundamental issues of the study is migration of Russia’s population, because many regions of the country...
Development of electric road transport: simulation modelling
Electric transport is rapidly gaining popularity across the world. It is an example of technological advancement that has multiple consequences for regional economies, both in terms of the adaptation of production, transport and energy systems and their spatial optimization. The experience of leading economic regions, including countries of the Baltic Sea region, shows that electric transport can potentially substitute traditional transport technologies. Based on an authentic model of system dynamics...
The concept “people” in the Cadet Party rhetoric
The article considers the interpretation of the concept “people” by the Constitutional Democratic Party supporters. This concept is of fundamental importance for the analysis of Cadet ideology. The concept “people” was of great political value for the Cadet party. The author correlates this concept with such notions relevant for the Party as society, nation, and nationality. The author examines the relations of “people” with the authorities, the state, the Cadet Party, the Parliament...
Kant als Mystiker? Zur These von Carl Arnold Wilmans’ dissertatio philosophica
... similarity to pure mysticism may be justified.
Adorno, Th. W., 2003. Negative Dialektik. In: Gesammelte Schriften in 20 Bänden, Bd. 6. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp.
Ammon, Ch.Fr., 1796. Ueber die Aehnlichkeit des inneren Wortes einiger neueren Mystiker mit dem moralischen Worte der Kantischen Schriftauslegung — als Ankündigung der ersten Vertheilung des neuen homiletischen Preißes für das Jahr 1796. Göttingen: J. Ch. Dieterich.
Barclay, R., 1776. Apologie. Oder Vertheidigungs-Schrift der wahren ...
The modelling of consumer demand for food in the Kaliningrad region
This article presents an approach to developing a comprehensive model of demand for agricultural produce in the Kaliningrad region within the re-search problem of ensuring regional food security. The comprehensive model includes the regulatory and statistical patterns of consumption and a model of demand for resources among agricultural manufacturers. The article presents the results of statistical modelling and a forecast of regional consumer demand based on a survey of Kaliningraders held in October...
The interpretation of the ideas of I. Kant’s treatise Perpetual Peace in the modern liberal democratic peace theory
This article focuses on the interpretation of ideas of Kant’s Perpetual Peace treatise in the modern democratic peace theory. Despite the fact that the advocates of the theory consider Kant’s perpetual peace project the political and philosophical framework of their concept, the analysis shows that the democratic peace theory misinterprets many ideas of Kant.
1. Babst D. Elective Goverments — A Force for Peace // The Wisconsian Sociologist.1964. Vol. 3, № 1. Р. 9—14.
2. Doyle M. W. Kant...
Demographic Ranking of the Baltic Sea States
The relevance of the study lies in the acute need to modernise the tools for a more accurate and comparable reflection of the demographic reality of spatial objects of different scales. This article aims to test the methods of “demographic rankings” developed by Yermakov and Shmakov. The method is based on the principles of indirect standardisation of the major demographic coefficients relative to the age structure.The article describes the first attempt to apply the method to the analysis of...
The transformation of the Swedish political party system in the late 20th/early 21st century
This article studies the process of transformation of the Swedish political party system in the 1980s. The study aims to develop a typology of the Swedish political party system before and after the transformation processes commenced. The article identifies the key prerequisites for such transformation: the crisis of social democracy and an increase in the nationalist attitudes in the society caused by the negative repercussions of the system of integration of migrants into the society based on the...
Sanctions risks and regional development: Russian case
Economic sanctions and countersanctions are expanding worldwide, posing spatially heterogeneous threats to most countries. The study aims to develop and test a methodology for assessing regional exposure to sanctions risks using Russian data. The share of foreign trade with the countries that introduced restrictions can be used to evaluate the exposure to new trade barriers. In several cases, this share exceeded 50 %, necessitating a rapid reorientation of product flows in Nenets, Khanty-Mansiysk...
Between Kant and Trendelenburg: On the Genealogy of Kudryavtsev-Platonov’s Theory of Cognition
Viktor D. Kudryavtsev-Platonov is one of the most prominent representatives of Russian religious-academic philosophy of the second half of the nineteenth century whose theory of cognition bears an imprint of the Kantian theoretical philosophy. Kudryavtsev was not only thoroughly familiar with the Königsberg thinker’s work, but offered a critically reinterpreted version of Kant’s teaching on space, time and categories of understanding. But was the Russian philosopher original in his reading and...
Demographic development processes in the history of the Kaliningrad region: national trends and regional specifics
This article aims to identify the main demographic development trends and features observed in the Kaliningrad region from a historical perspective and assess the extent to which the region’s demographic development corresponds to the national model accepted in contemporary historiography. The empirical sources used in this study include demographic statistics from published and archival materials; theoretically, it draws on the concepts of demographic and epidemiological transitions. Analysis...
Who is Rationalising? On an Overlooked Problem for Kant’s Moral Psychology and Method of Ethics
I critically examine the plausibility of Kant’s conception of rationalising, a form of self-deception that plays a crucial role for Kant’s moral psychology and his conception of the functions of critical practical philosophy. The main problem I see with Kant’s conception is that there are no theory-independent criteria to determine whether an exercise of rational capacities constitutes rationalising. Kant believes that rationalising is wide-spread and he charges the popular philosophers and...
The issues of the post-war demobilization of military officers (1945—1948)
The article analyses demobilization of officers of the USSR armed forces after the Great Patriotic war in 1945—1948. Six mobilization rounds were carried out to reduce the size of the Armed Forces during this period, and more than 1.3 million officers were dismissed. The original idea was to retain the officers special for their moral and professional qualities, who have no restrictions on health and age. All demobilized were given remuneration, the necessary documents, and the relocation was...
Georges Gurvitch and Sergey Hessen on the Possibility of Forming Social Unity
The early decades of the last century saw European philosophical thought becoming increasingly interested in the sociological extension of the idea of law. From the viewpoint of the sociology of law, law is formed in the process of social interactions and is not sanctioned by the state. Sergey Hessen and Georges Gurvitch base their conceptions of social law on the sociology of law in the 1920s and 1930s. They start a polemic in the pages of the journal Sovremenniye zapiski (Contemporary Notes). Although...
Population Change in the Neighbouring Regions of Russia and the European Union States
In this article, I carry out a comparative analysis of population change in the bordering regions of Russia and the European Union. Peripheries of their countries, most of these regions enjoy a more or less favourable demographic situation, which, however, differs from place to place. To attain the aims of the study, I analyse official data from Russian and EU statistical offices and map the results obtained. I identify significant differences between border regions and cities. The most adverse demographic...
Typology of the geodemographic situation in the regions of the North-West of Russia
The article evaluates the geodemographic situation at the meso level through complex analysis of demographic, migration, socio-economic processes in the subjects of the North-West Federal District of Russia. The authors have selected 30 assessment indicators which reflect in aggregate the level of demographic development, the quality and standard of living of the population. It allowed to make the typology of subjects NWFD of the Russian Federation by the nature of the geodemographic situation according...
Kants Begriff der Verbindlichkeit und die neuzeitliche Naturrechtslehre
... Ebbinghaus, J. 1990, Mensch und Ratio im Europa der Neuzeit, in: Ebbinghaus, J. Gesammelte Schriften. Bd. 3: Interpretation und Kritik, hrsg. von H. Oberer und G. Geismann, Bonn.
7. Garve, C. 1798, Uebersicht der vornehmsten Principien der Sittenlehre von dem Zeitalter des Aristoteles an bis auf unsere Zeit, Breslau, in: Garve, C. Gesammelte Werke, hrsg. von K. Wölfel, Bd. 8.
8. Geismann, G. 2001, Sittlichkeit, Religion und Geschichte in der Philosophie Kants, in: Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/ Annual ...
The philosophical and legal content of Sergey Hessen’s concept of personality
This article aims to consider the concept of personality proposed by the prominent exponent of Russian neo-Kantianism Sergey Hessen and its philosophical and legal content. The frame of reference used to achieve this aim is determined by the personality-culture-the general will-the state coordinates. The author compares Hessen’s ideas with Bogdan Kistyakovsky’s legal concept. Hessen distinguished between several layers of meaning in the notion of culture — civilizedness, level of education...
Origins and beginnings. The Livonian Rhymed Chronicle as a reference point for literature in the Teutonic Order
... Ausgabe v. Karl Bartsch / hrsg. von H. de Boor. Wiesbaden, 1996.
7. De primordiis ordinis Theutonici narratio / hrsg. von M. Toeppen // Scriptores rerum Prussicarum. Leipzig, 1861. Bd. 1. S. 220—225.
8. Diederichs V. Nîflant // Mittheilungen aus dem Gebiete der Geschichte Liv-, Est- und Kurlands. Riga, 1880. Bd. 12. S. 381—385.
9. Eilhart von Oberg: Tristrant und Isalde / hrsg. von D. Buschinger und W. Spiewok. Greifswald, 1993.
10. Favreau M.-L. Studien zur Frühgeschichte des Deutschen Ordens....
The metropolitan student community and the Constitutional Democratic Party: The Saint Petersburg student faction of the Party of People’s Freedom in 1905—1908
This article examines the features of Constitution Democratic Party formation and the activities of party members within the student community. Based on documents introduced into scientific use, the structure, social composition, and activities of metropolitan student groups of the Constitutional Democratic Party are analysed.
1. Балтовский Л. В. Политическая доктрина конституционных демократов.СПб., 2009.
2. Баранов А. Н. Интеллигенция...
The “European identity” of today: a category of political practice or discourse?
This paper considers the cultural, political, and historical problems of the development of European identity in the discourse of Europe. The author addresses the question as to whether European identity is a category of political discourse or a real instrument of European integration and comes to a conclusion that the concepts of European identity are stuck in a methodological trap. And the EU institutional design does not inspire confidence among the residents of united Europe. The question as...
Kant and medicine
... Würde des Menschen. Aufsätze zur Biopolitik. Berlin, 2004.
17. Henkelmann Th. Zur Geschichte des pathophysiologischen Denkens. John Brown (1735—1788) und sein System der Medizin. Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York, 1981.
18. Henrich D. Grundlegung aus dem Ich. Untersuchungen zur Vorgeschichte des Idealismus, Tübingen-Jena 1790—1794. In 2 Bd. Bd. 2. Frankfurt a/M, 2004.
19. Hufeland Ch. W. Die Kunst, das menschliche Leben zu verlängern (Makrobiotik) / bearbeitet und hrsg. von K. E. Rothschuh. Stuttgart,...
Immaturity and the objective of a true reform in ways of thinking. Part II
... Leipzig, 1777. Bd. 2.
40. Varnhagen von Ense K. A. Kant’s Leben, von Schubert. 1842. Aus einem Brief an ** in** // Varnhagen von Ense K. A. Denkwürdigkeiten und vermischte Schriften. Leipzig, 1843. Bd. 5.
41. Varnhagen von Ense K. A. Tagebücher. Aus dem Nachlaß Varnhagen’s von Ense. Leipzig, 1869. Bd. 11.
42. Wasianski E. A. Chr. Immanuel Kant in seinen letzten Lebensjahren. Ein Beytrag zur Kenntniß seines Charakters und häuslichen Lebens aus dem täglichen Umgange mit ihm. Königsberg, 1804....
Paul Natorp
... Natorp P. Hermann Cohen als Mensch, Lehrer und Forscher. Gedächtnisrede, gehalten in der Aula der Universität Marburg, 4. Juli 1918. Marburg, 1918a. — (Marburger Akademische Reden, Nr. 39).
59. Natorp P. Hermann Cohens philosophische Leistung unter dem Gesichtspunkte des Systems. Berlin, 1918b. — (Philosophische Vorträge, veröffentlicht von der Kant-Gesellschaft. Nr. 21).
60. Natorp P. Der Idealismus Pestalozzis. Leipzig, 1919.
61. Natorp P. Sozialidealismus. Neue Richtlinien sozialer Erziehung....
The demographic problems of the Pskov region and the main approaches to solving them at the level of the regional state authorities
This article analyses the demographic problems of the Pskov region. The authors propose a system of government regulation of demographic processes in view of the functions of the regional executive authorities.
1. Predpolagaemaja chislennost' naselenija Pskovskoj oblasti do 2030 goda 2010. In: Statisticheskij bjulleten. Pskov.
2. Pskovskaja oblast v cifrah: statisticheskiy sbornik. 2010. Pskov.
3. Pskovskij statisticheskij ezhegodnik. 2009: statisticheskij sbornik. 2009. Pskov.
4. Regiony Rossii...
The geopolitical effect of the maritime factor on the spatial development of post-Soviet Russia: the Baltic case
The article explores the impact of geopolitical processes on the spatial organisation of society, a matter that has gained increasing importance in Russia. It focuses on the utilization of the World Ocean and its coastlines for resource extraction, logistics, military-strategic purposes, and settlement. Methodologically, this study combines modern socio-geographical approaches emphasising the role of the maritime factor in spatial development with classical geopolitical ideologemes drawing a line...
Artificial Intelligence: a catalyst for entrepreneurship education in the Baltics
The article explores the growing role of artificial intelligence (AI) in entrepreneurship education within universities. This exploration is set against the backdrop of the rapid and widespread integration of AI technologies across economic and other domains of life. The authors aim to define the concept of ‘entrepreneurial potential’ and elucidate the contribution of AI in augmenting the entrepreneurial potential among university students in the Baltic States. To achieve this goal, the authors...
On connection between codependency and the ideas about abusive relationships in young women
The article discusses the specifics of connection between codependency and young women’s understanding of abusive, romantic and marital relationships and clarifies the specific judgments about violent behavior in partnerships among women with high codependency. The study relies on 110 responses from women aged from 19 to 30. The free associations methods, the scale of codependency of B. K. Weinhold and J. B. Weinhold, the questionnaire of interpersonal relations of W. Schutz, the author’s semi-structured...
Geoeconomic risks faced by the Russian Baltic region amid a deteriorating geopolitical situation
This article is a conceptual theoretical-empirical study of the geopolitical risks the Baltic Russian regions have faced amid the deteriorating geopolitical situation observed since 2014. The Baltic Russian regions are in a vulnerable position because of their geographical vicinity to EU countries, with which they share common borders, and the dramatically worsening military and political situation. To analyse geoeconomic risks, the author employed an earlier proposed methodology, which has been...
Inadvisable Concession: Kant’s Critique of the Political Philosophy of Christian Garve
... Regierung der Staaten zu beobachten. Breslau: bey W. G. Korn.
Garve, C., 1788b. Einige zerstreute Betrachtungen über die Moral der Politik. In: C. Garve, 1788. Philosophische Anmerkungen und Abhandlungen zu Cicero’s Büchern von den Pflichten. Anm. zu dem dritten Buche. Wien: bey J. T. Trattner, pp. 157-247.
Garve, C., 1788c. Philosophische Anmerkungen und Abhandlungen zu Cicero’s Büchern von den Pflichten. Anm. zu dem dritten Buche. Wien: bey J. T. Trattner.
Garve, C., 1789. Fragmente zur Schilderung ...
Kants „moralisch-bestimmter Monotheismus“ – eine an der „wahren Aufklärung“ orientierte Kritik an Lessings Ringparabel?
... neue durchgesehene und vermehrte Auflage besorgt durch F. Müncker [in 23 Bänden], Band 14. Leipzig: G. J. Göschen, S. 154-163.
Lessing, G. E., 1751. Göttingen. Joachim Oporin: Die Religion und Hoffnung im Tode... Aus: Critischen Nachrichten aus dem Reiche der Gelehrsamkeit. Auf das Jahr 1951. In: K. Lachmann, Hg. 1889. Lessings sämtliche Schriften. 3. aufs neue durchgesehene und vermehrte Auflage besorgt durch F. Müncker [in 23 Bänden], Band 4. Stuttgart: G. J. Göschen, S. 276-278.
Lessing,...
The Notion of Free Will in Sergey Hessen’s Conception of Culture
Sergey Hessen builds his philosophy of culture on Heinrich Rickert’s theory of values. Like Rickert, he believes that the individual plays a key role in the formation of culture. The individual exercises freedom only in creative activity and the degree to which he fulfils his creative potential depends not only on the cultural context in which it happens, but also on the regulation of the opportunities for self-actualisation in any given society. Accordingly, Hessen defines society as the sphere...
Russia-European Union and Russian-Chinese borderlands: economic and demographic dimension
In the modern world, the intensity of inter-civilizational, intercultural and interstate interaction is increasing. Border regions, territories where this interaction involves direct contact, are of great importance in this process. This has given rise to a new area of research — border region studies. The Russian Federation has the longest state border, the largest number of neighbouring countries, and centuries of experience in the peaceful existence and cooperation between different cultures...
The Effect of Migration on Latvia’s Sex and Age Composition
The theory of Demographic Transition stipulates that the number of countries with the replacement and sub-replacement level of the total fertility rate is growing. In these conditions, population dynamics and the sex and age composition are increasingly affected by migration. The above holds true for Eastern European countries. Population decline has haunted Latvia for two and a half decades. Since 1990, the net migration rate has been negative, which contributes to depopulation. This study aims...
Kant’s Perpetual Peace Project and the Project of the European Union
... Y.
3. Cappeletti M., Secombe M., Weiler J. 1986, Integration Through Law. N. Y.
4. Gerhardt, V. 1995, Immanuel Kants Entwurf „Zum ewigen Frieden“: eine Theorie der Politik. Darmstadt.
5. Habermas, J. 1996, Kants Idee des ewigen Friedens — aus dem historischen Abstand von zweihundert Jahren, in: Lutz-Bachman, M., Bohman, J. (Hg.), Frieden durch Recht. Kants Friedensidee und das Problem einer neuen Weltordnung. Frankfurt a. M. S. 7—24.
6. Hӧffe, O. 1995, Ausblick: Die Vereinten Nationen im ...