The humanities and social science

Prejudice is one of the most problematic procedural institutions. It substantiates the inviolability of the facts established by a judicial act that has entered into legal force. At the same time, the issue of the intersectoral nature of prejudice is relatively new for domestic science and requires close research, taking into account the specifics of various branches of legal proceedings. This issue is of particular importance in criminal proceedings, where the verdict can be based on the conclusions of the courts made in civil, arbitration or administrative proceedings.

This study focuses on the existing points of view in the academic papers, as well as in the law enforcement practice on application of the intersectoral nature of prejudice in the modern Russian criminal process and its limits. Comparative, analytical and historical research methods were used in the research. The author formulated the approach to solving the issue of the possibility and necessity of taking into account court decisions taken in the framework of civil and arbitration proceedings as an intersectoral prejudice in criminal proceedings. Intersectoral prejudice in criminal proceedings has its pros and cons. The institute of intersectoral prejudice in cases of economic crimes is rather special to apply and it is studied in the paper. The author considers the need for guiding clarifications of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the issue of the possibility and feasibility, as well as the procedure for using in proving the facts established by a court decision that has entered into legal force.

The paper considers methodological aspects of profiling as an unconventional technique studied by criminology and focuses on the main fields used by profiling abroad and in Russia. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodological base with which it is possible to use profiling as a searching technique in forensic science. The study analyses similarities and differences between the compilation of a criminal’s psychological portrait and profiling. Based on comparative and retrospective analyses, profiling theoretical developments are built, as well as the main methods that make up its methodology.

The author concludes that profiling is a complex technique that synthesizes provisions from other sciences, but the synthesis takes place within the framework of the search for a criminal and his intended place of residence. The author also questions the differences between the psychological portrait of a criminal and profiling, the methods used by profiling and the portrait, as well as their objectives. The author analyzes the method of geographic profiling, as well as the possibilities of its application in domestic science and practice. The concept of diagnostic profiling and the main directions of its application are defined.

Due to the rapid criminalization of credit relations and the widespread theft of bank loans, committed mainly by groups of fraudsters, the forensic sci­ence faces a serious problem of developing an effective method for investigat­ing crimes of this nature. The method must include recommendations for identifying signs of complicity, defining the group of people involved in the theft, their arrest and proof of guilt. At the same time, the research of this kind is impossible without the study of typical groups of credit fraudsters, describ­ing their main features, forming an idea of ​​the characteristic features of their illegal activities. This research paper focuses on the ways to solve the men­tioned tasks.

In this paper, the author gives a theoretically substantiated idea of ​​the characteristics structure of criminal groups, reveals the forms of complicity inherent in credit fraudsters, united by a single illegal purpose, and also dis­tinguishes between criminal associations whose activities are in various areas of credit relations.

Using the results of the study of credit fraud cases, the author describes the main categories of credit fraudster groups, names the features of their de­velopment and functioning and identifies the typical participants. The uniqueness of this research paper is that it is first to give the typology of credit fraudster criminal groups in the context of the intra-structural differentiation of relations within which such thefts are committed. The results of the re­search are intended to enrich academic understanding of credit fraudster groups. The results of the research paper can be used for further research of similar and related issues of the investigation of fraud in the field of credit, in practical investigation of such crimes.

The key aspect of incorporation of Prussians, who inhabited the South-East of Baltic region, into the social system of the State of Teutonic Order in the second half of the XIIIth—XIVth centuries was the distribution among them of land estates in exchange of military service and/or taxes. The military duties of Prussians involving defense of lands and participating in the campaigns against political rivals of Order raised the issue of the composition of their weapons which indicated either preserving or changing their current life-style, an important part of which were military affairs. This issue dates back to 1255—1370 and studied on the acts, chronicles and hagiography of wi­der period of the XIth—XVth centuries. The methodology relies on typo­lo­gi­cal and comparative-historical analysis which defines the kinds and types of Prus­sian weapons and their subsequent comparison. The research established links between the arsenal of Prussian lieges and politics of the Order and church, who sought to unify both defensive and offensive weapons of Prussian by involving it in the terms «light weapons» and «service by armour» that were regulated by the norms of Kulm charter. This unification identified the functions of Prussians in the Order’s army (defense of borders, reconnais­san­ce, etc.) and became one of the basis aspects of their incorporation in the new social system.

Based on memoirs of the outstanding Russian helminthologist Kons­tan­tin Skryabin (1878—1972), the article reconstructs the circumstances of his stay in Königsberg in 1912—1913. The research introduces the archive docu­ments that reflect the attempts of the Soviet officials to commemorate Skryabin in Kaliningrad in 1956—1957 and gives recommendations for preserving the me­mory of Skryabin in the contemporary Kaliningrad region. The author ana­ly­ses a curious statement in historiography concerning the issue of the estab­lishment of a plate in memory of Skryabin.

Ignacy Jan Paderewski was born in the Russian Empire, for many years he was working for the glory of the world-famous composer and pianist, and during the World War I he suddenly plunged headlong into politics, becoming one of the “founding fathers” of the Polish state, which revived in 1918. The article attempts to  identify Paderewski's views on the borders and foreign policy of Poland, to assess his contribution to the process of restoring its independence. The views and activities of Paderewski are studied in published political manifestos, diplomatic correspondence, publicist articles written by Paderewski, as well as his public speeches and interviews and memoirs. The study identified and analyzed Paderewski's concept of the principles and form of independent Poland state structure, which, in his opinion, should be recreated within the borders before the first partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772. This concept was used as the basis for an unprecedented campaign that he launched in the war years in North America and Europe. After his homeland gained independence with the support of the United States, Paderewski became Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Poland and devoted all his efforts to promoting his idea of creating a "Greater Poland" at the Paris Peace Conference and the League of Nations. After his plan had failed, like all other projects of the Polish great power, he resigned, gave up big politics and left Poland. However, his name will forever remain in the memory of the Polish state rebirth.

Having analyzed the unpublished archival materials (minutes of general collective farm meetings, meetings of the collective farm board, meetings of members of the Communist Party), the article examines the reasons for the lack of motivation and low productivity of peasant labor in the collective farms. The study of rural everyday life is carried out within the framework of a micro-historical approach on the example of the collective farm "Bolshevik" of the Pravdinsky district of the Kaliningrad region in 1946—1956. The issues of management, accounting and promotion of collective farm labor, the relationship between the board, foremen and ordinary collective farmers, the problem of compliance with labor regulations and discipline, the reasons and ways of avoiding farmers from working in agricultural artel are in the focus of the research. The collective farm system is concluded to be inefficient as it  forced the peasants to resort to such survival strategies, which provided for the search for additional earnings and obtaining means of subsistence outside the collective farm.

As many as six parties made a precedent to be simultaneously elected in post-war German history in the elections to the Bundestag in 2017. Moreover, the right-wing radical party, Alternative for Germany, was able to enter the Parliament for the first time. The emergence of the party in the social and political space of the country and in the Parliament aroused in German society and science an increased interest in the phenomenon of right-wing populism. The Alternative for Germany rapidly became the focus of attention of political scientists, sociologists, psychologists, etc. It was assumed that Alternative for Germany could have several main scenarios of development: gradually move closer to the center and become a systemic party, disappear after several electoral cycles, or continue moving to the right. By the elections to the Parliament in 2021, the party strengthened its positions in the eastern regions of the country, while continuing to shift to the right. This article examines the internal struggle among members of the party, the evolution of program guidelines and the results of the party congress in Dresden on April 10—11, 2021.

Evolution of civil society in South-East Asia have been widely analyzed in the framework of current political researches dedicated to regionalization processes in that part of the world. In this regard, special attention has been given to the implementation of ASEAN’s concept of strengthening cooperation with CSO’s. This article aims at identifying the areas of effective cooperation between official ASEAN and civil society organizations in the region. The research is based on the concept of "New regionalism", which refers to the increasing involvement of civil society in regional integration processes, following such global trends as decentralization of national power, a global shift to multi-polar world etc. The author identified three such areas of effective cooperation: maritime piracy, natural disaster management and the rights of migrant workers. These cases may serve as a successful example for expanding the cooperation between official ASEAN and civil society into other areas of regional priority.

The paper aims at examining the main communication strategies used by those involved into risk communication on the governmental regulations on the management of the adverse aftermaths of the crises (on the case of COVID-19 pandemics). In order to extract and classify the set of comments, a three-factor model was developed to classify the texts and comments through S. Hall’s 'encoding/decoding' model, N. Luhmann’s functional subsystems theory, and communicational strategies' types. Using tools for the automa­tized data extraction we got the texts (76.000) and comments (1.500.000) samples and developed a neural network classifying the texts decoding re­gimes during its interpretation. The approach developed by authors both al­lows to consider the issues, and the 'measures/statements — reactions' model, it helps to examine broader set of governmental measures and statements, us­ers' reactions and analyze texts in the Russian language.